Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: ICR00005727 IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT TF0A3526 ON A SMALL GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF US$ 2,821,727 TO THE REPUBLIC OF SENEGAL FOR Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) { date the ICR is submitted to SECPO } Health, Nutrition & Population Global Practice Africa West Region Regional Vice President: Ousmane Diagana Country Director: Nathan N. Belete Regional Director: Dena Ringold Practice Manager: Gaston Sorgho Task Team Leader(s): Menno Mulder-Sibanda ICR Main Contributor: Sophie Cowppli-Bony ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AEC Agence d’Exécution Communautaire (Community Implementing Agencies) ARC Agent Relais Communautaire (Community Agent) BEN Bureau Exécutive National (National Executive Bureau) CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis CLM Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition (Nutrition Policy Coordination Unit) CLP Comité Local de Pilotage (Local Steering Committee) Conseil National de Développement de la Nutrition (National Nutrition Development CNDN Council) CoGeVi Comité de Gestion Villageois (Villages Management Committee) CRS Comité Régional de Suivi (Regional Monitoring Committee) ERR Economic Rate of Return FM Financial Management IEG Independent Evaluation Group ISR Implementation Status and Results Report IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding JSDF Japan Social Development Fund M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDG Millennium Development Goal MEC Micro-Entrepreneur Communautaire (Women Social Entrepreneur) NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPV Net Present Value OPCS Operations Policy and Country Services PAP Priority Action Plan PDO Project Development Objective POM Project Operational Manual Projet de Renforcement de Résilience contre les Chocs d’Insécurité Alimentaire et PRRCIAN Nutritionnelle (Building Resilience Against Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks Project) PRN Programme de Renforcement de la Nutrition (Nutrition Enhancement Program) PSE Plan Sénégal Emergent (Emerging Senegal Plan) SBCC Social and Behavior Change Communication TOC Theory of Change TABLE OF CONTENTS DATA SHEET ....................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. I. PROJECT CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ....................................................... 4 II. OUTCOME ...................................................................................................................... 9 III. KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME ................................ 23 IV. BANK PERFORMANCE, COMPLIANCE ISSUES, AND RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME .. 25 V. LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 28 ANNEX 1. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND KEY OUTPUTS ........................................................... 31 ANNEX 2. PROJECT COST BY COMPONENT ........................................................................... 39 ANNEX 3. RECIPIENT, CO-FINANCIER AND OTHER PARTNER/STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS ...... 40 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) DATA SHEET BASIC INFORMATION Product Information Project ID Project Name Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity P155475 Shocks Country Financing Instrument Senegal Investment Project Financing Original EA Category Revised EA Category Not Required (C) Not Required (C) Organizations Borrower Implementing Agency REPUBLIC OF SENEGAL Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition (CLM) Project Development Objective (PDO) Original PDO The PDO is to provide access to food and nutrition security enhancing services among vulnerable households through the promotion ofappropriate new technologies in selected areas of the Recipient's territory. FINANCING FINANCE_TBL Original Amount (US$) Revised Amount (US$) Actual Disbursed (US$) Donor Financing TF-A3526 2,821,727 2,821,727 2,600,586 Total 2,821,727 2,821,727 2,600,586 Total Project Cost 2,821,727 2,821,727 2,600,586 Page 1 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) KEY DATES Approval Effectiveness Original Closing Actual Closing 22-Sep-2016 06-Apr-2017 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 RESTRUCTURING AND/OR ADDITIONAL FINANCING Date(s) Amount Disbursed (US$M) Key Revisions 10-Aug-2020 1.56 Change in Results Framework Change in Loan Closing Date(s) KEY RATINGS Outcome Bank Performance M&E Quality Highly Satisfactory Satisfactory Substantial RATINGS OF PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN ISRs Actual No. Date ISR Archived DO Rating IP Rating Disbursements (US$M) 01 17-Mar-2017 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.00 02 27-Mar-2018 Satisfactory Satisfactory 0.36 03 16-May-2019 Satisfactory Moderately Satisfactory 0.59 04 05-Aug-2020 Satisfactory Satisfactory 1.56 05 29-Oct-2021 Highly Satisfactory Satisfactory 2.60 ADM STAFF Role At Approval At ICR Regional Vice President: Makhtar Diop Ousmane Diagana Country Director: Louise J. Cord Nathan M. Belete Director: Timothy Grant Evans Dena Ringold Practice Manager: Trina S. Haque Gaston Sorgho Page 2 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Task Team Leader(s): Menno Mulder-Sibanda Menno Mulder-Sibanda Akwa Sophie Cowppli Bony ICR Contributing Author: Kwassy Page 3 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) I. PROJECT CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES Context A. Context at appraisal 1. At the time of project appraisal, Senegal was undergoing sharp declines in agricultural production, high level of food insecurity, and stagnation in poverty reduction. A succession of shocks arising from the worldwide financial crisis, food and fuel price increases, as well as weather extremes such as drought and floods had negatively affected the country's notable advances achieved in human development and poverty eradication since the early 2000s. The compilation of these external stressors had contributed to poor national economic growth, strong contraction in the country’s main cash crops production, and poverty alleviation sluggishness. 2. In the last 10 years preceding the project appraisal, continued price instability associated with subsequent global food price crises in 2008 and 2011 resulted in an increase of more than 50 percent in imported and locally produced staple foods such as rice, groundnut, sorghum, and millet in Senegal. In this context of prevailing and mutually reinforcing drivers of chronic poverty an increasing number of households became progressively vulnerable to food and nutrition insecurity. 3. External shocks and stressors due to climate change or/and any other macroeconomic or financial factor can have long-term effects and consequences on vulnerable communities. They lead to a loss of income and purchasing power and prevent vulnerable households to access the food they need to avert hunger and malnutrition. Loss of income and livelihood and acute food and nutrition insecurity increase inequalities and deepen the social divide between the poor and the wealthy, while exacerbating exclusion and gender inequality, rolling back any effort made to support women’s participation. 4. The analysis of climate trends predicted that external shocks resulting from climate change would likely be more common in Senegal in the future as the country is extremely vulnerable to changing climatic conditions. The likelihood of occurrences of climatic hazards, leading to decreasing and irregular rains and shorter cropping cycles, was highly anticipated. This was seen as a real threat to the food and nutritional security of the most vulnerable populations in the near future; thus, further reducing their ability to escape poverty. 5. Senegal had recognized the crucial importance of food and nutrition security to achieve human development and economic growth for more than two decades. The institutionalization of the fight against malnutrition has been materialized through the establishment of the multi-stakeholder coordination platform for nutrition and its operational arm under the Prime Minister’s Office. With the support of the Bank, the country has been able to put in place an efficient and inclusive decentralized community-based delivery system of proven high- impact and cost-effective interventions through local governments. 6. Following the establishment of the multi-stakeholder coordination platform for nutrition, Nutrition Policy Coordination Unit (Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition, CLM), and its National Executive Bureau (BEN) in 2002, the first national multisectoral nutrition policy was being revised in 2015 and a multisectoral strategic plan was under development in 2016. Page 4 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) 7. The establishment of a conducive nutrition governance environment and the scale-up of programming initiatives as early as 2002 had translated into notable improvements of a number of nutrition indicators including exclusive breastfeeding, stunting, and acute malnutrition. However, after more than a decade of notable advances, progress had gradually deteriorated with a drop in exclusive breastfeeding from 38 percent to 30 percent and an increase in the rate of chronic malnutrition from 16 percent to 19 percent. In addition, low birthweight estimates and the rate of underweight women had remained at a standstill while the number of overweight women had become more prevalent. 8. The observed stagnation and degradation of key nutrition indicators, in particular chronic malnutrition, was attributed to the existence of a combination of undermining factors. These included the wide regional disparities in micronutrient deficiencies, the cumulative impact of recurrent shocks since 2008, and the lack of sufficient investment in implementing and scaling up complementary nutritional interventions (that is, nutrition sensitive) in a more holistic perspective which was more fitted to the needs of the various regional contexts. 9. The history of the Bank's collaboration with Senegal in the nutrition sector dates back to 1995. The various projects supported by the Bank fall under three distinct phases, each one corresponding to different chapters of the country’s nutrition strategic orientation and sector evolution. 10. The first project supported by the Bank (P035615; Community Nutrition Project; US$28 million, 1995–2000) in the aftermath of the West African CFA Franc devaluation aimed to address the nutritional challenges tied to the consequences of deteriorating economic conditions. The main goal of the project was to tackle the high prevalence of severe acute malnutrition through the rapid provision of food-related services in urban areas. 11. The second phase of the nutrition sector evolution focused more on targeting rural populations and addressing stunting as a marker of human development deprivation. During this period, the Bank’s support contributed significantly to the establishment of a systemic foundation of a multisectoral and inclusive approach to fight against all forms of malnutrition. This was achieved through the establishment and strengthening of governance and policy mechanisms at the decentralized and community levels. This period was marked by the design and implementation of a longer-term multiple-project Adaptable Program Learning instrument. The initiative included the Nutrition Enhancement Project (P070541, US$14.5 million, 2002–2006) and the Nutrition Enhancement II Project (P097181, US$25 million, 2007–2014). 12. A third phase of the Senegal nutrition sector’s era started in 2009, in the wake of the world food crisis. The Child-Focused Social Cash Transfer and Nutrition Security Rapid Response Project (P115938, US$18 million, 2009– 2012) was designed as a rapid response building upon the achievements of the Nutrition Enhancement II Project. The Child-Focused Social Cash Transfer and Nutrition Security Rapid Response Project had been designed and implemented with the aim of helping vulnerable communities cope with the difficult situations associated with their deteriorating living conditions and the increasing food and nutritional insecurity that was affecting a growing number of households. 13. Because relief efforts and humanitarian assistance do not commonly address the underlying structural vulnerabilities of communities and individuals, building the ongoing resilience of populations emerged as a pressing priority. In light of the anticipated recurrence of environmental/climate change and world financial and economic crises, working on bridging the gap between the existing vulnerability of the most disadvantaged and their exposure to shocks was therefore essential. Addressing the compounding climate change and economic shocks risks in a more Page 5 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) structural manner was important. This could allow for the provision of longer-term development-oriented interventions aimed at reducing vulnerability to shocks exposure. 14. Explicitly working on vulnerable communities’ resilience through an innovative structural and holistic approach aimed at increasing their absorptive, adaptability, and transformative capacities to external shocks constituted the main justification for the design of the present project. The aim was to test new approaches and technologies for resilience building that could later be replicated on a nation-wide scale, if revealed successful. Figure 1: Increased food and nutrition insecurity and malnutrition as a result of external shocks Theory of Change (Results Chain) 15. The project is focused on filling the unaddressed gap between providing relief and humanitarian assistance and tackling the underlying structural vulnerabilities of communities and individuals by building their ongoing resilience. The rationale for the project implementation, which justifies Bank and Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) support, is illustrated by the project’s Theory of Change (TOC). The TOC provides a clear illustration of why and how the desired goal is expected to be achieved in the context of external shocks occurrence. Figure 2: Theory of Change Page 6 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Project Development Objectives (PDOs) 16. The objective of the project is to provide access to food and nutrition security enhancing services among vulnerable households through the promotion of appropriate new technologies in selected areas of the Recipient's territory. Key Expected Outcomes and Outcome Indicators 17. The successful achievement of the PDO is based on the attainment of the following anticipated outcomes: (a) existence of social mobilization and strengthening of community organization, (b) effective social and behavior change communication, and (c) effective transfer of new technologies. 18. Progress toward these outcomes was measured through the following PDO-level results indicators: PDO Outcome 1: Social mobilization and community organization successfully implemented PDO Outcome 2: Effective social and behavior change communication a) PDO Performance/Result Indicator 1: The number of women organized in women’s groups that are empowered with new knowledge and skills to secure sufficient quantities of food consistently available throughout the year b) PDO Performance/Result Indicator 2: The number of communities (villages) empowered to target food and nutrition security enhancing services to vulnerable households PDO Outcome 3: Effective transfer of new technologies PDO Performance/Result Indicator 3: The number of (female) clients who have adopted and improved agricultural technology promoted by the project (Core Indicator) Components 19. The project was funded by the JSDF in the amount of US$2,821,727. The project is articulated around the integrated implementation of four components, each addressing the key aspects required for the establishment of an innovative, multi-dimensional, nutrition-led, food-based economy approach aimed at building the resilience of vulnerable populations at the community level, against external shocks. 20. One of the main features of the project is its emphasis on promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment as an instrumental driving force for resilience building. Women’s prominent place among the project targeted beneficiaries cuts across different age and socioeconomic groups to include women aged 15–49 years, vulnerable women with young children under the age of 5 years, and businesswomen and entrepreneurs in rural and poor communities. Children under the age of five years are also included as main beneficiary targets. The project aimed at improving women’s resilience and also benefited the mother-child couple as a whole. 21. Component 1 – Women’s organization and empowerment (US$1,217,727). This component focused on building the capacity of women to produce, purchase, and supply food for their households. This objective was Page 7 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) achieved through the establishment of solidarity networks managed by platforms of existing or/and newly created women's groups. These groups served as community platforms for: (a) promoting and implementing solidarity measures such as cereal banks for malnourished children; (b) providing access to government-subsidized community disease insurance; (c) providing training and capacity building activities on new techniques and technologies as well as financial management (FM) aimed at supporting women's participation in economic life; and (d) promoting essential skills for life, care, and nutrition. 22. Component 2 – Improved varieties and appropriate technologies for micro scale applications at household level (US$1,051,364). This second component was geared toward testing and supporting the introduction and dissemination of new technologies including improved bio-fortified plant varieties and animal breeds as well as production, irrigation techniques, improved storage, conservation, cooking and processing technologies, water, and environmental and hygiene technologies within the selected communities. The purpose of this component was to identify, test, and pilot improved varieties and promise new production and food processing technologies along the ‘farm to fork’ value chain, before dissemination in the selected intervention areas. The rationale for the project’s focus on women empowerment is justified by the fact that: 1) they are key players in the food systems and 2) are the backbone of smallholder farming and family maintenance in Senegal, as it is the case in most countries around the world. From their participation in the agricultural workforce to making decisions on how to distribute income and ensuring proper nutrition for all household members women can be very powerful agents of change in regard to households’ food and nutrition insecurity. Yet, women face more difficulties than men in gaining access to resources and there are still significant gaps regarding access to productive resources and asset ownership by women. This often negatively affects women’s empowerment and, consequently, household food security. Women’s empowerment is determining in closing the gender gap. The project focused on four key dimensions of empowerment: decisions about agricultural production, access and decisions over productive resources, control over use of income, leadership (measured with participation in groups or associations). 23. Component 3 – Community leadership and governance (US$377,727). This component’s objective was the establishment of a governance structure. The structure was to constitute the project’s institutional anchorage at the community level to serve a threefold purpose: (a) the establishment of an approach supporting community dialogue in favor of resilience, (b) the creation of a network of entrepreneurs in the target communities, and (c) the creation of revolving schemes for the provision of production inputs. 24. Component 4 – Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation and Knowledge Management (US$174,909). The fourth component was aimed at providing support for successful technical, administrative, and FM of the project. The knowledge management support dimension of this component was also to be an essential aspect of the implementation and achievement of the PDOs, through the documentation of experiences, the identification of best practices for replication, and in-depth understanding of the initiative’s related efficiency aspects. B. Significant Changes During Implementation 25. The PDOs and outcome-level indicators were not revised. 26. Following a change in the government FM procedures that occurred in 2014, the Ministry of Finance and Economy had been designated sole checks signatory for the payment of any expenses related to any CLM oversight project. With the project’s majority of expenditures being mainly made at the community level with support of a Page 8 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) decentralized financial accountability system, it appeared necessary to reinstate the CLM’s financial autonomy to prevent the occurrence of implementation delay risks caused by cumbersome project and FM procedures. The setup of corrective administrative measures which allowed the CLM to be granted authorization to open a specific project account providing them with full financial autonomy took some time. This situation resulted in delays in the disbursement of funds, which in turn affected the implementation of activities within the approved timeframe. Due to the community-based nature of the project, accelerating the implementation of activities to offset the initial delays was not feasible. For this reason, an extension of six months beyond the approved initial closing (from November 30, 2020 to May 31, 2021) was granted. 27. Consequently, the following changes have been made to accommodate the new project closing date: (a) the grant closing date was extended, (b) the results framework indicator target values have been adjusted to align with the new closing date, and (c) the project disbursement estimates were adjusted to align with the new closing date. Table 1. Summary of changes Project closing Date Extended From November 30, 2020 to May 31, 2021 Result Framework Adjustment of the 3 - Indicators target dates adjusted in line with new project PDO Result Indicators extension date (3) - Result Indicators target values adjusted upward to match extended project closing date (3) - Result Indicator target value adjusted downward (1) Intermediate Results - Target value adjusted upward (4) Indicators (10) - Target value adjusted downward (6) Adjustment Intermediate Results - Intermediate Results Indicator cancelled and replaced Indicator (1) changed (1) 28. The second project component intermediate result indicator related to “the number of vulnerable women who use solar energy for perishables drying units� was replaced with "the number of vulnerable women using improved stoves� (essentially as a proxy to reflect the uptake and adoption of new technologies). The inclusive and participatory nature of the project made it clear that using drying units for perishables was not the best suitable option for the beneficiaries. The necessity to respond to the actual needs of the communities led the project to replace this indicator with the use of stoves, as recommended and deemed more appropriate by the communities themselves. II. OUTCOME Assessment of Achievement of Each Objective/Outcome A. Relevance of the PDO 29. The relevance of the PDO is assessed on the efficiency of its intended results/stated expected outcomes in relation to the overall goal of the project. The overall purpose of the project is to develop a replicable model for building household and community resilience to food and nutrition insecurity shocks that, when scaled up, can contribute to breaking the cycle of crises response and humanitarian assistance. The fulfillment of the grant’s Page 9 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) purpose is to be achieved through increased access to food and nutrition security and to service enhancement among vulnerable households. 30. Therefore, assessing the relevance of the PDO involves the consideration of two key factors. First, the PDOs should capture the multidimensional aspect of the project’s overall objective, which is food and nutrition security resilience to external shocks. The comprehensiveness of the PDO and the logical connection of its compounded elements also need to be considered in assessing relevancy, as these aspects will support the achievement of results in a traceable and consistent manner. Second, to assess the relevance of the specific objectives, it is necessary to also consider them from the broader context perspective of bridging social and economic gaps and how well they align with the Senegal Government’s vision in terms of human and capital development. 31. The PDO fully aligns with the disaster risk management focus of the Country Partnership Strategy by directly addressing the food and nutrition security sector development and investment thematic. Moreover, the project addresses the Government of Senegal request for assistance in the development of an exit strategy from the cyclical humanitarian assistance triggered by recurring external and climate shocks occurrences. This project supports the foundations of an approach based on systemic change aiming to increase the resilience of the most vulnerable populations. 32. The successful achievement of the PDOs is founded on the testing and transferring of new approaches and technologies among the target communities. This specific objective addressed the government’s priority to identify effective systemic and sustainable responses to building households’ resilience against external shocks. The experimental and crosscutting aspect tied to the identification of new solutions (that is, implementation research and pre-testing approach to support effective and efficient new technologies transfer in various areas of the value chain, from production to storage, transformation, and so on) allows the integration of various dimensions of the resilience concept (that is, adaptation, absorptive capacity, anticipation, and constructive reaction to shocks and disturbances). This approach is perfectly in line with/and undeniably complementary to the efforts pursued by the Government and the Bank in the areas of agriculture, nutrition, social protection, and humanitarian aid in support of human development and poverty alleviation. The PDOs supported the widely admitted idea that devising new strategies and approaches based on endogenous community-based practices and societal structures to stir up participation and ownership is a winning strategy. This appears to be all the more valuable as the project-piloted promising approaches and interventions sought to create a model that could be brought to scale at that national level. 33. The relevance of the PDOs is also reflected in the project’s ability to empower communities to find local and holistic solutions to successfully cope with external shocks. The holistic dimension of the PDO justified its relevance, which is reflected through the complementarity, coherent articulation of its sub-objectives as well as the manner they are aimed to be implemented to achieve the expected outcomes and results. 34. The focus on community development and poverty reduction through increased access to food and nutrition security as well as innovative service delivery for the most vulnerable populations in the target communities is fully aligned with the Emerging Senegal Plan (PSE 2014–2018). The PSE, which is the reference document for Senegal's economic and social policy, takes as a reference the government’s political orientation and the framework for accelerating the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It gives importance to human capital, social protection, and sustainable development. In addition, the PSE priority action plan (PAP) for the period 2014–2018 attaches significant Page 10 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) importance to improving the living conditions of the populations, social protection and solidarity of vulnerable groups, as well as strengthening their nutritional status. 35. The PDO addressed some of the most essential criteria that justified the project financing by the JSDF: (a) it promoted an innovative and catalytic approach that is replicable and can be scaled-up; (b) it strengthened capacity for effective cooperation dynamics between local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and local stakeholders in the development process; and (c) it targeted the needs of the most vulnerable through multisector social poverty alleviation approaches to addressing the needs of the most vulnerable for nutrition and food security, livelihood support, improved nutrition and early childhood development, inclusive education, environmentally sustainable agricultural practices, adaptation to climate change and community-level disaster risk management, and women empowerment. 36. Based on the forgoing assessment, the relevance of the PDOs is rated high. B. Achievement of the PDO (Efficacy) 37. The specific interventions and strategies worked as building blocks to the overall project objective of strengthening the resilience of households and communities to food and nutrition insecurity. Their complementarity as well as the imperative necessity of their mutual contribution to operate simultaneously, in order to achieve the anticipated project outcomes, is the reflection of the complexity tied to the concepts of resilience, food, nutritional security, and poverty. 38. Although the PDOs and outcomes remained unchanged through the project life, due to delays encountered in making the funds available to the CLM at the anticipated start-up project date, a six-month no cost extension was granted to offset the initial delays and allow for the completion of the activities as planned, within the established timeframe. This situation did not bear any consequence on the project’s expected results as target indicators were adjusted as needed to keep their alignment with the new closing date. According to the nature of the activities captured by the indicators, upward or downward adjustment was made, while a few indicators’ target values were kept unchanged. 39. The successful achievement of the PDOs was assessed through three result indicators. At the outcome level, 11 Intermediate Results Indicators were monitored to inform successful achievement. Table 2. Summary of Targets Achievement PDO-Level Result Intermediate Result Total number of project Indicators Indicators Total indicators 3 10 13 Rating Surpassed (>100%) 3 9 12 Achieved (85%+) 1 1 Partially achieved (5-84%) 0 0 0 Not achieved (less than 64%) 0 0 0 Total 14 Page 11 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) 40. All the results framework indicator targets were met, in most cases, surpassed. In particular, key indicators tied to women's empowerment reached very satisfactory levels, with all achievement rates surpassing 100 percent. Noteworthily a record total of 461,076 pregnant and breastfeeding women and children under five years of age had access to primary nutrition services in the project’s 25 target communities. This represented a 11.5 times overachievement performance on the targeted performance value. 41. Several innovative aspects of the project’s approach supported the provision of increased access to food and nutrition security in the project‘s targeted 25 territorial collectivities. One of the main innovative aspects of the grant’s proposed activities was based on the holistic and macro perspective of the food system environment regarded as an essential lever to food and nutrition security. The project’s approach encompassed the production functions and activities of the nutrition-oriented value chain (production, transport, distribution and consumption, storage) as well as the most vulnerable actors who take part in it, from production till the consumption ends. The implemented activities supported the existence of an enabling environment, allowing most vulnerable female food system actors (who were also members of the target communities) throughout the value chain to reach an optimal level of resilience. This was achieved through favorable boosting of some of the key drivers of the food system macro environment. These drivers included governance, the socioeconomic landscape, as well as the biophysical environment. This strategy contributed to supporting the targeted beneficiaries and communities’ increased access to food through increased demand and supply creation, more sustainable small-scale nutrition sensitive production, gender-/women-sensitive opportunities, increased households’ access to nutritious food, and health and hygiene services. 42. Positively affecting the most vulnerable women’s socioeconomic status through their active participation in a food and nutrition-based economy required their empowerment at both the socioeconomic as well as at the individual levels. This was important to support the adoption of healthy nutritional practices for their children and households (through Essential Nutrition Actions training for instance). Communities’ empowerment was also supported through the establishment of strong community dialogue and coaching processes aimed at facilitating appropriation and supporting communities’ capacity to adopt and integrate appropriate and effective sustainable systemic resilience actions (that is, identification of most vulnerable groups through a well-tested community targeting strategy, and identification and implementation of sustainable food security and nutrition resilience strategies and schemes). This precisely responded to the need to create a dynamic of holistic actions to support systemic changes addressing food and nutrition security access in the target communities. 43. Integration was an embedded characteristic to the project. Integration could be observed in the project's design as well as in its external positioning in relation to other existing programmatic initiatives implemented within the same geographical space, targeting the same beneficiaries’ profiles and supporting complementary objectives. Likewise, the PDO achievement’s key success factor was the integrated mobilization of various systemic levers within the environment of the target communities. This was achieved by building the capacities of vulnerable women to enable them to produce, market, and contribute to local economies by stimulating the supply of and demand for highly nutritious foods at the community and household levels. 44. The project’s integration aspects supported efforts, resources, and best practices to be pooled with other ongoing programmatic initiatives, each one contributing to supporting target communities’ receptivity/permeability to the interventions of the others, thereby promoting the creation of a favorable environment to each project’s objectives. The targeting of beneficiaries of the same profile (most vulnerable households, women, under 5 children) in communities located in the same geographical space made it possible to capitalize on the achievements, Page 12 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) experiences, and existing resources deployed and mobilized under the other two projects. This allowed to support the successful achievement of the grant's PDO. 45. The project’s integration characteristic was also reflected through its inclusion of key community players to support ownership and sustainability. The instrumental place given to line ministries’ technical and extension services (such as agriculture, health) in playing an essential role in supporting monitoring and providing facilitative supervision of the activities also constituted a key mark of the project integration feature. Moreover, the inclusive participation of established regional, local, and village levels’ governance mechanisms (Regional Monitoring Committees [CRS] of the Nutrition Enhancement Program [PRN], Local Monitoring Committee of the PRN, Local Steering Committees [CLP], and Village Initiatives Management Committees [CoGeVi]) was a strong supporting element for ownership by the target communities as well as sustainability of the catalyzed systemic changes. PDO Outcome 1: Social mobilization and community organization successfully implemented 46. The multifaceted and multidimensional aspect tied to resilience and food and nutrition security was strongly reflected in the project’s holistic approach to social mobilization. Several important and mutually reinforcing systemic drivers of transformation in favor of food and nutrition security resilience were supported under the project. These included drivers tied to equity, and the economic and social barriers faced by the most vulnerable households. The project targeted women, promoting their empowerment by building their capacity and providing them with adequate knowledge on hygiene, health, and healthy nutrition practices. The project also supported the creation of business and livelihood opportunities. Access to these opportunities was facilitated by enabling beneficiaries to gain the required skills and secure loans that could allow them to engage in these income-generating activities. Successful social mobilization activities created and fueled the necessary catalytic conditions for systemic transformation of social and economic drivers to support improved access to food and nutrition security in the target communities. 47. The project community-centered holistic approach to food and nutrition security was founded on three essential dimensions: the productive and technical (through sustainable agricultural practices and technologies), the economic and financial (financial solidarity programs), and the social dimension (through the strengthening of social cohesion mechanisms and platforms). These dimensions are essential elements to inclusive growth and equity and are key transformative levers to beneficial systemic change. Implementation of effective social mobilization was instrumental in bringing together these three essential dimensions and creating conditions to promote inclusive growth, development, and equity. This was achieved by cultivating individual and community awareness as well as increasing demand and supply for health, hygiene, nutrition, solidarity, and production support services. 48. The project successfully supported the creation of women community groups. A total of 54,160 women were organized into 2,504 women groups in the 25 target communities. These women were trained and empowered with new knowledge and skills. These figures represent an exceedance over the project target indicator value of 108 percent and 166 percent, respectively. This notable performance is a strong indicator of a high degree of ownership and participation from the project-involved communities. Effective social mobilization supported the establishment of new community-based structures, while also ensuring that at the individual level participating women were empowered with the knowledge and skills needed to secure a consistent supply of adequate food to improve the food and nutrition security status of their households. Page 13 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) 49. Women community platforms were important project’s entry points in the communities. The main activities conducted by these platforms included: (a) community initiatives such as small ruminant breeding and backyard gardening activities, 33 percent; (b) complementary food production for children 6–59 months, 15.8 percent; (c) cooking demonstrations, 10.9 percent; and (d) women’s training/briefing in healthy nutrition practices, 4.5 percent.1 The strong participation in the establishment of new groups as well as the notable expansion of all the social mobilization related performance indicators (in particular, the 267 percent over performance illustrated by the 160,354 female beneficiaries who received nutrition-related services) over the project target values constitutes a pledge of its effectiveness. This notable performance is another indication of the high degree of ownership and participation from the project-involved communities. 50. Endogenous solutions to support food and nutrition security resilience to external shocks was promoted through the community dialogue approach (Intermediate Results Indicator #10). The community dialogue approach supported the development of tools such as a community dialogue guide as well as dashboards to support planning, monitoring, and evaluation of both community and public service delivery and support activities, targeting of the most vulnerable households, as well as the materialization of a strong community cohesiveness and governance. This approach constitutes one of the cornerstones of the project‘s sustainability aspect. This was made possible through the prominent importance given to community governance mechanisms, accountability, and collective consensus on the most appropriate and transparent targeting of vulnerable households. The identification of differentiated interventions and strategies to be adopted for the strengthening of food and nutrition security resilience in the various project contextual environments were also important sustainability and ownership tokens. 51. The high performance of the project outcome indicators was driven by the effectiveness of the community dialogue, which strongly supported communities’ engagement and ownership for effective social mobilization in support of the adoption of new and context-appropriate technologies. The community dialogue also contributed to the deep anchoring of communities’ leadership, accountability, and governance in the project’s target communities. As such, the community dialogue can be regarded as a central cross-cutting element to communities’ cohesion and work coherence on achieving food and nutrition security. 52. Community dialogue has been institutionalized under the project through the development and dissemination of community dialogue facilitation guides and tangible support provided to designated community dialogue facilitators. Community dialogue was a strong driving catalyst for positive changes in social norms in the target communities. It was a central cross-cutting unifying element established in the project communities as a key tool that enables them to formally take charge and address their own needs while strengthening their food and nutrition security status. 53. Social mobilization under the project was supported by the existence of community governance mechanisms such as the CLP and CoGeVi, which were set up as part of the PRN initiative back in 2010. These mechanisms, which are to be regarded as key levers contributing to change, have enabled the continuation of the social mobilization momentum for the actions undertaken under the project through their support, guidance, and high level of accountability in relation to the communities. 54. The effectiveness, importance, and strength of social mobilization in maintaining momentum and creating and nurturing strong community cohesion was particularly telling during the shutdown of activities that took place in 1 PRRCIAN Endline, Volume 1 analysis report, June 2021, Conseil National de Développement de la Nutrition (CNDN). Page 14 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) 2020 due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Strong social mobilization continued to exist thanks to exceptional adaptation of the communities' mobilization dynamic, revealing the systemic and vital nature of their engagement for the actions undertaken under the project. For instance, communication groups were set up through the WhatsApp phone application during lockdown to enable women leaders' communication groups and community platforms to continue communicating, supporting each other, and sharing their difficulties as well as vital livelihood- related information on market prices or the availability of certain foodstuffs. This is an illustration of the effectiveness of social mobilization established under the project and the deep-rooted appropriation dynamic from the target communities. PDO Outcome 2: Effective social and behavior change communication 55. Social and behavior change communication was crosscutting to the three projects’ programmatic components (Component 1, Women’s organization and empowerment; Component 2, Improved varieties and appropriate technologies for micro scale applications at household level; and Component 3, Community leadership and governance). Five main groups of actors have carried out social behavior change actions within the target communities: (a) the Community Agents (ARC) set up by the PRN Steering Committees; (b) a network of (250) women leaders; (c) a network of 359 women social entrepreneurs (MEC); (d) 250 men and women Community Dialogue Facilitators; and (e) the department-level public Water, Sanitation and Health service providers. 56. Effectiveness of the project’s social and behavioral change communication activities was supported by the dispersed characteristic of their implementation. The targeting of different segments of the beneficiary groups (women with children under the age of 5 years, businesswomen, community leaders, women aged 15–49) as well as the recognition of the different realms in which social and behavioral change had to take place (both at community and individual levels) for the strengthening of food and nutrition security status of the targeted populations to happen were strategically addressed in the implementation of social and behavior change communication (SBCC) activities. Women's empowerment, community solidarity and food storage mechanisms, Infants and Young Children Feeding (IYCF) practices, dietary diversification, nutrition-sensitive production, hygiene and sanitation, health, and livelihoods were all included among the theme addressed under the social and behavior change communication activities. 57. Successful promotion of behaviors that protect and improve the food and nutritional status of the targeted populations was based on adequate information and knowledge transferred to the beneficiaries. Effectiveness also lay on the project’s ability to be able to create, as much as possible, the necessary conditions for the concrete application of the transmitted knowledge and skills. The installation of 315 hand-wash devices (versus 175 initially targeted) and the food preparation demonstrations organized for women to actually put in practice the knowledge they were provided with to ensure that nutrition-sensitive food were available in the communities (that is, production of sweet potatoes and Moringa trees) were very important aspects that ensured that the ‘knowledge- action gap’ often encountered in so many projects was minimized by promoting an environment conducive to the expected social and behavior changes. 58. The project innovation aspect was fully anchored in the nature of the activities implemented under the second project component. Various new production technologies were introduced to the selected communities with the objective of improving breeding productivity of short-cycle species, promoting nutrition sensitive small-scale production through the introduction of high nutritional values products. The new technologies were introduced to support the value chain activities for increased availability of a wide varieties of food. Environment-friendly Page 15 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) production and hygiene technologies and practices, as well as high potential technologies in production and food processing, transformation and storage were introduced under the project as a means to support higher viability and yields of small-scale food and animal production. A partnership was established with the Senegalese Institute for Agriculture Research (ISRA) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) to inform the introduction of bio-fortified varieties of orange flesh sweet potatoes as well as other relevant production varieties to be introduced in the project implementation areas. Introduction of new technologies was aimed at increasing availability, access, use and utilization of food to support communities’ food and security resilience. 59. The project’s innovative aspect was also reflected in the implementation research and the applied quality assurance approach to support the introduction of new technologies. Pre-testing of new technologies and approaches were consistently performed on a sample community nucleus of 50 households under an established introduction protocol. This process informed successful replication and scale-up of new activities into the project target communities. The establishment of the pre-testing protocol minimized implementation risks by providing adequacy and effectiveness assurance through beforehand empirical programmatic experiences. This project approach to implementation also gave it a forward-looking characteristic that was fully coherent with its fundamental purpose to serve as a food and nutrition security resilience pilot model that could be scaled-up nationwide in the future. The embedment of the project forward-looking feature in its programmatic methodology also constituted an innovative feature that appeared to be somewhat distinct from a more common conventional programmatic approach. 60. The promotion and transfer of new technologies was carried out under the project’s Component 2, “Improved varieties and appropriate technologies for micro scale applications at household level.� The promotion and transfer of new technologies was used to support households’ production for increased diet diversity, nutrition- sensitive production, higher yields agriculture techniques and small-scale breeding production, constitution of stock back-ups (that is, 252 community cereal banks aimed at supporting child feeding in the community management of moderate acute malnutrition), transformation, and distribution (that is, women entrepreneur boutiques for the sale of food products). 61. Hygiene as a way to support nutrition security was also addressed through the installation of 315 appropriate hand washing points in the target communities. Eleven new technologies were identified and adapted to household/small-scale production. These techniques fell within the realms of short-cycle species farming productivity improvement (that is, improved poultry survival technology to reduce chick mortality and increase production, conservation, and waste reduction of poultry eggs) and the introduction of agricultural varieties with high nutritional values such as millet, sorghum, sweet orange-fleshed-potatoes, beans, and Moringa trees. Bio- fortified production was supported by the introduction of bio-effluent use for the development of small-scale agriculture productions. As was the case with the other project components, the new technologies transfer recipients in the target communities were selected among the most vulnerable households. 62. The efficacy of technology transfer was linked to the high potential and contextual suitability of the technologies selected for support access to food and nutritional security for the most vulnerable households. Ease of dissemination, resource saving, productivity enhancement, environmental-friendly and sustainable production, nutrition-sensitive nutrition security, and livelihood enhancement were characteristics that determined the effectiveness of the newly introduced technologies in the project target communities. Each of the 11 technologies that were introduced in the communities satisfied at least eight of these criteria for effectiveness, in the context of the project. Of the 11 innovative technologies that were introduced, 5 of them were implemented on a larger scale Page 16 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) with very high realization levels. These included three different poultry and small ruminant rearing techniques and technologies, installation of hand washing units, and cereal banks for children. Table 3. New technologies adapted for household and small-scale production New technology category Adapted new technology Short-cycle animal species 1. Improved poultry survival technology (“Kunengu Nengu� Tanzanian productivity improvement technology) 2. Community hatcheries for the reproduction of poultry (reducing waste of poultry eggs) 3. Heat synchronization technique in small ruminants (that is, grouping births together in a single period, thereby increasing milk production) 4. Promotion of improved breeds of poultry and small ruminants 5. Hatching synchronization technology for hens Agricultural productivity and 6. Introduction of agricultural varieties with high nutritional value such as conservation orange flesh sweet potatoes and moringa trees 7. Biogas and compost production 8. Children grain banks for community management of acute malnutrition and cooking demonstration Home economics productivity 9. Improved stove manufacturing technique 10. Infant and Young Child feeding (IYCF) recipes using local foods 11. Handwashing units with running water and soap 63. An important aspect supporting efficacy was the project's integration dimension allowing for optimal pooling, support, and involvement of various stakeholders in the introduction and adoption processes of the new technologies. The role played by: (a) the CoGeVi in supporting Community Implementing Agencies (AEC) in assessing needs and providing trainings and procuring equipment and inputs; (b) the AEC in supporting and managing implementation of the transfer of new technologies; as well as (c) line ministries (such as Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries, Water and Sanitation, Social Action and Community Development, and Health Districts) was of crucial importance in supporting the identification of priority villages, in effective targeting of vulnerable households, as well as in the selection and dissemination of suitable technologies and in the supervision of effective and accurate implementation and use by the selected recipients. 64. The downstream convergence at operational level was addressed at national level as part of the upstream sustainability considerations. Nutrition investment has historically been a priority for the government of Senegal as early as the 1960s. However, it is with the creation of the CLM in 2001 that the institutionalization of the multisectoral approach to malnutrition materialized. The institutionalization of malnutrition in Senegal was characterized by a shift from the curative approach to malnutrition towards a community-based and preventive approach. The project’s design supporting both horizontal collaboration amongst various stakeholders (I.e., local government, sectoral ministries, civil society organizations) and vertical coordination from central to decentralized level within sectoral ministries portrayed the upstream sustainability considerations and commitment to address malnutrition from a multisectoral perspective (Figures 3 & 4). The project was the reflection of the mechanisms and collaboration dynamic established through the creation of the CLM. The project's design was in full alignment with the establishment and implementation at the national level of institutional instruments federating the collaboration of all the parties involved in nutrition specific and sensitive sectors. Page 17 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Figure 3: Institutional Setup of the Multisectoral Coordination through the CLM Figure 4: Multisectoral coordination arrangements at local government level 65. The wide promotion of new technologies and the strong sensitization of their potential for optimizing livelihoods and food and nutritional security have been important factors in their adoption and impacts. The role played by the networks of MEC in this regard was decisive in supporting the economic promotion of the new technologies selected within the communities. A network of five women MEC was established in each community for a total number of 125 MEC network members that were active under the project. 66. Apart from some minor disconnects (mainly delays of short duration), no major supply side constraints in public service delivery affected the project. However, supply side constraints are bound to occur when lessons are replicated at scale. This in essence confirms the importance of multisectoral coordination at operational and policy levels. Page 18 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) C. Efficiency Economic analysis 67. No specific cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was conducted for the project appraisal. Efficiency was assessed using existing individual cost-benefit ratios for the project’s activities. These cost-benefit ratios are documented in the Bank’s ‘Repositioning Nutrition as Central to Development’ Report (2006) and the ‘Scaling Up Nutrition, What Will It Cost?’ Report (2001). No Net Present Value (NPV) or Economic Rate of Return (ERR) was calculated. Based on the existing data, a favorable cost-effectiveness was attributed to the project. Table 4. Estimated Benefits from Scaling Up Nutrition Interventions 2 Estimated benefit: cost savings or Intervention cost-effectiveness Source Behavior change (through US$53-153 per disability-adjusted Ho (1985; Tamil Nadu) community nutrition programs for life-year saved behavior change) Vitamin A supplements US$3-16 per disability-adjusted Ching et al. (2000); Fiedler (2000); life-year saved Horton and Ross (2003) Therapeutic zinc supplements US$73 per disability-adjusted life- Robberstad et al. (2004) year saved Micronutrient powders US$12.20 per disability-adjusted Sharieff et al. (2006) life-year saved (zinc) 37:1 benefit: cost ratio (iron) Deworming 6:1 benefit: cost ratio Horton et al. (2008) Iron-folic acid supplements US$66-115 per disability-adjusted Baltussen et al. (2004) life-year saved (iron; no estimates known for folic acid) Iron fortification of staples 8:1 benefit: cost ratio Horton and Ross (2003, 2006) Salt iodization 30:1 benefit: cost ratio Horton et al. (2008) Complementary foods US$500-1,000 per disability- Authors’ rough estimates3 adjusted life-year saved Community-based management of US$41 per disability-adjusted life- Bachmann (2009) acute malnutrition year Aspects of Design and Implementation 68. The project design contributed to cost efficiency on three main aspects: (a) pooling and complementarity of achievements, resources, mechanisms, and objectives of other programmatic initiatives; (b) the characteristics of the project’s design facilitated its successful contextual integration, as well as full community ownership a nd participation, and close collaboration between development partners and government; (c) operational research design (Component 2) highly contributed to efficiency to the extent that it minimized risks tied to the implementation of contextually ill-adapted technologies. 2World Bank (2010). Scaling Up Nutrition What will It Cost ? 3Based on Caulfield et al.’s (1999) estimate that increase intake of 71-164 kcal per day for children younger than one year of age, as a result of complementary feeding, could decrease deaths due to malnutrition by 2-13 percent, depending on underlying presence of malnutrition in the community. Page 19 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) 69. The occurrence of potential efficiency-detracting events remained without consequences. The 12-month delay in the start of project implementation was partly made-up for by a six-month no-cost extension, which allowed the project to catch-up on implementation and achieve the targeted outcomes, even surpassing expected performance. In this case, it is considered that the delay resulted in efficiency gains. Implementation effectiveness would have been negatively affected if the initial conditions of centrally controlled withdrawal and payment mechanism were not satisfied. It is important to note that despite the delays encountered at project start, the final project disbursement rate amounted to 92 percent (or US$2.6 million) which attests to the efficiency and good performance achieved. 70. The project’s implementation strategy which was based on close coordination between sectors, with communities, and the local government and enhanced overall efficiency. The project’s systemic approach favored horizontal programming and a multisectoral integrated approach. These were important aspects that supported efficiency through resource and programmatic pooling. 71. Project’s efficiency is rated substantial. Overall Outcome Rating 72. The project was very relevant to the Government of Senegal and in regard to its vision to engage in a merciless fight against food and nutrition insecurity and resilience. Strong communities’ participation and ownership as well as the project’s ability to pool on existing initiatives to support both technical and programmatic efficacy and efficiency were strong points to be noted. Due to the initial delay observed in the resolution of the administrative bottleneck related to the management of the financial resources of the project, the efficiency was deemed to be lower and was rated as being substantial. 73. Applying the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) ratings and the Operations Policy and Country Services (OPCS) guidelines, the overall outcome rating is Highly Satisfactory. The composition of the rating is shown in the table below. Table 5. Overall rating of outcome Outcome Rating Relevance High Efficacy High Efficiency Substantial Overall Highly Satisfactory Other Outcomes and Impacts Communities’ social cohesiveness 74. In addition to promoting the empowerment of communities at the individual and household levels, the project community-based development and resilience-building approach also promoted empowerment at the collective level. This two-pronged empowerment aspect came about through the establishment of community governance mechanisms and systems that supported joint decision making and accountability for the provision of tangible (that is, material assets, financial resources) and intangible resources (that is, knowledge, capacity building) Page 20 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) at the individual level. The willingness of community members to cooperate with each other and to be inclusive of the most vulnerable among them in order for the community as a whole to survive and prosper was a shared vision that brought enhanced community cohesion. 75. Project beneficiaries’ testimonies strongly corroborated the social benefits their communities have experienced due to the project’s interventions. Panel 1: Testimonial 1 The testimonial of Mr. Alla Thiam from Pallène village in the Keur Ngalgou municipality in the Diourbel region portrayed both the general community perception and his personal experience as the head of a vulnerable project-supported household. In his testimony, Mr. Thiam underlined the multi-dimensional benefits he observed and experienced at the personal level. For him, in addition to having a positive impact on the community as a whole (through the promotion of biogas use and its contribution to environmental preservation for instance) one very important benefit stemming from the implementation of the project has been the increased psychological well-being and subjective feeling of resilience experienced by its beneficiaries. For instance, Mr. Thiam cited the use of biogas technology as having greatly contributed to the alleviation of women’s housework drudgery. He indicated that in addition to being environmentally friendly, biogas was a very valuable substitute to firewood. Women often had to travel miles by foot to find wood for their cooking stoves. According to Mr. Thiam, the liberating feeling of not having to indulge in an illegal practice and risk being caught by forestry guards was also a relief highly contributing to improving project recipients’ psychological well-being. 76. The project's emphasis on community cohesion and solidarity made it possible to support the implementation of initiatives for the transmission of offspring and production inputs (that is, lamb, poultry, and seeds) to vulnerable households in target communities. The objective of these initiatives was to support the livelihoods and resilience of the most vulnerable households through a solidarity and scale-up strategy. Direct support was provided to a maximum of 10 households per community. Each beneficiary household has undertaken to share part of the reproduced gains with an additional household and so on, through an exponentially growing chain of solidarity. Panel 2: The success of loan passing initiatives: the “Japalanté, Jokkolanté, and Jokk Jokk Lanté� solidarity concepts in Wolof The project’s offspring and production loan passing initiative has been very successful in the communities where it was implemented. Beyond the fact that these initiatives have enabled large families to find hope through a better quality of life and improved livelihood, the initiatives also symbolized mutual aid and fraternity within the communities. These are the concepts of "Japalanté, Jokkolanté, and Jokk Jokk Lanté" in Wolof language. 77. Enhanced cooperation and bonds among actors and community groups, entrepreneurship, and more proactive adaptive behaviors were also presented by project beneficiaries as among the project’s notable positive externalities. Spontaneous cooperation and solidarity within and among groups and food-system actors to reduce the negative effects of COVID-19 mobility and transport restrictions constitute other observed outcomes that positively affected social dynamics in the target communities. Project beneficiaries’ self-efficacy, psychological well-being, and sense of inclusiveness 78. The project fostered and strengthened a sense of self-efficacy among the targeted beneficiaries. An interesting mention that has often been made by interviewed project beneficiaries was an accrued feeling of inclusiveness, community belonging, social dignity, and value awakened by their positive experience through the project. An important note is therefore the project’s positive outcome on the psychological and social well-being of the target communities’ population. Page 21 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Panel 3: Testimonial 2 Like many other beneficiaries asked about their experience with the project, Mrs. Yandé Sene expressed strong optimism and confidence in herself and her family’s ability to build a positive future for themselves. More specifically, Mrs. Sene provided a testimony about her experience and her role as a child growth-monitoring agent in the Drou Miname community located in the Ngoye municipality in the Bambeye department in the Diourbel region. She reflected on her family’s experience and the progress made with regard to the precarity of her family’s living conditions before she was sensitized on healthy nutrition practices and selected as project beneficiary for the sheep breeding and ram-loaning initiative. This catalyst mechanism/scheme allowed beneficiaries to increase their sheep flock through breeding thanks to the loan of a high-value ram, which was later to be passed on to another beneficiary. Looking back at her experience, Mrs. Sene noted that the project provided her with opportunities to significantly improve her household financial situation and the nutritional status of her children. 79. Beyond the expected results tied to the achievement of the PDOs the project had positive psychological and social outcomes at the collective and individual levels. The project contributed to sparking systemic changes required for sustainable food and nutrition resilience building in the target communities. This was done through the implemented activities and the positive material changes that stemmed from the economic and development opportunities that were created for the most vulnerable. The project’s positive impact also translated into a beneficial social dynamic characterized by strong community cohesion and unity. The establishment of community governance mechanisms and platforms provided an opportunity to agree, build, and act on community vision, goals, structures, and systems to achieve collective and equal food nutrition and economic prosperity. Panel 4: Testimonial 3 This is the story of Mr. Libasse Diagne Diouf, resident of Ndiba village in the Kaolack region, who was selected as a beneficiary of the goat breeding initiative. Mr. Diagne said that his household was living in extreme poverty and that his child was suffering from severe acute malnutrition. He had lost hopes in life when his household was among the 10 households selected by the CoGeVi to receive support from the project in January 2020. Mr. Diagne who fulfilled his loan-passing obligation to another beneficiary in the community has been able to develop a flock of 12 goats. The selling price of a sheep/goat is CFA Franc 25,000. His small goat farming business is a priceless means of subsistence for him and his family. Mr. Diagne said that what life has taught him is that a healthy mind in a healthy body is a must. That is the reason for his involvement in the goat breeding initiative as this allows him to be financially empowered and be food and nutrition secure. He said that this also allows him to live his life with dignity as he can now solve his personal problems in all discretion without having to solicit anybody’s assistance. Knowledge management and best practices capitalization on building food and nutrition resilience in rural communities 80. Identification and capitalization on the best practices of the project to inform future replication and scale-up at the national level was carried out under Component 4. This aspect was an important justification for the implementation of the project during appraisal. As part of such a small-scale community pilot project, the integration of a capitalization process aimed at identifying promising practices related to the functioning of governance and programmatic implementation has been very valuable in maintaining and improving performance. Ensuring that the activities and approaches adopted remain aligned and always meet the demand for high effectiveness in the changing contextual environments of communities was also of paramount importance. 81. Moreover, the project served the larger purpose of feeding into the government’s vision of supporting the scale-up of effective community-based food and nutrition programming at national scope. From that perspective, the project fits into the multisectoral knowledge management strategy for nutrition the Government of Senegal is currently working on to set up. The project’s valuable operational, programming, and how-to experiences Page 22 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) contributed to building institutional memory and learning assets to be replicated or adapted for effective scaling up of a multisectoral and systemic approach to food and nutrition security resilience. The project fits into the knowledge capturing stage of the government of Senegal’s newly developed knowledge management strategy that precedes the knowledge sharing and the replication adoption & scale-up stages. The knowledge-capturing stage needs is a process that takes place over time. This is necessary to support the replication of an approach or strategy that can respond unequivocally to continuity over time. Sustainability is a very important element in the quality and success of an intervention. Even if it turns out to be promising in the short term, a practice or strategy must be put to the test of time. III. KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECTED IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOME A. Key Factors During Preparation 82. The project's design was inspired by learning experiences and best practices of past programmatic initiatives in the field of nutrition and social protection. In particular, the project was designed to build on the achievements of programs implemented from 2002 to 2014. In particular, the project was designed to build upon the achievements of the very successful4 Child-Focused Social Cash Transfer, Nutrition Rapid Response Project, and the PRN. These initiatives showcased the paramount importance of community engagement and the value of decentralized preventive services contracted through local NGOs on nutrition outcomes. They also contributed to building the general understanding that a multisectoral/multipronged approach was what was needed to spark systemic change in favor of food and nutrition security resilience. 83. Best practices drawn from these past experiences were: (a) working closely with local government; (b) supporting the creation of strong partnerships between the local government and project contracted NGOs for more inclusive, innovative, and adaptative interventions; and (c) close monitoring, support, and guidance at the operational level. It is also important to note that research findings and extensive experience on the determining factors of household food and nutrition security from stakeholders within the project’s geographic scope informed the design and nature of some of the project’s interventions (unconditional in- kind transfers). 84. Risk identification and mitigation measures were adequately assessed. The overall project risk was rated moderate. This rating is justified by individual risk assessments which were rated as being moderate in the areas of: (a) project design as the project included several new and innovative features which inherently increased the risk of the project; (b) implementation which required close coordination among partners, between sectors, and with the communities in particular and with other aid agencies in the event of the occurrence of an emergency crisis during the life of project; and (c) consolidation and political engagement: new presidential elections in 2016 and the possibility of the establishment of a new political administration was considered as a potential moderate risk of disengagement toward nutrition, food security, and the resilience of vulnerable populations. 4 The projects ratings were upgraded to highly satisfactory and satisfactory in the 2016 IEG project performance report Page 23 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) B. Key Factors During Implementation 85. The project was marked by a sharp slowdown and two intermittent periods of activity suspensions from March to June 2020 and from October to March 2021. Transportation, population gatherings, and crowd gathering restrictions prevented the opening of food markets and had a disrupting effect on the functioning of food systems in the project target communities. Only community-based radio broadcast activities were implemented during this period. These mainly focused on IYCF practices and COVID-19 preventive measures. 86. The project was delayed at the start due to administrative reasons. This delay is discussed Section I.B on significant changes during implementation. Table 6. Additional Activities Implemented to Offset undermining COVID-19 Restriction Effects and to Extend Project Closing Date Project Component Activities Component 1- Women’s organization Capacity building of MEC in nutrition and IYCF and empowerment Logistical (transportation means) and IT equipment support to Livestock ministry technical services in 15 catchment areas to allow for closer and more regular monitoring and facilitative supervision of selected vulnerable households for the breeding and livestock initiatives Component 2- Improved varieties and Input financing for the breeding initiatives of 1,008 beneficiaries on the ram- appropriate technologies for micro- loan passing initiative scale applications at the household Cash transfer to 2,250 project beneficiary vulnerable households. level Component 4- Project Management, Support to the coordination and monitoring of all women platforms (women Monitoring and Evaluation and leaders, women entrepreneurs, community dialogue facilitators) Knowledge Management Definition and set-up of knowledge management and coordination of the project multi-actors’ platform (women leaders, women micro- entrepreneurs, community dialogue facilitators, project communities’ supervisors) 87. Actions were taken to offset the adverse effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of the project, and to compensate for the postponement of the closing date. Some programmatic adjustments were made by defining complementary activities to Components 1, 2, and 4. Restrictions related to COVID-19 created disruptions throughout the food systems’ value chain, which negatively affected the already precarious livelihoods of the most vulnerable households in the target communities. Financial assistance in the form of cash transfers was provided to 2,250 vulnerable households while the project covered the cost of livestock inputs for 1,008 beneficiaries of the ram-loan initiative. 88. During this period, support was also provided to strengthen community governance mechanisms. To that effect, multi-stakeholder platforms bringing together all the actors and stakeholders of the project were established in each community. Page 24 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) IV. BANK PERFORMANCE, COMPLIANCE ISSUES, AND RISK TO DEVELOPMENT OUTCOME A. Quality of Monitoring and Evaluation M&E Design 89. The design of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) during project appraisal is rated substantial. The M&E system was adequately designed to capture all the essential dimensions of M&E: the system design supported systematic and continuous collection and assessment of the project activities. Clear and well-articulated results and logical frameworks were developed to facilitate efficient M&E implementation and utilization. 90. The design of the M&E system also provided for the clear allocation of monitoring responsibilities among the different concertation frameworks and mechanisms established at the regional, municipal, and village levels of decision making. The design of the M&E system was comprehensive to the extent that it was designed to engage key external players. This supported the project’s sustainability dimension through clear allocation of responsibilities from the early stage. The design of the M&E system strategically supported the project's sustainability aspect through the promotion of stakeholders’ involvement in the project’s M&E activities. 91. The project evaluation plan was designed to include an initial and final survey as well as a stand-alone qualitative evaluation aimed at capturing lessons learned from the project, best practices, and perceptions of project beneficiaries in the target communities. The integration of a stand-alone qualitative assessment into the design of the project's M&E system informed the government's vision and plan to establish a national knowledge management platform capitalizing on lessons learned and best practices to support effective and efficient scaling-up of food and nutrition security initiatives at the national level. M&E Implementation 92. The quality of M&E implementation is rated substantial. M&E implementation was in full accordance with the frequency of quarterly data collection established in the project’s results and monitoring framework. Data collection responsibility was shared between the CLM and the municipalities in the project targeted territories. In the framework of the decentralization law, the government devolved certain attributions to the municipalities. These special attributions include ownership of health and nutrition initiatives which fall under the municipalities’ responsibilities and oversight. The project evaluation was supported by conducting a baseline and endline assessment. A qualitative study aimed at assessing and documenting the project’s best practices as well as providing an understanding of the challenges faced during the project’s implementation process was also conducted. The qualitative end-of-project assessment provided the perception and testimonies of the project’s targeted beneficiaries as a way to substantiate the project’s achievement through the perspective of the direct beneficiaries. 93. The M&E implementation was very comprehensive insofar as the evaluation went beyond the assessment of the project’s effects through the mere analysis and observation of the results framework indicators and the conventional baseline and endline studies. The implementation of the end-of-project qualitative assessment documenting the perception of direct beneficiaries can be regarded as an additional mark of the project’s inclusive and participative approach. High value was placed on the communities’ Page 25 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) perceptions through this qualitative assessment. The M&E component supported the government’s larger vision to build and feed a knowledge management platform for effective and efficient scale-up of nutrition interventions nationwide. It is important to note that by associating the project direct beneficiaries’ perceptions and opinions, the project was actually giving the communities full ownership and participation in the definition of best practices that will shape the design of efficient and effective nutrition intervention scale- up in Senegal. M&E Utilization 94. The quality of M&E utilization is rated substantial. M&E data on performance, results, and community dialogue were effectively used to inform project management and decision-making during project implementation. The relevance and adequacy of planned activities (that is, new technologies such as solar drying units) was continuously assessed to ensure adequacy with the community contexts and needs. Justification of overall rating of M&E quality 95. The design of the M&E system was clear, well-structured, and fully aligned with the project’s TOC. The M&E system was designed to provide information on the response of the target communities through optimal participation in the community mechanisms and platforms established in the framework of the project. The wide adoption of promoted healthy practices as well as new technologies informed the project's level of performance. M&E implementation and utilization supported the inclusion, ownership, and participation of the project’s direct beneficiaries to ensure perfect adequacy and relevance to communities’ needs and specific contexts. B. Environmental Social and Fiduciary Compliance Environmental and Social Safeguards 96. No environmental or social safeguards were triggered in the project which was labelled as category C. Fiduciary Compliance 97. The overall FM risk at project preparation was rated low. This rating was justified by the CLM’s FM experience and extensive experience in implementing Bank-funded projects. The FM arrangements for the grants were based on the existing arrangements for the CLM at the time of project appraisal. An FM assessment of the CLM was carried out in 2014 and an external auditor issued an unqualified opinion on the CLM’s 2015 financial statements. 98. The project anticipated start date was delayed by 12 months. This was due to the CLM’s necessity to engage in a process aimed at reinstating their full financial autonomy as a consequence of the Ministry of Finance’s new procedures. 99. During project implementation the CLM submitted financial reports every semester and financial statements were produced annually. Audits of the project financial statements were conducted yearly, during project implementation and at the project’s closure. The FM was rated substantial. Page 26 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Procurement 100. In light of the CLM’s extensive experience with IDA procedures and bank-funded projects, procurement activities were conducted using the existing institutional arrangement at the time of appraisal. The applicable procurement procedures were carried out in accordance with the Bank’s policies and guidelines. 101. At the beginning of the project a procurement plan as well as a Project Operational Manual (POM) were submitted and approved by the Bank. The overall risk rating for procurement was rated low. C. Bank Performance 102. The Bank provided adequate support to the CLM in their negotiation to reestablish their financial autonomy so they would be in a position to financially manage the project in the most optimal manner. The Bank facilitated and approved the project's no-cost extension request to offset the delay in the start-up of activities, caused by the need for the CLM to have their past financial and administrative status reinstated by the Ministry of Finance. 103. From the end of February 2020, the Bank’s support missions could not be conducted due to the enforcement of the travel policy restriction for staff. However, the Bank remained very effective in maintaining its virtual support to the project during the marked slowdown of activities’ implementation also due to national COVID-19 mobility restrictions in Senegal from March to June 2020 and from October to March 2021. The Bank continued to ensure effective implementation despite the challenging circumstances faced at both the country and HQ levels. Quality at Entry 104. The Bank ensured that the project’s design was informed by an extensive pre-appraisal analysis. Highest standards were also applied during the appraisal stage to ensure that this grant would build on the results of the Rapid Response Child-Focused Social Cash Transfer and Nutrition Security Project (P115938), and the PRN (P097181). These were instrumental in the achievement of the project outcomes. 105. The Bank supported the project integrated dimension, which was a pivotal success factor. This important characteristic was placed at the forefront of the project’s implementation approach. The Bank also supported and facilitated the inclusion of essential efficacy- and efficiency-fostering features in the project design and implementation. To that effect, the project's design and operation were based on sound technical, financial, fiduciary, M&E, and economic aspects. In addition, alignment with both the Bank and the Government of Senegal policies and institutional frameworks received particular attention from the Bank. 106. The project contextual relevance and adequacy was an essential feature for its added value. This was also determinant to communities’ ownership and participation. The Bank facilitated the capitalization of the project’s programmatic and strategic experiences, lessons learnt, and best practices into the national nutrition knowledge management system that is currently being established to support future scaling-up of nutrition interventions in communities nationwide. Page 27 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Quality at Supervision 107. During the life of project, the task team conducted three support missions, in April 2018, April 2019, and February 2020. Regular Implementation Status and Results Reports (ISRs) were developed yearly to document progress, implementation, as well as potential threats and bottlenecks that could hinder the achievement of the project's outcomes and objectives. In spite of the COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions applied since March 2020, facilitative supervision and guidance and technical support services for both programmatic and fiduciary matters continued to be provided in a continuous and qualitative manner, virtually. Justification of Overall Rating of Bank Performance 108. The overall rating of the Bank performance is Satisfactory. Close support was provided during the life of project. The task team adjusted its approach to adapt to the new pandemic context and the disturbances that it created in the project’s implementation of activities. D. Risk to Development Outcome 109. Other risks such as environmental and climate hazards at country level negatively affect the economic environment thus creating substantial price changes. Moreover, the occurrence of risks associated with the existence of a COVID-19 pandemic that prevails over time cannot be ignored. The likelihood of the occurrence of technical and political changes that could be detrimental to the maintenance of the project’s achievement is assessed low. 110. However, the development outcomes achieved by the project are likely to be sustained. The strong ownership of involved communities as well as the project’s effective integrated design will undoubtedly constitute an important asset that will contribute to resilience against negative effects of any potential risks. Likewise, it can be reasonably predicted that the synergies and solid integration of the project with other initiatives and its alignment with the vision of the government will help preserve the achieved outcomes in the occurrence of detrimental risks. 111. The long-standing Senegalese Government's commitment in addressing malnutrition, increasing vulnerable populations’ resilience to food and nutrition insecurity, and promoting inclusive development can be considered as a strong indication that the project's development outcomes will be preserved during the occurrence of political risks or threats. V. LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS 112. A pivotal success factor was the community-centered approach and the focus on capacity building and empowerment of vulnerable populations. This allowed for the creation of demand for services (that is, health and nutrition services) and productive resources while also supporting local actors along the value chain. Most vulnerable populations’ increased access to food and nutrition security was created by positively impacting the health and nutrition, socioeconomic, environmental, and equality/gender dimensions across the food system. Page 28 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) 113. The prior co-existence of certain factors and conditions facilitate success. Convergent enabling governance mechanisms at regional, local, and village levels (PRN-CRS/PRN, Local Monitoring Committee CLS/PRN, CLP, and CoGeVi) as well as initiatives with complementary project objectives such as poverty alleviation (that is, cash system program), nutrition (that is, PRN), and prior existence of some communities’ existing organizational capacity (that is, women’s groups) is to be noted. This conducive environment considerably contributed to the attainment of the anticipated project objectives. 114. Community ownership was essential as it promoted strong collaboration and coordination among community members. Community participation supported community leadership and empowerment, which in turn fostered the adoption of approaches that responded to the specific needs of the target communities. The project was successful in inculcating a strong sense of ownership by the target communities, which turned into community investments for promoting their own food and nutrition security, well-being, and development. 115. Community empowerment is the foundation for social change. Because an empowered community is capable of articulating its needs and developing participative solutions to pressing social and development issues, transfer of skills and capacity building should be favored to promote systemic changes and the generation of solutions through locally available resources and context-specific appropriate pathways. Communities' internal empowerment is a strategy that should guide the design of any food and nutrition security programmatic initiative. 116. The project was innovative and effective in addressing the multidimensional aspect of food security and nutrition. Valuable focus was laid on implementation processes to ensure perfect adequacy and alignment with communities’ needs and the project's contextual environment. The research implementation and embedded quality assurance approach constituted valuable example best practices that are worth replicating. 117. Women empowerment was integrated into the project’s social and behavioral strategy for improving food and nutrition security of the most vulnerable households. On the one hand, the project supported women empowerment at both the individual and social levels (through women’s groups platforms) through capacity building as well as the creation of business, occupational, and community solidarity scheme opportunities related to nutrition (that is, active screening of acute malnutrition, creation, and management of child grain banks). The project provided women in the target communities with the opportunity to access enabling resources and adopt and apply simple and powerful skills and knowledge that helped them transform the quality of their lives, that of their children, and their communities through enhanced nutritional outcomes. On the other hand, communities’ collective action in general supported increased demand and provision targeting nutritional needs services of women and children. 118. Successful achievement of the PDO was based on the appropriateness of women's empowerment pathways to child nutritional status. The project's target communities’ essential domains of women empowerment for child nutrition are education, social capital, and asset ownership. Stronger women empowerment created increased self-efficacy, critical thinking, and autonomy through increased women agency. Communities’ ownership and participation was also of instrumental value in supporting women empowerment activities in a context-appropriate manner to better harness and protect child nutrition. Page 29 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) 119. The project’s focus on the active engagement and empowerment of women, in the context of the mobilization of target communities against malnutrition, was a double win. On the one hand communities’ collective action in general supported increased demand and provision targeting nutritional needs services of women and children. On the other hand, women’s active engagement in nutrition-related activities, practices, and care, at both the individual and collective levels, also contributed to the expanded interest and demand for public services. 120. Relationship building was central to the project’s successful multisectoral collaborations. Investment in and leveraging on existing collaboration mechanisms enabled open and regular communication, facilitated the mutual understanding, trust, and accountability needed to achieve the common objectives. Multisectoral collaboration was a dynamic process that occurred at the community level but also within wider interactions and networks of the municipality and regional levels at different political, social, and environmental contexts (I.e.; centralized versus decentralized. Formalizing partnerships with community-based organizations and platforms can be a good way of promoting and mainstreaming nutrition, food security, and resilience building. Community-based organizations and groups are very valuable entry points within communities. 121. Because resilience enables communities to gain and sustain better health, nutrition, livelihood, education, well-being, and self-agency outcomes, it supports human capital. A higher priority should be placed on resilience building and stunting reduction as a contribution to the improvement of human capital. The mainstreaming of resilience building through different sectoral engagements such as agriculture, social protection, water and sanitation, education, and so on should also be considered as a promising strategy to address the multisectoral and holistic dimension of resilience. . Page 30 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) ANNEX 1. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND KEY OUTPUTS A. RESULTS INDICATORS A.1 PDO Indicators Objective/Outcome: Effective social and behavior change communication Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Women organized in women Number 0.00 50000.00 50000.00 102480.00 groups that are empowered with new knowledge and skills 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 to secure sufficient quantities of food consistently available throughout the year Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Communities empowered to Number 0.00 225.00 225.00 250.00 target and monitor food and nutrition security enhancing 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 services to vulnerable Page 31 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) households (villages) Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Objective/Outcome: Effective transfer of new technologies Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Farmers adopting improved Number 0.00 2500.00 2500.00 4952.00 agricultural technology 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Clients who adopted an Number 0.00 2500.00 2500.00 4952.00 improved agr. technology promoted by project – female 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. A.2 Intermediate Results Indicators Component: Improved varieties and appropriate technologies for micro scale applications at household level Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Community-based child cereal Number 0.00 125.00 125.00 257.00 banks 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Page 32 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion New technologies identified Number 0.00 10.00 10.00 11.00 and adapated for micro application 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Vulnerable women who use Number 0.00 250.00 250.00 1257.00 improved cooking stoves 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Households that have installed Number 0.00 175.00 175.00 515.00 appropriate hand washing 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Page 33 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) points Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Vulnerable women who Number 0.00 200.00 200.00 1664.00 cultivate orange flesh sweet potatoes and/or moringa trees 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Component: Community leadership and governance Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Women trained on group Number 0.00 200.00 200.00 370.00 leadership 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Page 34 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Approach for community Yes/No N Y Y Y dialog on resilience development developed 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 30-Aug-2019 12-Mar-2019 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been achieved. Component: Women’s organization and empowerment Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Women groups formed Number 0.00 1500.00 1500.00 2504.00 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Women participating in Percentage 0.00 75.00 75.00 80.00 community nutrition education activities 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Page 35 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion Community-level social Number 0.00 100.00 100.00 359.00 entrepreneurs trained 31-May-2016 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Unlinked Indicators Unit of Formally Revised Actual Achieved at Indicator Name Baseline Original Target Measure Target Completion People who have received Number 0.00 40000.00 40000.00 461076.00 essential health, nutrition, and population (HNP) services 12-Mar-2018 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 People who have received Number 0.00 21000.00 21000.00 330038.00 essential health, nutrition, and population (HNP) services 12-Mar-2018 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 - Female (RMS requirement) Number of women and Number 0.00 40000.00 40000.00 461076.00 children who have received basic nutrition services 12-Mar-2018 30-Nov-2020 31-May-2021 15-Oct-2021 Comments (achievements against targets): Target has been surpassed. Page 36 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) Page 37 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) B. ORGANIZATION OF THE ASSESSMENT OF THE PDO Objective/Outcome 1: Provide access to food and nutrition security enhancing services among vulnerable households 1. Social mobilization and community organization successfully implemented Outcome Indicators 2. Effective social and behavior change communication 1. Women organized in women’s groups that are empowered with new knowledge and skills to secure sufficient quantities of food consistently available throughout Intermediate Results Indicators the year 2. Communities empowered to target and monitor food and nutrition security enhancing services to vulnerable households (villages) 1.Number of women’s groups formed 2.Number of community-based child cereal banks established Key Outputs by Component 3.Women in the target communities participating in community nutrition (linked to the achievement of the Objective/Outcome 1) education activities 4.Number of pregnant and lactating women, adolescent girls and/or children under age five reached by basic nutrition services Objective/Outcome 2: Promote appropriate new technologies in selected areas of the Recipient’s territory 1. Number of clients who have adopted an improved agricultural technology Outcome Indicators promoted by the project (of which female) 1.Number of new technologies identified and adapted for micro application 2.Number of households that have installed appropriate hand washing points Intermediate Results Indicators 3.Number of vulnerable women who cultivate orange flesh sweet potatoes and/ Moringa trees Key Outputs by Component 1. Number of new technologies identified and adapted for micro application (linked to the achievement of the Objective/Outcome 2) Page 38 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) . ANNEX 2. PROJECT COST BY COMPONENT Amount at Approval Actual at Project Percentage of Approval Components (US$M) Closing (US$M) (US$M) Women organization and 1,217,727 554,235 46% empowerment Improved varietites and appropriate technologies for 1,051,364 1,398,273 133% scale applications at household level Community leadership and 377,727 350,581 93% governance Project management, 174,909 297,497 170% monitoring and evaluation Total 2,816,727 2,600,586 92% Page 39 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) ANNEX 3. RECIPIENT, CO-FINANCIER AND OTHER PARTNER/STAKEHOLDER COMMENTS The government of Senegal received support from the World Bank for an amount of USD 2,821,727. The TF A3526 grant agreement was signed between the World Bank and the government of Senegal on March 9, 2017. the project’s objective was to strengthen access to food security and nutrition services for vulnerable households in targeted areas. The project’s closing date, initially scheduled for November 30, 2020, was postponed to May 30, 2021, due to a number of constraints encountered at the start of the project. These included the late availability of financial resources stemming from delays in setting up certain arrangements on the financial management of funds. As a matter of fact, the designated project’s account was initially planned to be managed by the Ministry of Finance. However, the very specific nature of expenditure tied to the project’s planned activities, mainly consisting of out-of-pocket or community expenditure, required that the consolidation of financial operations be done at the decentralized level, in the project’s implementation areas. More than a year of implementation was lost in setting up this institutional adjustment. Consequently, the need to proceed with a 6 month no-cost project extension was fully justified. The project’s end date was therefore extended to May 30, 2021, to allow for the achievement of the planned objectives and the total absorption of the financial resources allocated for its implementation. The project final disbursement rate amounted to 92.8%. The project enabled CLM to broaden and strengthen its programmatic approach in the realm of resilience and food and nutrition security of vulnerable households, through the promotion of a multi-dimensional nutrition- led food-based economy programmatic strategy aimed at building the resilience of vulnerable population at the community level, against external shocks. An important aspect of this strategy was based on the introduction of new technologies. The new technologies introduced in the targeted communities included: • Improved poultry survival technology (“Kunengu Nengu� Tanzanian technology), which reduces the chick mortality rate by 80% and increases the number of eggs and poultry; • Heat synchronization technique in small ruminants, which allows births to be grouped together in a single period and thus increase the milk production of small ruminants and the productivity of small ruminants; • Construction of handwashing units with running water and soap which facilitated the adoption of good hygiene practices and the reduction in the incidence of diarrheal diseases; • Promotion of improved breeds of poultry and small ruminants to increase availability of protein animal source foods and milk production; • Dedicated grain banks for the nutritional care of children requiring dietary support and the strengthening of dietary diversification through cooking demonstration; • Promotion of Infant and Young Child feeding (IYCF) recipes made from locally produced foods; • Hatching synchronization technology for hens; • Passing on of resilience means through the transfer of production means (offspring, know-how); Page 40 of 41 The World Bank Building Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity Shocks (P155475) • Community hatcheries for the reproduction of poultry (reducing waste of poultry eggs); • Biogas and compost production linked with community and backyard gardening; • Introduction of agricultural varieties with high nutritional value such as orange flesh sweet potatoes and moringa trees. Community leadership and governance were determining success factors of the project’s implementation. Strong leadership and community governance involved the participation of all communities’ stakeholders and beneficiaries. In order to capitalize on the successful and very inclusive community governance model, the project supported the capitalization of best practices to inform future replication and scaling-up at the national level. The project’s capitalization process marked a new knowledge management era for CLM. It supported the identification and documentation of 148 best practices tied to the project’s community governance model. The project also constituted an opportunity for CLM to adapt its M&E system to better capture the multisectoral dimension of nutrition. In fact, it was during a workshop held as part of the monitoring of JSDF interventions that recommendations were made by stakeholders in favor of a refreshing of CLM M&E system. The new redesigned M&E system was characterized by its being broader and more inclusive, to reflect the different project’s dimensions. The re-design of the M&E system also led to the following actions: (a) capacity building of the CLM staff; and (b) the introduction of new tools specifically adapted to the project’s interventions. The project had a strong focus on gender, in particular through the capacity building activities targeting women entrepreneurs/leaders groups and the support provided to strengthen their networks. This significantly reinforced women leadership in the project’s targeted communities and made the connection between nutrition and economic activities more visible through increased women empowerment and project participation. A strong community dialogue dynamic was implemented in the project’s intervention’s areas. This supported a very effective community participation and interest around the nutrition thematic. The project made it possible to strengthen existing community solidarity and governance mechanisms. It also made it possible a to structure them for their being better adapted to address specific aspects or dimensions tied to resilience and food and nutrition security. A document on the processes involved in effective community dialogue and participation as well as diverse tools and a communication guide were developed to support sustainable communities’ ownership and dialogue. Trough the capitalization of the best practices identified during the project’s life, the following actions have been anticipated in a near future: • Finalization of CLM knowledge management strategy; • Application of the best practice capitalization approach to other initiatives in CLM programmatic portfolio; • Integration the project’s new technology model to social safety net strategies. Page 41 of 41