GWSP 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 5 Years of Working Together Toward a Water-Secure World ABOUT THE WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Launched in 2014, the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice brings together financing, knowledge, and implementation in one platform. By combining the Bank’s global knowledge with country investments, this model generates more firepower for transformational solutions to help countries grow sustainably. Visit us at worldbank.org/water and worldbank.org/gwsp Follow us on Twitter at @WorldBankWater and @TheGwsp GWSP 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 5 Years of Working Together Toward a Water-Secure World GWSP 2022 © 2022 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank ANNUAL 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 +1 202.473.1000 | www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions REPORT expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments 5 Years of Working they represent. Together Toward a Water-Secure World The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. 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Sergio Andres Moreno / World Bank CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS 7 FOREWORD 8 A Message from Our Director 8 WELCOME 10 A Note from the Program Manager 10 ABOUT GWSP 12 Influence on World Bank Lending 13 GWSP Entry Points 14 Knowledge Into Implementation 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 16 CHAPTER 1 26 From a Sprint to a Marathon 26 Looking Back over Five Years 30 This Year’s Annual Report 31 CHAPTER 2: A DETAILED LOOK AT KEY ISSUES 32 Water and Biodiversity 32 Water Sector Public Expenditure Reviews 37 Water and Climate Change 39 Water and Social Inclusion 44 Water in Settings Affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence 49 CHAPTER 3: KNOWLEDGE INTO ACTION 54 Water Resources Management 54 Water in Agriculture 70 Water Supply and Sanitation 78 CHAPTER 4: ADVANCING RESULTS 92 GWSP as an Agent of Change In Water Reforms and Investments 94 The GWSP Results Framework 95 Knowledge and Technical Assistance Supported by GWSP (Block A) 98 GWSP’s Direct Influence on World Bank Water Lending 102 Reporting on Portfolio Shifts and Project Results (Block B) 106 CHAPTER 5: KNOWLEDGE TO GO FURTHER 112 Closing The Loop—From Capture To Application 114 Supporting Progress With Innovative Data And Information 116 GWSP Communications 120 Publication Highlights 123 APPENDICES 126 Investing in water and sanitation remains essential for eradicating poverty, addressing the negative impacts of climate change, and building more inclusive and equitable societies. 44 2022 ANNUAL REPORT BOXES BOX 2.1 Taking a Slow but Steady Approach: Using Sand Dams to Build Country Systems and Deliver Water Services in Somalia 52 BOX 3.1 Bangladesh: Bringing Water and Transport Sectors Together to Build Climate Resilience in the Jamuna River Basin 64 BOX 3.2 Supporting Sustainable Water Management in China BOX 3.3 Zimbabwe: Taking Farmer-Led Irrigation to Scale 69 BOX 3.4 Piloting the “Irrigation Operator of the Future” Toolkit in Albania, Tajikistan, 76 Georgia, and Tanzania BOX 4.1 The Three Components of the GWSP Results Framework 98 BOX 4.2 Block A: Examples of Results Achieved in FY22 101 BOX 4.3 Results Reported by World Bank Lending Operations in FY22 and Across FY18-22 111 FIGURES FIGURE 4.1 Theory of Change 96 FIGURE 4.2 Portfolio Breakdown by Primary and Secondary Themes, FY22 99 FIGURE 4.3 Portfolio Breakdown by Secondary Theme, FY18–22 99 FIGURE 4.4 Percentage of Active Grants Reporting Results Achieved in FY22, by Theme 100 FIGURE 4.5 Number of Grants Reporting Results Achieved in FY18–22 102 FIGURE 4.6 $13 Billion in GWSP-Influenced World Bank Lending, by Global Practice, FY22 104 FIGURE 4.7 GWSP-Influenced Global Water-Related World Bank Lending, by Region, FY22 104 FIGURE 4.8 GWSP-Influenced Lending Across Global Practices and Regions, FY18–22 105 FIGURE A.1 Funding Status, FY23-30 128 FIGURE A.2 FY22 Disbursements by Activity 129 FIGURE A.3 FY22 Disbursements for Knowledge and Analytics by Region 129 FIGURE A.4 GWSP Annual Disbursements 130 FIGURE A.5 GWSP Disbursements by Region and Fiscal Year 131 TABLES TABLE 4.1 Block B1 Indicators: Progress and Targets Summary 109 TABLE 5.1 Just-in-Time Support in FY22 118 TABLE A.1 GWSP Donor Contributions as of June 20, 2022 128 TABLE A.2 Top 10 Trust Fund Programs Disbursing Through the Water GP (FY18-22) 132 TABLE B.1 Summary of Results Achieved as of June 30, 2022, Reported by 132 Ongoing 133 Active GWSP-Funded Activities in FY22 TABLE B.2 Portfolio Influence Indicators 134 TABLE B.3 Sector Results Indicators 135 Water is central to human development, economic growth, and the health of our planet. 6 ABBREVIATIONS FCV fragility, conflict, and violence FLID farmer-led irrigation development FY fiscal year GDP gross domestic product GP Global Practice GWSP Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership ha hectare IBNET International Benchmarking Network KLM knowledge management and learning PIAP Performance Improvement Action Plan PIR policy, institutional, and regulatory PER public expenditure review PWWA Pacific Water and Wastewater Association SDG Sustainable Development Goal UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UoF Utility of the Future WASH water supply, sanitation, and hygiene WPP Water Partnership Program WSP Water and Sanitation Program 2022 ANNUAL REPORT FOREWORD MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR How we value water affects the way in which governments, businesses, and the public use, conserve, and manage it more equitably. These are the issues that we must address, SAROJ KUMAR JHA Global Director and they are challenging and Water Global Practice persistent. It is with great pleasure that I write the foreword The issue is that, as a public good, water is to the Annual Report of the Global Water undervalued, underpriced, and underinvested. Security and Sanitation Partnership for the first How we value water affects the way in which time. Since I joined the Water Global Practice governments, businesses, and the public use, in August of 2022, I have been gripped by conserve, and manage it more equitably. These the urgency with which we must address the are the issues that we must address, and they widening gap between those who are water are challenging and persistent. Tackling them secure and those who are not. Water is central requires us to improve both water policy and to human development, economic growth, and water governance, as successful investment the health of our planet. Yet as the global water in the water sector requires a robust enabling crisis accelerates, our capacity to adapt—to the environment with effective policies, sound crisis, and to climate change in general—is not regulation, evidence-based operational reforms, keeping pace, and we are not on track to meet and well-governed and accountable institutions. Sustainable Development Goal 6, to ensure water and sanitation for all. This makes the GWSP mandate vital, as it is focused on supporting governments to build The technical solutions to many water sector their capacity to ensure sustainable water service problems are, in fact, known and available. delivery. GWSP’s role of advancing knowledge But that is not the real constraint we face. enables governments to formulate innovative 8 2022 ANNUAL REPORT FOREWORD “This makes the GWSP mandate vital, as it is focused on supporting governments to build their capacity to ensure sustainable water service delivery.” policies and develop sound institutional I want to thank my predecessor, Jennifer arrangements, while leveraging World Bank Sara, for her leadership, passion for water, Group financial instruments and convening and her strong commitment to GWSP. And capacity on global and regional public goods. we are very grateful to our partners, who These efforts produce results, as summarized make it possible to achieve more than we in this year’s annual report, which looks back would alone. at how GWSP has evolved over the past five years. It demonstrates that the support the Partnership provides is more relevant and impactful than ever. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 9 PROGRAM MANAGER NOTE PROGRAM The Global Water Security Partnership MANAGER has now been in NOTE operation for more than five years. It’s been an honor and a privilege to watch the Partnership grow and evolve during that time. inclusion in the water sector; countries affected JOEL KOLKER by fragility, conflict, and violence; and climate Program Manager change. These continue to be flagship issues for Water Global Practice the World Bank, the Water Global Practice, and GWSP. This year we also look at the important The 2022 annual report provides an opportunity issue of biodiversity, and how GWSP’s support to look back at what has been achieved, examine at the national and subnational level is making how the Partnership has adapted to meet a difference in terms of policy and capacity. The evolving needs, and acknowledge outstanding Partnership’s broad spectrum of support ranges challenges where more work is needed. We all from nature-based solutions for wastewater know that, despite our best efforts, change can treatment to collaboration in the protection of be agonizingly slow in terms of policy change and transboundary waters. We also look at Public capacity development, but it does happen if we Expenditure Reviews for water, which have address challenges with perseverance, patience, proved to be extraordinarily illuminating and and new ideas. I think this year’s report illustrates give us a better idea of the reforms needed to how GWSP has made change possible. make the water sector more efficient and our interventions more effective. In the following pages, we look at some issues that GWSP has been at the forefront of This year’s report also brings in stories from the addressing for several years, including social field—from South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the 10 2022 ANNUAL REPORT PROGRAM MANAGER NOTE “This year’s annual report illustrates how GWSP has made change possible.” Middle East and North Africa, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, East Asia, and also from the South Pacific, where GWSP support is helping service providers tackle the very real and crippling impacts of climate change. In each of these stories, we learn about the tailored, timely inputs the Partnership has made to help client countries find policy solutions, build key skills, and direct significant investments. As ever, I would like to thank our clients around the globe, who are ultimately responsible for enhancing water services and progressing toward Sustainable Development Goal 6. I also want to acknowledge our Program Council members, who make GWSP ’s work possible, and the staff across the World Bank’s Water Global Practice who have embedded our policy and capacity-build- ing work into lending operations to enhance their impact. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 11 ABOUT GWSP The Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership was launched in 2017 as an international partnership to support countries to meet the targets related to water and sanitation under the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly those of Goal 6. GWSP is a multidonor trust fund administered by the World Bank’s Water Global Practice (Water GP) and supported by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Austria’s Federal Ministry of Finance, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Spain’s Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Switzerland’s State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, and the US Agency for International Development. 12 2022 ANNUAL REPORT ABOUT GWSP GWSP acts as the Water GP’s “think tank,” providing client countries and other development partners with global knowledge, innovations, and country-level technical support while also leveraging World Bank Group resources and financial instruments. GWSP-funded knowledge and technical assistance influence the design and implementation of client policies and programs, as well as water sector investments and reforms carried out by governments with the support of the World Bank and other partners. GWSP expands the global knowledge base through its broad dissemination of knowledge and analytics. Dissemination includes, among other things, making experts available for hundreds of speaking engagements and active participation in water-related conferences and meetings around the globe. The analytical and knowledge work produced by GWSP is open source and available globally to all development partners. While a strong emphasis is placed on quality analytics and delivery through policy dialogues with client governments and World Bank lending operations, it is equally important that the material finds a wide, global audience. INFLUENCE ON WORLD BANK LENDING GWSP’s unique position within the Water GP enables it to influence, through knowledge and technical assistance, the design and implementation of water sector reforms and infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank Group. In fiscal year 2022 alone, GWSP provided critical knowledge and analytical support to teams, informing $13 billion in World Bank lending. GWSP also supports partners at global, regional, national, and subnational levels. In fiscal year 2022 alone, GWSP provided critical knowledge and analytical support to teams, informing $13 billion in World Bank lending. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 13 GWSP ENTRY POINTS GWSP supports World Bank task teams and clients through three distinct entry points. • Leverages the global reach of the Water GP, sharing lessons from one part of the world with another. • Drives investments and innovation through cutting-edge analyses. KNOWLEDGE MOBILIZATION • Supports proof-of-concept applications. • Shifts mindsets through advocacy and outreach. • Lays the framework for country strategies between lending operations or before lending operations begin. • Strengthens institutions before and during reforms. LONG-TERM • Provides project implementation support to agencies COUNTRY with lower capacity, especially in fragile and ENGAGEMENT conflict-affected situations. • Enhances project designs with highly specialized global knowledge. • Offers rapid response to changing circumstances. • Provides an unparalleled capacity-building model JUST IN TIME SUPPORT based on peer-to-peer learning. 14 2022 ANNUAL REPORT ABOUT GWSP PRIMARY THEMES Sustainability Inclusion Financing Institutions Resilience GWSP Donors Clients GW KNOWLEDGE SP LEVERAGES INTO IMPLEMENTATION SP LEA S FROM How GWSP Influences World Bank RN PARTNERS Lending and Works with Partners GW Private Academia Sector $13 BILLION FY2022 RESEARCH, KNOWLEDGE, WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ANALYSIS, CONVENING, ADVOCACY WATER RESOURCES MGMT WATER IN AGRICULTURE URBAN, RESILIENCE AND LAND ENVIRONMENT AND OTHERS ENERGY AND EXTRACTIVES LESSONS AGRICULTURE AND FOOD LEARNED & EMERGING IMPACT TRENDS GWSP provides client countries with policy WATER GP $5.1 BILLION advice, technical OTHER GP assistance, and capacity $7.9 BILLION building to enhance the impact of water sector investments and achieve measurable results on the ground — demonstrating the added value of GWSP funded activities in achieving results not possible with World Bank lending alone. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) continues to advance global knowledge and build the government capacity needed to support the sustainable delivery of water services. The fiscal year running from July 2021 to June 2022 (FY22) presented both unprecedented and complex challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic progressed from a crisis to an ongoing development issue. Meanwhile, new challenges in the forms of inflation and rising interest rates emerged, contributing to an emerging debt crisis and threatening global stability, further jeopardized by the war in Europe. Underlying these economic concerns, the impacts of climate change continued to grow and deepen. 16 2022 ANNUAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Investing in water and sanitation remains essential for eradicating poverty, addressing the negative impacts of climate change, and building more inclusive and equitable societies. Water is inextricably linked to the global economy and to the changing environment. However, progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 6 and the other water targets of the SDGs is insufficient. In this context, GWSP’s focus on analytics, timely data and information, and effective capacity development is ever more crucial. As the Partnership completes its fifth year, it supports client governments through the generation of innovative global knowledge and the provision of country-level support. GWSP complements and influences World Bank Group financial instruments and promotes global dialogue and advocacy with key partners. As well as describing the activities of the past fiscal year, this year’s annual report describes how GWSP has evolved since its inception, and outlines some of the key lessons learned. GWSP results and impacts are presented through its three business lines—water resources management, water in agriculture, and water supply and sanitation— and highlighting GWSP’s five key themes: inclusion, resilience, finance, institutions, and sustainability. The report also includes a special chapter highlighting how GWSP’s support is contributing to improvements in global biodiversity, climate change, water sector Public Expenditure Reviews, inclusion, and countries affected by fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV). 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 17 SPECIAL FOCUS Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs) assess how public funds are spent, how well they are spent, and what funding and financing gaps exist. Fragility, conflict, and violence GWSP supported the development of a robust disrupt development and pose methodology and comprehensive approach to implementing PERs in the water sector, covering a significant challenge to efforts water supply and sanitation, irrigation, and to eradicate poverty. water resources management. The water PERs revealed that in many developing countries, Work by the Water Global Practice (Water policy priorities and public fund allocations do GP) in FCV-affected countries has grown not align, and only an average of 72 percent significantly since GWSP’s inception, and the of allocated funds are actually spent due to Partnership now supports active engagement low execution capacity. The PERs have already in 33 countries. In many cases, work in countries informed government policy. For instance, the affected by FCV has started with small but critical PER undertaken in the Dominican Republic analytical work, and expanded to influential and helped build the government’s commitment to impactful operations. Based on the success of reforms for the entire water sector, and as a result, these initial projects, GWSP support has expanded in 2021 the government released a Water Pact, into sanitation, water resources management, and laying out the desired reforms in the water sector irrigation. from 2021 to 2036. Over the past five years, climate change Since its inception, GWSP has supported considerations have become embedded social inclusion in water. An emerging lesson throughout the GWSP portfolio, as reflected is that achieving real change is possible, but is a in the rising number of projects with climate slow and often nonlinear process, involving the co-benefits. The Partnership plays a critical role challenging work of changing institutions, shifting in providing the knowledge and tools to help social norms, and identifying opportunities to countries understand climate change drivers better align incentives to promote inclusion. and impacts on the water sector, and increasing GWSP’s support to social inclusion initially their ability to monitor, manage, and prepare for started with a focus on gender, but the program variable water flows. In FY22, GWSP continued has broadened to develop guidelines and tools to play an important role in supporting the that clients can use to reach other marginalized integration of climate considerations into client groups, such as persons with disabilities, and countries’ policies and investments, supporting effectively engage citizens. For example, with the World Bank’s Climate Change Action Plan, GWSP support, substantive advances have been and a variety of other tools, including climate realized in increasing capacity and impact in and disaster risk screening, climate co-benefits efforts to address the gender gap in water sector assessments, greenhouse gas accounting employment. GWSP’s support has advanced the analyses, the use of a carbon shadow price in development of water-specific guidance and economic analysis, and integration of climate tools for clients on disability inclusion, and in change indicators into projects’ results FY22 almost half of all countries with World Bank frameworks. water operations included actions on disability. 18 2022 ANNUAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Fragility, conflict, and violence disrupt development and pose a significant challenge to efforts to eradicate poverty. GWSP is supporting opportunities to integrity of waterways and support biodiversity. further increase the benefits derived from GWSP is increasingly applying a biodiversity integrating biodiversity into water sector lens to transboundary work, identifying priority investments. The use of nature-based actions to support freshwater biodiversity solutions has significant potential to increase conservation and address the root causes of biodiversity while also adding to resilience, biodiversity loss in the context of international making it an effective way to achieve multiple waters. For instance, with GWSP assistance, objectives. In Colombia, a GWSP-supported technical advice was provided in Cambodia water diagnostic made recommendations and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic on for policies to increase storage capacity by managing transboundary aquatic habitats to restoring ecosystems such as wetlands and restore biodiversity and help boost declining estuaries, and reward efforts by industry and indigenous fish stocks. large-scale water users to restore the natural 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 19 GWSP ACTIVITIES IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Since 2017, GWSP has supported activities to address three central needs in water resources management. These include: (1) Accurate data—and building the capacity to analyze it— to support decision-makers in developing and implementing effective policies and practices (2) Cross-sectoral collaboration to holistically address the many threats to water security (3) Water management tools that are adaptable and transferable. Groundwater is the principal source of water for drinking, irrigation, and industry in many countries, and vital in sustaining many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but is under increasing pressure due to overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. In FY22 GWSP supported analytical work that highlighted key causes of groundwater contamination and identified strategies for preventing, managing, and responding to threats. In the Horn of Africa, GWSP research and support influenced the design of a transboundary project to foster cooperation with Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia to tap into the region’s largely underutilized groundwater resources. GWSP’s support in Senegal has evolved from a focus on sanitation to engaging in national water security, and led the government to request support in assessing current water resources management measures and identifying barriers to achieving water security. In Argentina, Colombia, and Peru, water security diagnostics included recommendations on how to enhance water security through improved sector performance and strengthening of the water sector architecture. 20 2022 ANNUAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GWSP ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING WATER IN AGRICULTURE Over the past five years, GWSP support to water in agriculture has evolved to address resilience, water security, and environmental sustainability. It has also involved raising awareness of the role of irrigation in decarbonization and service to farmers, including supporting farmer-led irrigation development. GWSP support has also contributed to the use of disruptive technologies such as remote sensing and water accounting to improve irrigation performance and guide investment decisions. GWSP supported a web-based water analytics tool and the development of a digital water accounting app that uses remote sensing and ground data analysis to allow users to target the schemes most in need of support to increase efficiency and improve service delivery. In Georgia, for example, the information generated has been highly influential in planning and decision-making for sustainable water irrigation and water storage management. GWSP has continued to support farmer-led irrigation development, and in FY22 supported a diagnostic in Zimbabwe, which identified constraints farmers face in irrigation, and proposed policy recommendations to increase irrigation efficiency based on feedback from farmer representatives, government agencies, and private sector actors. The Zimbabwean Ministry of Agriculture now considers farmer-led irrigation development to be the most direct and cost-efficient way of accelerating irrigation to contribute to food security, climate resilience, and economic growth in Zimbabwe. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 21 GWSP WATER SUPPLY tackles the most pressing issues to jumpstart AND SANITATION utility reform and obtain quick wins, and a five-year plan to sustain performance The ACTIVITIES UoF Program is growing rapidly, and to date has reached over 70 utilities in more than 25 countries. Building water and sanitation I n N ig e ria , GWS P i s s u p p o r t i n g t h e security is fundamental to implementation of a series of state-level green, resilient, and inclusive r e f o r m s to s t r e n g t h e n t h e e n a b l i n g development. GWSP helps environment and support performance build water and sanitation improvement across key elements critical for service quality and sustainability. Technical security by supporting a assistance is also being provided to help the shift toward establishing the government implement the “Clean Nigeria: policies, institutions, and Use the Toilet” campaign, designed to achieve an open defecation–free Nigeria by 2025. In regulation needed to tackle the Benin, a new rural water supply model has enormous challenges facing the been established with GWSP support, based water sector. on professionalized service delivery, private sector innovation, and private finance. GWSP GWSP provides knowledge and technical has supported the process of developing and expertise to support utility performance awarding contracts with private water supply improvement efforts worldwide, helping system operators, introducing strong incentives to build utilities’ capacity and letting them for the operators to deliver on expanding access benefit from innovation and technology and improving service quality and sustainability. to “leapfrog” to higher levels of maturity. GWSP support in the South Pacific is expanding Through the Utility of the Future (UoF) Program, to address the challenges of climate change and participating utilities are assisted in completing the growing fragility of water resources. a utility assessment, a 100-day action plan that 22 2022 ANNUAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REPORTING ON RESULTS The GWSP Results Framework tracks how the Partnership helps client countries improve and deliver water services by working to enhance the impact of the World Bank’s water portfolio and achieve measurable results on the ground. GWSP activities influence project design, strengthen dialogue, and enhance capacity, thereby contributing to outcomes toward sustainable, resilient, and inclusive water management and delivery—and, ultimately, to the overall objective of achieving a water-secure world for all by sustaining water resources, delivering services, and building resilience. In FY22 GWSP informed $13 billion in newly reported lending projects, and $41.9 billion in all lending projects (including previously reported projects). Among the newly influenced lending projects, 13 were linked to 8 countries with fragile and conflict-affected situations (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, and Timor-Leste), with commitments of more than $2.4 billion. In FY22 nearly half of the lending projects influenced by GWSP sat outside the Water GP, illustrating that GWSP has a wide audience and mandate across the World Bank. For example, GWSP informed approximately $1.3 billion in the Urban, Disaster Risk Management, Resilience and Land GP’s FY22 lending portfolio, and more than $1.1 billion in that of the Energy and Extractives GP. Over the past five years, GWSP technical assistance and analytical work have positively influenced the design of new projects expecting to contribute toward results in water and sanitation, water in agriculture, and water resources management. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 23 In FY22 GWSP supported the following achievements in terms of the design of Water GP projects. INCLUSION In FY22, 100 percent of projects were gender tagged, meaning they demonstrated a results chain by linking gender gaps identified in the design phase analysis to specific actions tracked in the Results Framework during implementation. In addition, 88 percent of new projects approved in FY22 (compared to 85 percent in FY21) have other, social inclusion aspects, such as activities that target the poor, vulnerable, or underserved communities or areas. Almost half (46 percent) of the projects in FY22 include actions on disability. RESILIENCE One hundred percent of new projects incorporate resilience in the design of water-related activities. Given that the total water lending portfolio almost doubled in FY22, the total financing with climate co-benefits was higher than in FY21 ($2.2 billion in FY22 compared to $1.4 billion in FY21). FINANCING There was an increase in the percentage of projects that supported reforms/actions improving financial viability (from 69 percent in FY21 to 89 percent in FY22), and projects with explicit focus on leveraging private finance (from 8 percent to 22 percent). INSTITUTIONS All the new Water GP lending operations in FY22 included a focus on strengthening institutional capacity through establishing new institutions or enabling existing ones to deliver services sustainably. SUSTAINABILITY In FY22, all 24 Water GP lending operations promoted sustainable and efficient water use. Furthermore, the indicator for rural water supply and sanitation that measures the functionality of water points increased from 80 percent in FY21 to 100 percent in FY22. 24 2022 ANNUAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Key publications include practical guidance KNOWLEDGE and toolkits to inform on-the-ground change, such as “The Irrigation Operator of the PRODUCTS Future Toolkit” to support irrigation scheme operators in identifying priority problems and defining pragmatic responses to deal with Over the past five years GWSP them. The “Utility of the Future” methodology builds on an extensive body of knowledge on has supported an extensive utility performance improvement to guide library of analytical pieces the implementation of the UoF Program. The and knowledge products “Practical Manual on Groundwater Quality that have been compiled in Monitoring” provides logical, step-by-step guidance on how to set up and manage a “Knowledge Highlights from groundwater quality monitoring program that the Water GP and GWSP” can be tailored to and grow with local capacity (2016–21), showcasing and resources. Additionally, GWSP supports an active knowledge management and learning over 200 products from program that connects World Bank staff, GWSP and the Water GP. clients, and development partners through innovative online tools and approaches, such 40 as the Water Online Week and Smart Water Academies that address complex water sector issues and cross-sectoral synergies, and the PUBLICATIONS “World Bank Data Hub” that aggregates open data on water from the World Bank as well as In FY22 GWSP supported major development partners and academic the production of 40 institutions. publications. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 25 CHAPTER 1 FROM A SPRINT TO A MARATHON The fiscal year running from July 2021 to June 2022 (FY22) continued to present both unprecedented and complex challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic progressed from a crisis to an ongoing development issue. Meanwhile, new challenges in the forms of inflation and rising interest rates emerged, contributing to an emerging debt crisis and threatening global stability, further jeopardized by the war in Europe. Underlying these economic concerns, the impacts of climate change continued to grow and deepen. The World Bank—and the Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) and the Water Global Practice (Water GP) within it—is adapting and responding to these emerging challenges. Prevailing economic conditions, and increasingly constrained resources, have significant implications for policy reforms and investments, threatening the quantity and quality of water available and undermining the provision of reliable water services. Investing in water and sanitation remains essential for eradicating poverty, addressing the negative impacts of climate change, and building more inclusive and equitable societies. Progress toward Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 is not being made fast enough, and the world is off track to meet the SDG water targets. What progress is being made is uneven, with inequality gaps 26 2022 ANNUAL REPORT Progress toward Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 is not being made fast enough, and the world is off track to meet the SDG water targets. 27 widening both between countries and within them. As a public good, water is underinvested, undervalued, underpriced, and often poorly managed. GWSP and the Water GP are redoubling efforts to promote an environment in which water is correctly valued, as this affects the way in which governments, businesses, and the public use, conserve, manage, and share it more equitably. Well-designed policy actions and reforms, along with autonomous and accountable institutions, are key to improving governance in the water sector and ensuring that water is managed well. The Water GP, with GWSP support, is establishing mechanisms to assist client countries to put in place effective regulation, better operations and maintenance, and efficient, well-targeted water resources management arrangements to insure an equitable and sustainable provision of water, especially for those most in need. Sustainable delivery of water services is critical to increase food production and address the food crisis. Yet irrigation services are often inefficient and wasteful. They often fail to reach female farmers, who are responsible for a majority of food crop production in some countries. GWSP supports small-scale farmers to increase the scale and value of their irrigated agriculture by taking the lead in the establishment, improvement, and expansion of irrigation systems. The Partnership is supporting the innovation and modernization of irrigation and drainage, for instance by assisting operators to improve service delivery through the use of new remote sensing methods for performance benchmarking. The food system is responsible for 34 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, the next bigger emitter after the energy sector, and agriculture is the highest source of methane emissions. GWSP has supported the development of low-carbon rice, facilitating adaptation in terms of water savings and mitigation in terms of lower emissions. There is a global decline in water storage: natural storage— such as glaciers, wetlands, and floodplains—is disappearing; dams are aging and filling with sediment; and groundwater is overextracted. More than half of the world’s aquifers are being used unsustainability, meaning that groundwater is being withdrawn faster than it is being replenished. GWSP is helping 28 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 1 governments to address the decline in water The role of high-quality, well-timed analytical storage, including groundwater, using key work is ever more crucial. GWSP supports strategies such as improved monitoring and analytical inputs that influence decision-mak- management, capacity building, community ing in client countries. As this year’s report engagement, knowledge sharing, and strategic shows, the compilation of data, analysis, and policy support. research—coupled with the clear articulation of implications—has had enormous impact on The issue of climate change continues to be policy decisions and development outcomes of paramount importance. The World Bank in many countries. For instance, the Water Group is today the world’s largest financier Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) of climate action in developing countries, Poverty Diagnostics, undertaken in 2017, at nearly $32 billion in FY22, up from $26 continue to contribute to change. The WASH billion in FY21. In 2020, the World Bank Poverty Diagnostic in Nigeria hastened water accounted for over half of multilateral climate sector reform in that country, which is now finance to developing countries and over complemented by World Bank investment. In two-thirds of adaptation finance. The World Somalia, small-scale analytical work supported Bank has launched new Country Climate and several years ago has led to a significant Development Reports, which integrate climate portfolio of investment expected to increase change and development considerations and resilience in rural dryland communities. help countries prioritize the most impactful Recently completed water security diagnostics actions that can reduce greenhouse gas in Peru, Colombia, and Argentina are emissions and boost adaptation, while influencing policy decisions that help address delivering on broader development goals. water security gaps. In Ethiopia, Argentina, GWSP is enabling the Water GP to provide and Malawi, recent benchmarking diagnostics timely and valuable support to the preparation related to gender in the workplace have led of these reports, bolstering efforts toward both to increased representation of women in climate change adaptation and mitigation, decision-making positions in water utilities. and reflecting the fundamental importance of The Water GP is building on this analytical water in the global response to climate change. foundation to help countries make progress toward achieving the water targets of the SDGs through a growing water lending portfolio. WATER GP PORTFOLIO The active 148 $25B water lending PROJECTS VALUATION portfolio The Water GP contributed to an additional 146 projects managed by managed by other GPs, with a value of $24.53 billion. The World Bank’s total portfolio the Water GP of all water-related lending was thus over $50 billion in FY22. in FY22. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 29 LOOKING BACK OVER FIVE YEARS GWSP was initially established for a period of five years, from 2017 to 2021, to support client governments through the generation of innovative global knowledge and the provision of country-level support. It is designed to leverage World Bank Group financial instruments and promote global dialogue and advocacy with key partners. The Partnership was built on the lessons learned from nearly half a century of collaboration driven by the Water and Sanitation Program, and the Water Partnership Program, among others. In early 2020, the GWSP Council agreed to extend the Partnership’s mandate through 2030. A 2021 evaluation of the Partnership’s design, operating model, management, and implementation found its focus on improved analytics and knowledge to be highly effective, placing it at the forefront of country-focused policy dialogues. Based on the recommendations of this evaluation, an updated strategy was approved in January of 2022. The end of the first five years of the Partnership’s operation provides an opportunity to look back and consider how it has built on its foundations and continues to evolve. As well as describing the activities of the past fiscal year, this report describes how GWSP’s business lines and initiatives have progressed since GWSP’s inception, and outlines some of the lessons learned. 30 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 1 THIS YEAR’S ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 Chapter 2 provides an in-depth look at issues that GWSP has been particularly active in addressing. This year, it looks at how GWSP’s support is contributing to improvements in global biodiversity, and describes progress on water sector Public Expenditure Reviews and how they contribute to the better use of existing resources. As in past years, this chapter also includes a look at GWSP’s activities related to climate change, inclusion, and countries affected by fragility, conflict, and violence. CHAPTER 3 Chapter 3, “Knowledge into Action,” describes some of GWSP’s support to activities at the country, regional, and global levels, and shows how the Partnership is contribut- ing to the progress being made in the World Bank’s client countries. This chapter is organized around three business lines—water resources management, water in agriculture, and water supply and sanitation. CHAPTER 4 Chapter 4 provides an update on results achieved by the Partnership in both FY22 and over its first five years of existence. These results capture the added value of GWSP’s “Knowledge into Implementation” model. CHAPTER 5 The report concludes with an overview of GWSP’s support to knowledge products and their dissemination in chapter 5. A financial update and details on results progress, including an updated results framework, are found in the appendices. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 31 CHAPTER 2 A DETAILED LOOK AT KEY ISSUES WATER AND BIODIVERSITY Water and biodiversity are inextricably linked. Rivers, wetlands, forests, and other ecosystems are vital in meeting water management goals. They impact water availability and quality through water filtration, flow regulation, erosion control, and water storage. Biodiversity underpins the provision of these ecosystem services; protecting and restoring biological integrity within watersheds can maintain and enhance the quality and quantity of both groundwater and surface water resources. Globally, biodiversity is facing an unprecedented decline. Freshwater biodiversity is particularly at risk: the rate of biodiversity loss from the world’s freshwater systems is two to three times the rate in terrestrial and marine habitats. On average, populations of freshwater species have declined by 84 percent since 1970, with one-third now thought to face extinction. Biodiversity is embedded in the World Bank’s “Environmental and Social Framework” (ESF), which recognizes that protecting and conserving biodiversity are fundamental to sustainable development. All World Bank projects must consider their direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts on biodiversity. GWSP is supporting 32 2022 ANNUAL REPORT GWSP is supporting opportunities to further increase the benefits derived from integrating biodiversity into water sector investments. opportunities to further increase the benefits Over the past five years, GWSP has supported derived from integrating biodiversity into water client countries in developing the potential sector investments. The use of nature-based of “green” infrastructure and NBS alongside solutions (NBS) is an effective way to achieve traditional “gray” infrastructure investments. multiple objectives, as NBS have significant The 2019 GWSP-supported publication potential to increase biodiversity while also “ Integrating Green and Gray: Creating Next enhancing resilience. Generation Infrastructure ” documented 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 33 CASE STUDY In Colombia, a GWSP -supported water diagnostic identified clear warning signs of increased risk from contaminated water. The analysis informed policy suggestions for ways to address this risk while also restoring degraded ecosystems and increasing biodiversity. These included using NBS to increase storage capacity by restoring ecosystems such as wetlands and estuaries, and crafting policies that reward efforts by industrial and other large-scale water users to restore the natural integrity of waterways and how investing in the ecosystems surrounding support biodiversity. watersheds can deliver infrastructure and water delivery services with greater impact and at lower cost than traditional infrastructure alone, with the added advantages of increasing long-term water 3 STORY FOUND ON PAGE 60 security and boosting climate resilience. GWSP support aligns with the World Bank’s A GWSP-supported analysis of the Rio Salado Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development in Argentina found that investing in wetlands (GRID) approach to promote environmental through restoration and biological regeneration goals in tandem with economic growth, and would significantly reduce flood damage. Using contributes to the 2021–25 Climate Change a selection of native flora, well adapted to the Action Plan. Through the GWSP-supported Global landscape, to reduce erosion and control water Program on Nature Based Solutions for Climate flow could increase the river system’s ability Resilience, influenced by the findings published to adapt to changing water levels. The study in “Integrating Green and Gray,” the Water GP not only spurred investment in NBS for flood is helping countries identify opportunities, mitigation along the Rio Salado, but also provided challenges, and financing for biodiversity-sup- the impetus for exploring options to bring back portive NBS. GWSP support is contributing to native species lost from river ecosystems and collaboration among the Global Facility for Disaster help boost the biological diversity of surrounding Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR); the Urban, areas. The government has commissioned a Resilience and Land GP; and the Environment, Wetland Management Plan that will build on the Natural Resources and Blue Economy GP. study’s findings. 34 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 In FY20, GWSP funding in Niger supported supported by GWSP to include NBS in their analysis and capacity building to highlight flood risk management strategies. Assistance the benefits of a cross-sectoral approach has also been provided in the identification of using nontraditional methods, such as NBS, NBS in Turkey and Cambodia. to address water security and service delivery issues. GWSP support has been instrumental In FY20, GWSP funding in Niger in promoting dialogue and active cooperation supported analysis and capacity between the ministries of water, agriculture, building to highlight the benefits and the environment to further this transition. All three ministries are now collaborating of a cross-sectoral approach using to implement a World Bank–financed policy nontraditional methods, such as support project, to be launched in FY23, which NBS, to address water security and will include nature-conscious water measures that aim to increase the sustainable expansion service delivery issues. of groundwater. Using advanced monitoring of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, GWSP As one of the world’s most biodiverse has helped establish measures that will prevent countries, China’s unique fauna and flora biodiversity loss and ensure that expanded are of global significance. With support groundwater use does not impact the ecological from GWSP, a roadmap has been developed, health of the resource. The Partnership has also which includes concerted efforts to protect, supported community monitoring instruments manage, and restore China’s unique freshwater that are key to improving the sustainability of biodiversity. Policy recommendations to this water resources. end are complemented by suggestions for a cross-cutting research agenda that can Influenced by the GWSP-funded work, and generate the data and information required with World Bank support, NBS are being for improved decision-making and monitoring. incorporated into the flood risk management The government is being assisted in operation- plans of Romania and Bulgaria. Cities such as alizing the recommendations through the Colombo in Sri Lanka, Beira in Mozambique, World Bank’s support of ecological protection and Buenos Aires in Argentina have all been along the Yangtze River. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 35 GWSP is increasingly applying a biodiversity lens to transboundary work, which has traditionally focused on river water resources management and benefit sharing engagements—such as irrigation, hydropower, and flood control. Work is now expanding to fill knowledge gaps and identify priority actions to support the conservation of freshwater biodiversity and address the root causes of its loss in the context of international waters. With GWSP assistance, technical advice was provided in Cambodia and Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) on managing transboundary aquatic habitats to restore biodiversity and help boost declining indigenous fish stocks. Both countries were assisted in developing community fishery management guidelines that protect freshwater resources and support livelihoods. In Cambodia, the guidelines are now integrated into the strategic framework for fisheries management and have been adopted by partner projects such as the European Commission’s Cambodia Programme for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth in the Fisheries Sector. In Lao PDR, with GWSP support, the Fisheries Law is now being revised to include Fishery Management Committees and Fishery Management Plans that will support the local rehabilitation of freshwater ecosystems. As the benefits of healthy ecosystems for climate resilience and economic growth become increasingly clear, GWSP’s support is addressing the global decline in biodiversity and contributing to the sustainability of water resources. 36 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 WATER SECTOR PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEWS Public Expenditure Reviews (PERs) assess how public funds are spent, how well they are spent, and what the funding and financing gaps are. With GWSP support, water sector PERs have been completed in close to 20 countries around the world. Generating a vast amount of evidence on spending trends, they represent the first ever attempts to understand public spending across the entire water sector using new data sources, including budget data and national accounts. They are thus very powerful tools to drive reform, facilitat- ing more efficient use of existing resources to maximize development impact. PERs are another way in which GWSP is supporting a pivot toward addressing the foundational constraints in the water sector. The water PERs revealed that in many developing countries, policy priorities and public fund allocations do not align. Governments find it hard to overcome inertia in terms of spending patterns, and changes, when they happen, are often rushed through in an ad-hoc manner. Budget execution rates in the water sector are considerably lower than those of other human development sectors, and even when funds are properly allocated, the PERs reveal that only an average of 72 percent are actually spent due to low execution capacity. Furthermore, while many countries have recognized the interdependencies between water supply and sanitation services, irrigation, and hydropower—and have adopted integrated water resources management policies—most have failed to strategically examine the impact of these various investments and then make clear public policy investment decisions. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 37 To harness the power of water sector PERs, in water PER quantified the extent to which public fiscal years 2021 and 2022 GWSP supported expenditure in the water sector was heavily the development of a robust methodology skewed toward hydropower. The PER undertaken and comprehensive approach to implementing in the Dominican Republic had a major impact on them, covering water supply and sanitation, policy and institutional reform, and helped build irrigation, and water resources management. the government’s commitment to reforms across Country-level water sector PERs or subsector the entire water sector. As a result, in 2021 the PERs were undertaken in Albania, Bangladesh, government released a Water Pact, laying out Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Sri Lanka, Nepal, the desired reforms in the water sector from 2021 Myanmar, Nigeria, Jordan, Kenya, Nigeria, to 2036. The PER also provided the basis for a Mozambique, Peru, and Turkey, and contributions 10-year multiphase World Bank investment in the were made to macro PERs (not specific to the water sector, starting with the design of the $250 water sector) in Jordan, Nigeria, and Kenya. As million Water Sector Modernization Program. well as undertaking an institutional review of the water sector or relevant subsector, the PERs The water sector suffers from fragmentation in examined country-level trends, the magnitude of both governance and financial management. spending in the water sector, and the efficiency A holistic approach is needed to address these of spending. problems, taking into account environmen- tal and social needs, disaster risks, and water Data from the PERs reveal that annual security. Analyzing public spending in the water public spending on the water sector totals sector is providing a better understanding of an approximately $140 billion globally, on inherently fragmented sector, and how public average. However, without the efficient use of funds are allocated and spent in relation to public resources, the PERs show that greater sector goals. PERs are helping governments to spending does not necessarily correlate with identify needed efficiency improvements and better outcomes, and the justification for more to better understand why policy objectives are private funding is undermined. For instance, not being achieved. In FY22 the findings from subsidies make up a significant portion of public the GWSP-supported water PERs were compiled spending on water supply and sanitation, but in a synthesis report titled “Public Spending in they are often poorly targeted. The water PER the Water Sector.” This report demonstrates in Bangladesh revealed that most of the benefits that improving governance effectiveness and of public expenditure on sanitation flowed to addressing issues of state legitimacy and the the wealthier sections of society, rather than quality of political institutions can help to increase those most in need, while the opposite was budget execution in the global water sector. true for expenditures on water. In Nepal, the 38 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE A warmer climate impacts nearly every phase of the water cycle, with possibly catastrophic consequences for food production, energy generation, health, and livelihoods. GWSP is working to address such impacts by contributing critical knowledge and analysis that help client countries strategically plan institutional investments, increase water storage capacity, and improve infrastructure, including climate-resilient green infrastructure and hybrid green-gray solutions. Over the past five years, climate consider- and in increasing countries’ abilities to mon- ations have become embedded in GWSP itor, manage, and prepare for the variable support, reflected in the rising number of water flows caused by climate change. projects with climate co-benefits. GWSP plays an important role in helping govern- In FY22 , GWSP continued to play an ments understand the drivers of a changing important role in supporting the integration climate and its impacts on the water sector of climate considerations into client 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 39 countries’ policies and investments, supporting • Supported the establishment of the Mashreq the World Bank’s Climate Change Action Plan. Data Portal, an open, public database of As the role of climate in the water portfolio grows, information on water issues in the region; GWSP funding helps support climate and disaster • Convened a forum for representatives from risk screening, climate co-benefit assessments, all countries in the region to discuss climate greenhouse gas accounting analyses, the use change risks; and of a carbon shadow price in economic analysis, • Assisted in the development of a collabora- and integration of climate change indicators into tive pathway to jointly address the impacts of projects’ results frameworks. climate change. GWSP works closely with client countries to adapt and respond to country priorities. Driven GWSP is also contributing to climate mitigation by these priorities, and working through strong efforts through water sector interventions that partnerships on the ground, GWSP’s resources are both respond to on-the-ground needs and avoid used to provide expertise, knowledge, and analysis greenhouse gas emissions. In Somalia and India, where they can have the most impact. In Rwanda, for example, GWSP analytical work quantified the for example, GWSP is providing analytical support benefits of alternative energy solutions, such as to help the government better utilize the local solar-powered pumps at water points in Somalia, knowledge and expertise of farmers to improve that are now being rolled out with the support of the resilience and financial and environmental awareness raising efforts, demonstrations, and sustainability of small-scale irrigation schemes in financing. In rice-producing countries, GWSP is the face of increasing climate risks. In the Mashreq supporting the introduction of low-carbon rice region (comprised of the Islamic Republic of Iran, through the adoption of new agricultural methods Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic, that result in lower emissions. and Turkey), GWSP has: 40 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 In response to an increasing demand from GWSP has supported core diagnostic reports countries for tools to help plan for and that help countries prioritize the most manage the uncertainty surrounding climate impactful actions to reduce greenhouse risks, GWSP is supporting the development gas emissions and boost adaptation across of quantitative tools that can be adapted their entire economy, while delivering on and applied across different landscapes, broader development goals. In FY22, the by a range of users, both specialist and World Bank Group’s new Country Climate nonspecialist. and Development Reports (CCDRs) identified water as a key nexus issue in 25 countries. For instance, GWSP supported the preparation GWSP’s investment in data and analytics of the “Resilient Water Infrastructure Design is enabling teams to provide quantitative Brief” to guide countries in enhancing the evidence on the water-climate nexus. For resilience of drinking water and sanitation instance, GWSP supported the preparation infrastructure to floods, droughts, and high of text on development priorities and the winds (which are expected to increase due to water-food-energy nexus in Egypt, which climate change). provided the basis for a significant portion of a CCDR on that country. GWSP funding GWSP’s investment allowed an integrated assessment model, the Global Change Analysis Model, to be used in in data and analytics is the preparation of CCDRs in Angola and South Africa to estimate synergies and trade-offs enabling teams to provide across the water-energy-food-land nexus. quantitative evidence on the water-climate nexus. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 41 GWSP builds on collaborations and partnerships, both long- The GWSP-supported Climate and Economic Analyses for Resilience in Water (CLEAR) is standing and new, a standardized methodological framework to tap mutual benefits that supports rapid diagnostic analysis of country-level water and climate -related and overlapping development challenges and opportunities and has played goals across an important role in making the case for the prioritization of water in the CCDRs. CLEAR organizations working to links users to global and country-specific data address climate change. on hydrology, climatology, demographics, institutional characteristics, public expenditure, water quality, water and sanitation access, and the For example, rice production is responsible for role of water in the economy, and also considers around 12 percent of global methane emissions. each government ’s Nationally Determined A GWSP-supported initiative to optimize rice Contributions (NDCs). Its objective is to guide cultivation addresses the cross-cutting issues of policy makers in quantifying the degree to climate mitigation, water scarcity, and nutrition. which water sector challenges impose a binding GWSP is providing water-focused analytical constraint on development, and to provide the support to complement agricultural inputs, with basis for identifying priority investment and the goal of informing and incentivizing change policy actions. both on farms and among key policy makers. GWSP support has facilitated related analysis In Peru, CLEAR has been used to underscore in Vietnam, as well as provided inputs to a new the connection between low storage and high integrated rice paddy transformation pilot project hydrological variability. The CLEAR analysis was in China. used in both the CCDR and the country’s water security diagnostic (also supported by GWSP) and Over the past five years, GWSP has supported resulted in concrete, specific recommendations work on climate change and water with a range on investing in water storage. The analysis has of partners. These include the University of also been used in discussions with the government Maryland, which in 2020 collaborated with the about investments in irrigation and urban water World Bank on a study of the physical impacts supply in the capital city of Lima. In Kenya, CLEAR of climate change on water resources. The study helped map poverty “hotspots” across the country modeled possible scenarios for the future availabil- against those areas at highest risk of drought, ity, use, and management of water resources. alongside projections of changes in water supply GWSP supported a partnership with Deltares, and demand up to 2030. an independent institute for applied research in 42 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 the field of water, through which the Enable, Plan, Invest, and Control (EPIC) Response Framework was developed. This framework provides a new perspective on hydro-climatic risks by looking at the combined management of floods and droughts. It identifies the roles of different government agencies in managing these risks and highlights where and how these agencies need to collaborate. The EPIC framework has also created a mechanism for engaging in policy discussions in a structured manner to identify gaps, constraints, and opportunities for advancing a country’s hydro-climatic risk management system. A decision support tool based on the framework is being piloted in Assam State in India, and in the Gambia, with the goal of scaling up EPIC’s application. Climate change is now central to all of GWSP’s work. Finding solutions to the challenges of adapting to and mitigating climate change are embedded in all GWSP-supported analytical work and policy dialogues with country counterparts. GWSP is ensuring that water solutions are included in a whole-of-economy approach to low-carbon and climate-resilient development. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 43 WATER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION Social inclusion is essential to ensuring equal access to water services, jobs, and markets. It also underlies equal voice, and agency, in water decision-making and policies. But climate change threatens to derail past progress as women, girls, and marginalized groups face disparities not only in access to services but also to underlying assets, and are therefore particularly vulnerable to climate impacts. Since its inception, GWSP has always supported GWSP’s social inclusion program started with social inclusion in water. An emerging lesson a focus on gender, but has since broadened to from recent efforts is that while achieving real include guidelines and tools that clients can change is possible, the process is slow and use to reach other marginalized groups, such often nonlinear, involving the challenging work as persons with disabilities, and effectively of changing institutions, shifting social norms, engage citizens. Efforts to strengthen inclusion and identifying opportunities to better align beyond gender are more recent and will therefore incentives to promote inclusion. take time to translate into on-the-ground results, but the experience on gender has provided an encouraging example of how with sufficient time, effort, and partnership, it is possible to achieve tangible progress. 44 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 GENDER as it consolidates and facilitates the exchange of research, knowledge, and tools among a growing number of partner organizations (20 With GWSP support, substantive advances partners as of FY22). In Ethiopia, in just two have been realized in increasing capacity and years, between 2020 and 2022, the average impact in efforts to address the gender gap in share of female engineers in 23 participating water sector employment. The “Equal Aqua utilities increased from 8 to 12 percent, and the platform” started through GWSP-funded share of female board members grew from analytical work, with one of the most widely 16 to 24 percent. In Argentina, AySA, one of cited reports on gender and water, “Women in the largest utilities in the region, increased Water Utilities: Breaking Barriers” (2019), and the share of women in leadership positions expanded to become a global mechanism for from 22 to 24 percent in a little over a year, promoting opportunities for women in water, and the utility is well on its way to meet the benchmarking more than 100 utilities. GWSP 28 percent target set for the end of the World assists the sharing of knowledge on how to Bank project supporting it. shift gender diversity in water employment, 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 45 “Equal Aqua” tools (available in multiple languages), awareness, a national communication campaign, self-diagnostics, comparative benchmarking, and and the introduction of female land surveyors, the exchange with a global peer network of utilities proportion of female owners or co-owners of land have facilitated change within utilities and have has increased from 38 to 46 percent. also influenced the approaches of other partner organizations, such as the American Waterworks Analytical work funded by GWSP has been Association, the Global Water Partnership, the integrated into global advocacy on menstrual University of Technology Sydney, and the Asian health and hygiene (MHH) and handwashing. Development Bank. With GWSP support, the Water GP’s inclusion team has led the engagement with World Bank colleagues working on gender, health, education, GWSP’s technical assistance finance, competitiveness, taxation, and innovation, in operationalizing stimulating the type of evidence-based multi-sec- toral approaches needed to achieve human social inclusion has also capital dividends, such as girls staying in school. helped clients to craft In FY22, GWSP supported a partnership with the transformative interventions Macro Trade and Investment GP, the International Monetary Fund, and Kenyan counterparts focused on gender. to explore whether interventions such as tax exemptions reduce the price of menstrual A deep dive into implementation experience products. GWSP-curated evidence on the in water and agriculture shows that among benefits to adolescent girls of adopting a holistic projects closed between FY17 and FY19 that had approach to MHH has prompted an increasing adopted a more transformative outcome-ori- number of client countries to go beyond counting ented approach, 86 percent achieved their MHH-friendly toilets, to integrating MHH into gender targets. In Tajikistan, India, and Armenia, sexual and reproductive health curricula, and targets to enhance female participation and increasing the collaboration between water and leadership in water user associations were education ministries. achieved or even exceeded. In Georgia, the critical role of land tenure in providing female farmers with access to irrigation was recognized, and as a result of the social inclusion team’s recommenda- tions, a World Bank–financed project supported land registration in both the husband’s and the wife’s name. Through efforts to raise women’s 46 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 good practices through case studies, such as Indonesia’s experience with at-scale capacity building, guideline development, and accessible infrastructure integrated into its WASH programs, and Ghana’s experience with accessibility in schools. DISABILITY Although still early, these activities have INCLUSION already translated into results at the country level. For example, Malawi’s Lilongwe Water Board finalized and approved a gender Within the past year and a half, GWSP’s and disability policy. In Tanzania a national support has advanced the development of WASH program monitors the accessibility of water-specific guidance and tools for clients sanitation facilities in schools and in health on disability inclusion, and in FY22 almost care facilities, with plans underway to scale half of all countries with World Bank water up efforts; and in Burkina Faso, national operations included actions on disability. specifications for latrines built under a World Systematic collaboration among organizations Bank–supported program include accessibil- representing persons with disabilities, UNICEF, ity for persons with disabilities. In Ethiopia, the WaterAid, Sida, and the World Bank has utility in Addis Ababa not only uses accessible generated a joint resource page hosted by designs, but works with organizations of the International Disability Alliance, and led persons with disabilities on the management to the ongoing development of a joint online of public sanitation facilities, and is planning training course on disability-inclusive WASH. to scale up this model to other cities in the GWSP has helped document and promote country. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 47 CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT Governments are increasingly recognizing that resilience to climate change hinges on the engagement of communities. Without buy-in and behavior change at the local level, interventions to address water insecurity are unlikely to lead to sustainable change. The GWSP inclusion program has played a role in documenting and cross-fertilizing experience with citizen engagement across client countries. For example, lessons were shared with the government of Niger, where a bottom-up approach to sustainably manage water resources and build resilience to climate change is supported by the World Bank’s $400 million Niger Integrated Water Security Platform Project. As a result, this project allocated substantial resources to citizen engagement activities. The project is implemented through water platforms that place the commune at the center of climate-informed planning and water-related investments, and empower local communities to build resilience to drought and floods. GWSP support has facilitated a progression from understanding the empirical underpinnings of social inclusion to developing sector- specific operational tools that resonate with clients. This has led to concrete shifts in the policy and practice of clients and partners, not only at a project level but also at the broader country level. 48 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 WATER IN SETTINGS AFFECTED BY FRAGILITY, CONFLICT, AND VIOLENCE Fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV) disrupt development and pose a significant challenge to efforts to eradicate poverty. The World Bank has a long history of working in FCV-​ affected countries. This is particularly true in the water sector. At the time that GWSP was established in 2017, it was able to build on extensive work carried out in fragile states under the Water and Sanitation Program. A corps of experienced water professionals existed within the World Bank, with an under- standing of the complexities and opportunities of working in FCV settings. In 2017, with GWSP support, the Water Global Practice published “Turbulent Waters: Pursuing Water Security in Fragile Contexts.” This detailed report makes the case that water management and the delivery of water services form 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 49 an integral part of the dynamics of fragility, and documented in the 2021 report “Joining Forces should be prioritized in efforts to strengthen to Combat Protracted Crises: Humanitarian communities, economies, and ecosystems in and Development Support for Water Supply fragile contexts. Of the 17 economies included in and Sanitation Providers in the Middle East and the World Bank’s 2017 WASH Poverty Diagnostics, North Africa,” published jointly by the World Bank, five were affected by FCV: the Republic of Yemen, ICRC, and UNICEF. The report examines problems the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, reported by water service providers operating Haiti, and the West Bank and Gaza. during a protracted crisis, including inadequately governed water resources management, The Water GP’s work in FCV-affected countries aggressive competition from alternative providers, has since grown significantly, and GWSP now paralysis of high-tech wastewater treatment supports active engagement in 33 such countries. plants, and escalating energy costs. These GWSP has worked with other trust funds to support problems are shown to stem from vulnerabilities the building of a relationship between the World that predated the crisis, and had their origins in Bank and FCV-affected countries. An example rapid urbanization and infrastructure expansion. of this is found in Somalia, where GWSP funds It concludes that humanitarian and development complemented an allocation from the State and actors must work together to both anticipate and Peacebuilding Trust Fund. In many cases, work in respond to protracted crises. FCV countries has started with small but critical analytical work, and grown to include influential Of course, there have been serious challenges and impactful operations. The model has, in several in the work in FCV countries. There is a need cases, been to start with an urban project, such to identify the drivers of conflict and the best as water supply in the capital city (as in Baghdad, way to address them, and to understand the Kinshasa, and Monrovia). Based on the success political economy and ensure that interventions of these initial projects, GWSP support has since build peace and stability (and that they do not expanded into sanitation and water resources contribute to the rent-seeking economy, or even management, and, in some contexts, is just the “warlord economy”). beginning in irrigation. The Water GP has increasingly partnered with humanitarian agencies such as UNICEF and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). GWSP support has provided opportunities for the Water GP to learn from these agencies, and vice versa. Key partnerships were 50 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 Some examples of the patient, flexible approach supported with GWSP resources include: LIBERIA Water point mapping in Liberia led to a Sector Investment Plan, which in turn led to World Bank investment through the $10 million Urban Water Supply Project. The aim of this project is to increase access to piped water supply services in Monrovia and improve the operational efficiency of the utility. GWSP also helped support regular Joint Sector Reviews in Liberia, working with UNICEF. ZIMBABWE An impact assessment in Zimbabwe, as part of the Beitbridge Small Town Water Project, demonstrated that a public sector water project could help build citizen confidence in government. This led to utility benchmarking, and formed the groundwork for a $10 million grant to the Zimbabwe water sector from the multidonor trust fund. HAITI In Haiti, GWSP supported sectoral building blocks of better and more decentralized (and thus more resilient) service delivery, and a more structured water information and planning system. As a result, the country’s Integrated Water and Sanitation Information System has been greatly enhanced. This tool tracks progress in access to water and sanitation services, the type of management of the systems, and the effectiveness of their operational quality, making it valuable to both monitoring and decision-making. SOMALIA Initial small-scale analytical work in Somalia led to a pilot, and then to investment at scale (see box 2.1 on the following page). 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 51 THE PROCESS UNFOLDED AS FOLLOWS: BOX 2.1 Analytical work to identify key issues 1 and possible investment areas was carried out first. TAKING A SLOW BUT After a WSP study found that boreholes often fail STEADY APPROACH: either during drilling or soon after completion, Using Sand Dams to Build analysis focused on the macroeconomic and micro socioeconomic potential of harvesting water from Country Systems and Deliver sand dams. It was determined that enhancing the Water Services in Somalia state’s role in developing water sources would help to signal state functionality and be a key component Somalia has experienced almost three of a peace dividend, building citizen confidence in decades of armed conflict and is one of the the state. poorest and most fragile states in the world. Furthermore, extreme climate vulnerability The theory was tested by starting small and frequent natural disasters are propelling 2 and working in a relatively stable region. the country toward greater water scarcity From 2016 to 2018, WSP, GWSP, and the State and in this already arid country and threatening Peacebuilding Fund co-financed a pilot project to millions of livelihoods directly dependent on test the application of knowledge and technology agro-pastoralist activities. Following decades suggested in the analytical work, as well as assess of low investment, water points in pasture lands the government’s ability to implement a World Bank are scarce, claimed by clans, fiercely guarded, project. The pilot project was a success, with over and intrinsically linked to resource conflict. 42,000 people benefiting from improved water sources against a target of 20,000. Over the past five years, GWSP helped transform how the World Bank works in Successful models were adapted Somalia, developing capacity and political 3 and scaled up. capital. GWSP support built on work undertaken by the Water and Sanitation With institutional and capacity support from GWSP, Program, which, in 2014, supported the World this success grew into Phase 1 of the World Bank’s Bank’s first Somalia infrastructure project in $30 million Biyoole Project, which is financing the over 27 years. A three-step process—analytics, development of water and agricultural services piloting, and scaling up—has meant that an among agro-pastoralist communities in dryland areas initial investment of $400,000 for analytical of Somalia. This project is on track to support the work in the water sector has grown to a provision of improved water sources to more than portfolio of World Bank grants to the water 320,000 people by early 2023, against a target of sector totaling $130 million. 250,000. 52 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 2 The slow but steady approach, starting with analytical work, has provided insights that have allowed GWSP to develop a growing number of interventions in other fragile states and conflict zones. Over the past five years, GWSP has expanded support to FCV countries across water and The extensive analytical work sanitation, water in agriculture, and water resources and pilot study funded by management. There has been a transition from GWSP lay the groundwork broad analytical work to activities that are more for the project to expand into focused on influencing World Bank operations. more fragile areas, scale up from 8 to 50 water points, Upcoming work includes urban analytics and increase community-led in Mogadishu (Somalia), and advice to the involvement and sustainable Government of Zimbabwe on identifying and livelihood development. With prioritizing dams for rehabilitation investments, the $70 million second phase including social and environmental criteria that of the project (now called the focus on climate vulnerabilities. In the Democratic Barwaaqo project) about to Republic of Congo, GWSP is supporting the commence, a further 150 water development and implementation of a 100-day points will be added across action plan to improve the performance of the the country. The second phase public utility, paving the way for investments linked will include new environmental to building urban resilience. GWSP is also supporting and climate change elements finalization and technical approval of a national that facilitate cross-sectoral sanitation law. cooperation within the Somali government, supported by In South Sudan, GWSP has supported geospatial cooperation between World and econometric analysis; policy, institutional, Bank global practices. and regulatory assessment; and expert interviews and focus group discussions, resulting in a report The benefits from Somalia’s on fragility and water security to be published in Biyoole project reach beyond FY23. The report documents key challenges and the initial scope of the project. constraints relating to water security, and identifies Relationships have developed opportunities to build resilience to conflict, climate, with both the Ministry of Planning and disease shocks. Through the report findings and and the Ministry of Water, making recommendations, GWSP has helped elevate water it possible to expand the regional security as an issue critical for national development $30 million Groundwater for and stability. The process prioritizes consultations Resilience project into Somalia. with government and stakeholders to validate There are now plans to adapt the findings and identify priorities, and has laid the three-step approach to address groundwork for two newly proposed World Bank urban water security concerns in finance projects: a $50 million Climate Resilient Flood Mogadishu, which could run out Management project and the $40 million Regional of water as soon as 2030. Horn of Africa Groundwater for Resilience project. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 53 CHAPTER 3 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT The importance of sustainable water resources management cannot be underestimated. By 2050, it is predicted that 1.8 billion people will be living in regions or countries with absolute water scarcity. Such scarcity can drive groundwater depletion, resource degradation, tensions (as countries, individuals, businesses, and sectors compete for water use), and social vulnerability and fragility. Water scarcity, of any degree, also sharpens the complex trade-offs within the water-food-energy nexus. Achieving equitable and sustainable water resources management is challenging given the shifting dynamics of the water sector, encompassing climate change, conflict, and environmental degradation. But while the forecast may be dire, the collective knowledge base is growing in depth and applicability. Three things are clear: 1. Aaccurate data—and the ability to analyze it—is crucial for decision-makers to develop and implement effective policies and practices 2. the underlying cause of many threats to water security are not specific to the water sector, making cross-sectoral knowledge sharing and cooperation key 3. A new context and new challenges require new, updated responses. 54 2022 ANNUAL REPORT By 2050, it is predicted that 1.8 billion people will be living in regions or countries with absolute water scarcity. 55 No two circumstances are exactly alike. Looking into an uncertain future for the world’s Thus, water management tools should take water storage supplies, one certainty is the need the best of global knowledge and experiences for collaboration and dialogue across sectors and make them adaptable and transferable to and borders. Water resources management is of on-the-ground realities. concern well beyond domestic water supply, with impacts on issues ranging from how humans relate The world is facing a global decline in water to one another and their environment, to building storage. Built storage capacity is decreasing as climate resilience, addressing food security, and existing water storage infrastructure ages. Likewise, mitigating conflict. In the Horn of Africa, GWSP groundwater, which is the principal source of research and support influenced the design of a water for drinking, irrigation, and industry in many recently approved $385 million transboundary countries, and vital in sustaining many aquatic and project to foster cooperation with Ethiopia, Kenya, terrestrial ecosystems, is under increasing pressure Somalia, and the Intergovernmental Authority due to overexploitation, pollution, and climate on Development, to tap into the region’s largely change. In FY22 GWSP supported analytical underutilized groundwater resources. This project work that highlighted key causes of groundwater will help these countries cope with, understand, contamination and identified strategies for and adapt to drought and other climate stressors preventing, managing, and responding to threats. impacting their vulnerable borderlands. Likewise, This was documented in “Seeing the Invisible: A in Cambodia, GWSP support to the Mekong Strategic Report on Groundwater Quality.” The Integrated Water Resources Management project “Practical Manual on Groundwater Quality has fostered transboundary dialogue between the Monitoring” that accompanies the report signals Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Cambodia a shift in approach to supporting water resources on the effective management of water resources management. Moving beyond knowledge and data and fisheries. Along with the Energy GP, GWSP is generation, the Water GP is being supported by supporting work in water storage, given its central GWSP to increasingly focus on action, generating role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. practical guidance designed to assist budget A report, to be released in late 2022, documents planners, project managers, and water resource ways countries and partners can respond to the managers. The move into supporting implementa- increasing global water storage gap. tion is reflected in the development of handbooks, supported by GWSP, that present new knowledge and concrete advice to improve borehole drilling. 56 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 SENEGAL: INCREASING WATER SECURITY CHALLENGE Senegal is struggling to meet the water and sanitation needs of its growing and urbanizing population, with water use set to rise an estimated 30 to 60 percent by 2035. Most industrial uses and 85 percent of potable under the Plan for an Emerging Senegal, the water depend on groundwater that is under country must urgently prioritize water security. increasing threat of overuse and pollution. Water-related extreme events and pollution Only a quarter of rural dwellers use safely cost Senegal over 10 percent of its GDP. managed sanitation. The government plans sanitation investments in rural small towns, The Dakar-Mbour-Thiès region is home including sewerage networks, wastewater to over one-third of Senegal’s population treatment plants, and sludge disposal facilities. and generates half of the country’s GDP. However, this infrastructure will increase the Deteriorating water resources and an operating costs of the National Sanitation inadequate institutional framework pose Agency (ONAS), which is already struggling to serious threats to the region’s economy. To cover costs of existing wastewater treatment achieve and sustain its development goals services and facilities. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 57 water bills is low, and a recommendation was made to revise tariff structures to balance current losses and ensure cost recovery. The assessment recommended stronger leasing agreements and coordination between ONAS and the service operators to improve technical performance and transparency, allowing ONAS to minimize its facility operation responsibilities and focus on infrastructure development and financing, while the operators focus on operations. The successful partnerships and dialogue APPROACH built through the work on rural sanitation led the Government of Senegal to request GWSP support in assessing water security GWSP’s support in Senegal challenges across the sector. The resulting study, “Challenges and Recommendations for has evolved from a focus on Water Security in Senegal at National Level and sanitation to engaging in in the Dakar-Mbour-Thiès Triangle,” is the first of national water security. its kind to assess water resources management at the national level in Senegal. In the process of In FY22, GWSP supported the completion of a identifying barriers to achieving water security, sanitation assessment in six large rural centers it takes a close look the Dakar-Mbour-Thiès where the government plans to build sanitation region, where achieving water security will be networks, sewerage plants, and sewage most critical to development. Demand for water sludge disposal facilities. GWSP support was in the region already exceeds current resources, instrumental in helping ONAS identify better making the need to diversify supply critical. management strategies and test new sanitation Presented at the World Water Forum in Dakar service models. The assessment found that in March 2022, the study identified seven areas oversight and management would be improved of priority action, including the need to reduce if the regulatory framework was adjusted to pollution in water reservoirs, promote the use of enable ONAS to operate throughout the entire treated wastewater for agriculture, and increase sanitation chain. Recovery of sanitation fees from access to sanitation services. 58 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 Ensuring sustainability of water resources and water-related services in Senegal’s Dakar-Thiès- Mbour triangle requires a collaborative mechanism that brings together experts representing a range of institutions working across sectors affected by and linked to water security—including water, sanitation, drainage, water resources, agriculture, energy, industry, and urban development—as well as the ministries of economy and finance.To strengthen the integrated approach, a steering committee bringing together all the sectoral ministries was established, which is a first step toward the creation of a national platform that is focused on addressing water security challenges. ADDITIONALITY The Government of Senegal is starting to make some of the structural changes recommended in both sanitation service delivery and overall water resources management. The Ministry of Water and Sanitation has revised Senegal’s national water law in line with the recommenda- tions of the water security study, and the new law is set to be approved. The government has requested ongoing World Bank support to the sector, and in particular new investment targeting water security in the Greater Dakar area. A new $250 million Integrated Water Security and Sanitation project is under preparation, targeting (1) water security and resilience, (2) urban/rural sanitation within the circular economy, (3) irrigation, and (4) strengthening and reform of the framework for public-private partnerships. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 59 ARGENTINA, COLOMBIA, AND PERU: WATER SECURITY CHALLENGE   Latin America is one of the most water-rich regions in the world, home to important international rivers and aquifers, including two of the five largest river basins and two of the ten longest rivers in the world. Despite the fact that many countries in the region have an abundance of water, the resources of many are under high levels of stress, with potential effects on productive sectors, particularly agriculture. Governance gaps in managing water-related risks are mainly due to unclear budgetary Unsustainable use of water resources, growing mechanisms, scarce information, low technical water demands, pollution, declining water capacities and community awareness, and a storage, urbanization, and climate change lack of prioritization of water at the political have undermined water security.  These factors level.  Overall, a paradigm shift is needed in contribute to large gaps in water services managing water resources for current and future and reduce resilience, putting the region’s generations across the region. socioeconomic progress at risk. 60 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 APPROACH    the next disaster, and experience a loss in well-being (measured in terms of consumption GWSP has supported an initiative to identify power) more than three times greater than the key challenges to Latin America’s water those in the highest income quintile. One security, and has supported Argentina, reason for Argentina’s particular vulnerability Colombia, and Peru in highlighting the to drought is its increasing reliance on rainfed centrality of water security to their national agriculture, which is highly exposed to climate development. Detailed, comprehensive Water variability. Coastal erosion, driven both by Security Diagnostics of the three countries urban development and by sea level rise, poses have been prepared, using the Water Security large risks to the tourist economy. Diagnostics Framework developed with GWSP support. The framework is used to In Colombia, the Water Security Diagnostic assess what is needed to facilitate social, found that a mismatch between freshwater economic, and environmental development, availability and demand makes the country and link this to water sector performance highly vulnerable to water shortage risks in and deficiencies in the sector’s institutional the future. Water security deficits, including architecture. The Water Security Diagnostics floods and droughts, cost Colombia between consider management of water resources, 2.2 and 2.7 percent of GDP on average. delivery of water services, and mitigation of Groundwater resources in the country are water-related risk with an aim to determine inadequately measured and administered, where countries should invest to close water even though groundwater could become a security gaps. strategic reserve during extended periods of drought. Furthermore, many water bodies In Argentina, the Water Security Diagnostic are contaminated by untreated industrial and found that water security deficits inflict an domestic wastewater, affecting public health, annual economic cost of about 2.2 percent of increasing the costs of treating water for GDP, of which 0.8 percent is due to floods and drinking purposes, and reducing the potential droughts. Much of the loss from droughts due use for other sectors such as agriculture. The to climate variability in Argentina occurs in the industrial sector is the largest contributor of agriculture sector, where about 0.6 percent of net organic load that is discharged to water GDP is lost. The largest cost driver—accounting bodies. Colombia’s water sector is governed for more than half the yearly total—is the lack of by numerous agencies, many laws, and several secure, piped water supply services for about funding sources, fragmenting the design, 17 percent of the population and the lack of implementation, and monitoring of policies sewerage for about 48 percent. The diagnostic and investments. The diagnostic predicted documented clear inequalities in water supply that water shocks will cause serious drags on and sanitation access, and also found that the Colombian economy if investments and floods are a poverty trap for lower-income public expenditure stimulus in water do not Argentines, especially in urban areas. The ramp up. poor often find it hard to fully recover before 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 61 In Peru, growth is dependent on water, yet the under irrigation. This leaves agricultural production country faces the greatest climate variability exposed to shifts in rainfall patterns linked to in the Latin America and Caribbean region and climate variability and climate change. Although significant rainfall spatial distribution. The Water Peru has a comprehensive water management Security Diagnostic found that almost half of the legal framework, it has not reaped the benefits of country is highly vulnerable to natural disasters the framework, given low levels of implementation.  associated with the El Niño phenomenon and long-term climate change. Water insecurity costs The Water Security Diagnostics Peru between 1.1 and 4.0 percent of GDP, of which consider management of water 0.65 percent is attributed to floods. In Peru, unlike the other two countries, these estimates include resources, delivery of water the impact of water insecurity on production services, and mitigation of in three export-oriented industries: agriculture, water-related risk with an aim to mining, and manufacturing. Water shocks linked to extreme rainfall and droughts are expected to determine where countries should increase given the continuous deterioration of invest to close water security gaps. watersheds, increased precipitation variability, and the acceleration of glacial retraction in the The initiative resulted in a regional report titled Andes. Peru provides only half of its population “Water Matters: Resilient, Inclusive and Green with safely managed water, and even less with Growth through Water Security in Latin America,” safely managed sanitation. The people of the published in March 2022. This draws on the three Amazon rainforest shoulder the biggest share national Water Security Diagnostics, as well as of the burden associated with poor water supply other relevant analytical work conducted by the and sanitation services. Most of the agricultural Water GP and the Sustainable Development Unit land along Peru’s Pacific coast is irrigated to in Latin America. Because the report does not sustain commercial agriculture, but in the Andes single out individual countries, it can examine Mountains and high-altitude Amazon, where 50 difficult issues faced across the region, such percent of the rural population lives in poverty, as transparency, corruption, and indigenous only about 20 percent of the cultivated land is people’s rights. 62 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 ADDITIONALITY   The Water Security Diagnostics gained Policy changes have already been achieved considerable traction, both in the three as a direct result of the diagnostics. For countries and regionally. They identified instance, in Peru, the government made problems, recommended evidence-based policy changes that integrate an approach solutions, and opened technical and policy to planning based on water security and risk, dialogues with the respective governments.  and consider climate change. In Argentina, the National Plan for Infrastructure Works refers in The process of developing the diagnostics was numerous places to priorities identified in that highly participatory, which has helped build country’s Water Security Diagnostic, and the trust. As a result, other stakeholders have also Ministry of Public Works has requested the begun to engage and adopt the messages in World Bank to help prepare projects on flood the diagnostics. For instance, in Colombia the risk management and improve wastewater Bank is working with ANDESCO (Asociación treatment. Nacional de Empresas de Servicios Públicos y Comunicaciones), a water utility federation, The Water Security Diagnostics in Argentina, to host a multidonor roundtable. The regional Colombia, and Peru have been used by report, meanwhile, opened engagement with the teams preparing Country Climate and regional partners, including the Organization Development Reports in the three countries, of American States. and have prompted dialogue in other countries. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 63 Since 2019, GWSP has been supporting a BOX 3.1 platform to help stakeholders establish a dialogue and increase donor coordination around water sector priorities. The Bangladesh Water Platform provides a dynamic country-spe- BANGLADESH: cific space for stakeholders to solve substantial water issues by facilitating the collection and Bringing the Water, Finance and sharing of information and knowledge. It thus Transport Sectors Together to serves to streamline integrated and coordinated Build Climate Resilience in the approaches among government actors and Jamuna River Basin sectors. The resulting dialogue helped to develop stakeholder input and consensus for the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100, which identifies Rapid industrial growth and an expanding cross-sectoral action needed to improve population are increasing demand for productivity, address climate change threats, and freshwater in Bangladesh and pushing the minimize disaster risks in the delta. sustainable management of water resources to the forefront of the country’s economic and Through the water platform, the World Bank social development agendas. Over 93 percent initiated several diagnostic and economic of Bangladesh’s total renewable water resources studies to support the plan and inform the are transboundary, making regional cooperation design of several intersectoral projects. These an essential part of water management. include the planned World Bank–financed Jamuna River Economic Corridor Development project, Bangladesh relies on “normal” monsoon floods to which will focus on increasing climate resilience recharge groundwater, supply irrigation, deposit and financial sustainability. Over the past two fertile sediments, and balance the larger wetlands years, GWSP support has helped the government ecosystem. However, a projected 440 percent rise prepare for the implementation of this new project, in industrial growth by 2050 (largely in the garment including the development of a hydroeconomic and textile industry), alongside increasing climate model that found for every dollar invested in the change impacts and a predicted 200 percent project, $10 would be generated. This rate of growth in household water demand, would put return has made the project the top priority in the unprecedented pressure on its available water Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100. resources. This would be exacerbated by increasing geogenic and industrial pollution in groundwater, The Jamuna Project is the first of its kind to which almost exclusively sustains the country’s integrate all the issues of flood and erosion risk water demands. 64 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 management: mitigation, preparedness, and recovery. GWSP support has been critical in bringing the water, finance, and transport sectors together to consider this work from a multisectoral perspective. Support has focused on building skills and knowledge for new technologies in the areas of predisaster preparedness, community financial protection, and the use of innovative structures and nature-based solutions for flood and erosion mitigation, including dynamic navigation (which allows a river to move naturally during monsoon floods and integrates modern navigation aids with smart dredging to guide vessels along the best navigation routes during the dry season). GWSP investment, supplemented by grants from the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund and the Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation GP, has been instrumental in increasing the government’s capacity to implement Phase One of this challenging cross-sectoral project. Specific examples of GWSP support include: Supporting the river engineering knowledge • institute Deltares to work with the Ministry of Water on designing cost-effective, locally adapted flood mitigation structures. I ncreasing the government’s capacity to • develop and use actuarial analysis and flood-forecasting models to inform ongoing project design and flood-insurance decisions. Providing knowledge and technical assistance • to complement conventional flood mitigation and dredging investments. This included helping to introduce up-to-date dynamic navigation techniques and supporting a River Information System within the Ministry of Shipping. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 65 CAMBODIA: INCREASING GOVERNMENT CAPACITY TO MANAGE WATER RESOURCES CHALLENGE Cambodia’s economy and livelihoods are highly dependent on natural resources, and water in particular. Although there is great potential for sustainable agriculture and fisheries development to grow the economy, support rural livelihoods, and reduce social and environmental vulnerabilities, the majority of the country’s rural population is engaged in small-scale, low-profit agricultural practices. Cambodia is highly prone to flood and drought events, with around 80 percent of the land area within the Mekong and Tonlé Sap river basins. Its current irrigation and water storage infrastructure Historically, there has been minimal collaboration is inadequate for securing livelihoods. Minimal and dialogue among the many multilateral, country information and data are available international, and local organizations working to guide investment, making it difficult to to tackle these issues. This has led to a duplication identify priorities and design sustainable water of projects in some areas, and knowledge and management policies. resource gaps in others. 66 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 APPROACH water resource issues in the Mekong and Tonlé Sap basins and urge the government to take further action on flood management. GWSP support played a key role in expanding Moreover, tools designed with GWSP support, funding, resources, and collaboration in such as river basin profiling and water resource the country’s water sector. In FY19, with management modeling, have influenced how GWSP support, Cambodia established the the government is working on issues such Development Partner Coordination Group for as water security for agriculture and flood the Water Resource Sector to bring together preparedness. donors. Adopting the knowledge and lessons shared from a similar model implemented in GWSP-supported knowledge products, Nepal with GWSP support, this water platform such as the report “High and Dry: Climate is designed as a space for donors to discuss Change, Water and the Economy,” have areas of concern and gaps in Cambodia’s been instrumental in filling knowledge water sector. Current members include several gaps and generating government interest international development organizations, and in moving toward a more integrated water the platform acts as a communication channel management model . In early 2021, GWSP to facilitate dialogue with the government. supported Cambodia’s first Water Dialogue event. Bringing together senior government The platform has been successful in officials, key stakeholders, members of the increasing communication, highlighting donor community, and World Bank specialists, potential collaborations on water sector the event led to greater collaboration and projects, and preventing duplication of dialogue with the Cambodian government. knowledge development and investments on the ground. Additionally, because many of the donors are also involved in projects along the water-food-energy nexus, there is enhanced opportunity for knowledge sharing and coordination across sectors. The water, environment, and agriculture GPs have worked collaboratively on the Bank’s engagement. In response to widespread flooding throughout the Mekong River Basin in October 2020, the GWSP -supported Water Expertise Facility provided a grant to enable a rapid assessment of probable causes of flooding during the monsoon season and recommend ways to enhance flood resistance in the water and agricultural sectors. This included bringing together policy makers from relevant ministries to discuss 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 67 ADDITIONALITY GWSP support has been instrumental in scaling up World Bank investment in Cambodia’s water sector, including the planned World Bank–financed Cambodia Water Security Improvement project. This projec t has adopted knowledge obtained through GWSP support to apply integrated approaches to address water security challenges, involving mutisectoral interventions. The country is now better able to predict and manage the impact of natural disasters on the agriculture sector, and the government is equipped to invest in water security and increase agricultural water productivity. The government is integrating models and hydromet data into a new national information and data center established by the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology. 68 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE BOX 3.2 WATER MANAGEMENT IN CHINA GWSP is helping to build institutional GWSP has helped to identify opportuni- capacity for sustainable water ties for improving water policy through management in China. Through analytical the identification, evaluation, and work, technical assistance, and tools, GWSP realization of the many and diverse is supporting government efforts to ensure ways water is valued in China. The protection and restoration of the Yangtze 2022 GWSP-supported report “Clear River Basin, informing improvements in the Waters and Lush Mountains: The Value policy framework for valuing water, and of Water in the Construction of China’s exploring the contribution of China’s water Ecological Civilization” outlines a policy sector to global public goods. framework that builds on a number of background analyses. Among these is the GWSP is supporting a large-scale, use of innovative financing mechanisms ambitious effort to strengthen water for “eco-compensation”—fiscal transfers resources management, safeguard for environmental and natural resources water for the environment, and reduce management—and their application in the water pollution. The $400 million World Yangtze River Basin. Bank–financed Yangtze River Protection and Ecological Restoration Program GWSP support has also been key to complements the approximately $6 billion assessing the contribution of the water the government is investing to support its sector in China to global public goods. This national strategy for the Yangtze River work has explored the role of knowledge Basin. The program directly addresses transfer, learning from China’s development some of the main drivers of biodiversity of its water sector over the past 40 loss and prioritizes safeguarding water years, the country’s unique freshwater for the environment. Related analysis will biodiversity, and China’s approach to the yield important lessons for the sustainable management of transboundary water management of river basins elsewhere in resources and contribution to the world’s China and around the world. virtual water trade. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 69 Over the past five years, GWSP support to water in agriculture has evolved to address resilience, water security, and environmental sustainability. Sustainable irrigation and drainage services, along with regenerative agricultural practices, are key, and essential to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Sustainability requires more than engineering and infrastructure investment to break the all-too-common cycle of build-neglect-rehabilitate. The agriculture sector has shifted focus from generating calories to producing food that is both more nutritious and sustainably grown. WATER IN There is a need for improved governance, inclusion, and innovation to strengthen and AGRICULTURE improve the delivery of irrigation and drainage services to farmers. Water is central to nourishing Over the past five years, GWSP support to water in agriculture has evolved to address the world. Reliance on rain-fed resilience, water security, and environmental agriculture alone is insufficient sustainability. It has also involved raising to meet the challenges posed awareness of the role of irrigation in by climate change, and irrigated decarbonization. GWSP support of farmer-led irrigation development and the use of disruptive agriculture is essential for food technologies—such as remote sensing for water security. accounting—has served to improve irrigation performance and guide investment decisions. 70 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 GWSP has supported the development and introduction of a toolkit to assist in improving the management of irrigation service delivery (“The Irrigation Operator of the Future” toolkit), based on another GWSP-supported initiative, the Utility of the Future. The toolkit proposes technical, financial, and governance improvement pathways, and includes indicators to track progress in improving irrigation service delivery. Operators and irrigation service providers are supported to participate in a series of workshops that facilitate the collection of information on the current performance of irrigation and drainage systems, the identification of challenges, and the development of a 100-day action plan and a five-year investment plan. As the initiative moves into a pilot stage, feedback from irrigation operators and service providers is being used to help ensure relevance and improve engagement (see box 3.4). Given the urgency of producing more food with less water, and in light of the challenges posed by climate change, it is critical to develop tools to help clients make effective, evidence-based irrigation and agriculture investment decisions. Data scarcity should not be an obstacle to optimal water management and governance. GWSP has supported the development of tools to benchmark and assess irrigation performance. In addition, GWSP has supported the development of methods to measure and monitor water resources and to promote efficient water use through water accounting. This work is critical to the sustainable allocation and overall management of water resources. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 71 Farmer-led irrigation development (FLID) is a dynamic approach to helping farmers develop irrigated agriculture, and GWSP has helped garner public sector support for it. In FY22, FLID moved from concept to operationalization at scale. GWSP supported work with governments in 13 countries, and more than $430 million in World Bank lending is now earmarked for FLID. This will leverage farmers’ own investments, and expand access to irrigation for 185,000 farmers over 85,000 ha of agricultural land (see box 3.3). With GWSP support, the Water GP’s Water While GWSP support to date has focused on in Agriculture team has developed several Africa, where the need for resilient irrigation is scalable, innovative tools and approaches. the greatest, in the coming years it will expand to For instance, the Global Water Accounting Tool other regions. is a web-based interactive platform that has provided automated water accounting reports for GWSP support has also helped raise awareness large-scale applications, such as the $340 million of concrete ways to decarbonize irrigation, Sindh Water and Agriculture Transformation focusing on reducing methane, the most potent project in Pakistan. Also with GWSP support, the greenhouse gas, and nitrous oxide emissions. team has assisted the West Bengal Irrigation and GWSP funding has been used to connect and Waterways Department to apply remote sensing support teams working on interventions that and GIS applications to improve oversight of water promote low-carbon rice cultivation, including delivery and utilization, and the benchmarking of the use of the alternate wet-and-dry irrigation irrigation canal performance. technique, which produces less methane emissions than the traditional flooding of rice paddies. GWSP To increase c r o s s - s e c t o ra l wo r k and support will continue to further global knowledge collaboration, the Water in Agriculture team of such challenges as the measurement and is taking an increasingly holistic approach that validation of emissions reduction at scale and builds on cross-sectoral relationships both in climate financing options, including access to and outside the World Bank. For example, the carbon markets. International Network of Service Providers for Irrigation Excellence, INSPIRE, launched in 2021, With GWSP support, the Water in is a technical working body with a worldwide Agriculture team is helping reach that brings together over 300 experts in the field to share knowledge and lessons relevant to client governments ensure that the effective delivery of water services. INSPIRE is investments are physically and co-led by the World Bank’s Agriculture and Food financially resilient, GP and the Water GP and supported by GWSP, along with several other development agencies. delivering both economic and environmental benefits. 72 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 GEORGIA: NEW APPROACHES TO INCREASING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS’ EFFICIENCY CHALLENGE In Georgia, the agriculture sector provides over 19 percent of employment nationwide, and generates 28 percent of total exports. The sector has been critical in establishing Georgia as an important source of regional food security and spurring its transition from a lower- to upper-middle-income country. However, reliable water access remains a constraint to expansion and profitability, and as a result a significant share of the population is still employed in low-productivity agricultural activities. While irrigation schemes are plentiful in Georgia, many are in need of rejuvenation, modernization, and investment. A lack of reliable agro-hydrological data hinders evidence-based decision-making to support investments to ensure efficient and reliable irrigation service delivery. Remote sensing-based methods for the assessment of irrigation performance and water use are increasingly being used as innovative tools to fill such data gaps. These tools generate information on volumes and quality of water flows, as well as current and future trends in supply and demand, which, when systematically organized and presented, inform water accounting processes. Such methods offer an opportunity to help Georgia modernize agricultural water management and work toward water security. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 73 APPROACH The pilot successfully demonstrated the potential of using satellite data, and also increased the government’s familiarity with water accounting. In GWSP supported the use of the Global Water FY22, GWSP supported extensive hands-on training Accounting Tool in Georgia to help stakeholders to guide the tool’s integration into mainstream gain access to public-domain remote-sensing- decision-making and planning for irrigation. based information. This information includes decision-making parameters such as water availability, use, and productivity; the agricultural water deficit; and the water balance—depending ADDITIONALITY on location and the challenges faced. The tool has informed the development of a digital water The information generated has been highly accounting app that uses remote sensing and influential in the government of Georgia’s ground data analysis to generate maps that show planning and decision-making for sustainable irrigation performance across various schemes. water irrigation and water storage management. Using this information, it is possible to target the The data complement ongoing environmental flow schemes most in need of support to increase assessments using remote-based sensing and efficiency and improve service delivery. This app combining economic, climatic, and hydrological was piloted across 20 irrigation schemes in the factors to guide more robust choices for irrigation Alazani Basin in eastern Georgia. investments. 74 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 Other donors and partners, including the French Development Agency, are using the shared data in their projects. The approach has also spurred cross-border dialogue and learning with neighboring countries, improving regional water management. For instance, the water assessment app was showcased in Armenia, which prompted the government to develop a similar tool to guide irrigation and water storage decisions. It is now being piloted in one river basin, with plans to expand to other areas. In Ukraine, the water analytics tool is laying the groundwork for post-war recovery decision-making. Adaptation of the tool for use in Ukraine has led to the development of additional aspects, such as the role of energy use in irrigation and climate impacts, highlighting the tool’s adaptive potential. GWSP will continue to provide support that is complementary to the World Bank’s $150 million Georgia Resilient Agriculture Irrigation and Land (GRAIL) project. Under this project, a roadmap will be developed to establish a Hydro-Agro Informatics Program and Center to institutionalize the use of remote sensing and data analytics and harmonize the collection of data on water and agriculture. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 75 GWSP supported a national FLID diagnostic in FY22, generating interest from the Ministry of BOX 3.3 Lands, Agriculture, Fisheries, Water, Climate and Rural Development. With the support of GWSP, online consultations, stakeholder surveys, and a workshop have been carried out to identify ZIMBABWE: the constraints farmers face in irrigation and Taking Farmer-Led propose policy recommendations. Based on the Irrigation to Scale feedback from farmer representatives, government agencies, and private sector actors, key regulatory In recent years, Zimbabwe has experienced one and policy solutions have been identified. Farmers’ of the highest food price inflation rates in the access to water and local water management world, and up to 5 million people are at risk is being enhanced through such approaches as of famine. Irrigation plays a significant role in local coordination, the granting of water permits, Zimbabwe’s agricultural productivity, addressing monitoring of compliance, and application of food insecurity and securing economic growth. adaptive allocation (that is, responsive to supply The Government of Zimbabwe is implementing and demand). an Irrigation Master Plan that aims to expand irrigation from the current 220,000 hectares to To design targeted financing mechanisms, four 350,000 hectares in 2025. categories of farmers have been identified, from smallholder farmers not using any irrigation However, irrigation systems are not functioning technology to farmers using sophisticated, on more than a fifth of the land they cover, and high-tech systems and connecting digitally the country is struggling to cover operation with agricultural advisory services. Solutions and maintenance costs. Under the Irrigation have been identified to respond to their unique Master Plan, government agencies would develop, technical and financial constraints. Key policy operate, and maintain irrigation infrastructure. recommendations have been developed related However, so far, many of the public investments in to building a digital platform of farmers and other irrigation have proven to be unsustainable. stakeholders to enable market linkages. Under these circumstances , farmer-led The Ministry of Agriculture now considers FLID irrigation development (FLID), whereby to be the most direct and cost-efficient way of farmers take the lead in the establishment, accelerating irrigation to contribute to food improvement, and expansion of irrigated security, climate resilience, and economic growth agriculture, offers a sustainable alternative in Zimbabwe. Following the activities supported by to public sector investment in irrigation GWSP in FY22, the ministry is planning to sustain infrastructure and management. government action on FLID and go to scale. 76 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 BOX 3.4 systems are mostly pumped, and energy PILOTING THE “IRRIGATION costs are often unaffordable for farmers. OPERATOR OF THE The toolkit was used to identify needs in FUTURE” TOOLKIT terms of strategy development, irrigation in Albania, Tajikistan, transmission efficiency, and greater on-farm Georgia, and Tanzania water productivity. In FY22, GWSP supported the piloting of In Georgia and Tanzania, irrigation the Irrigation Operator of the Future toolkit investment planning diagnostic work was in Albania and Tajikistan, and the use of already underway and elements of the elements of the toolkit in irrigation sector toolkit were used to complement existing assessments in Georgia and Tanzania. analyses and identify opportunities. The assessment identified weaknesses to the In Albania, the toolkit was applied at the prioritization of irrigation investments, field level in selected irrigation schemes. water-user contracts, tariff setting, and It helped inform the decentralization of the communication with farmers. In Tanzania, management, operation, and maintenance the tool identified critical functional and of irrigation and drainage schemes from management gaps, and a lack of legal the national level to local municipalities. clarity on irrigation fee structures and on the The pilot identified key opportunities for functions of local water user associations. improvement, including the development These findings led to recommendations for of greater capacity among technical staff, a more comprehensive national investment options for financial sustainability, possible strategy, tariff reform, and a drive for modernization investments to replace open improved customer communications and channels with more efficient pressurized relationship development. pipelines, and reform of the irrigation tariff. These opportunities are now being developed The pilots revealed ways the toolkit can into a strategic action plan. be strengthened and improved. In FY23 full pilots of multiple types of schemes on a In Tajikistan, the government’s priority range of continents will be undertaken, with is high -level institutional reform in the aim of developing a more sophisticated the context of seriously degraded and and user-friendly toolkit. dysfunctional infrastructure. Irrigation 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 77 It is estimated that progress needs to at least WATER SUPPLY quadruple to reach the water supply and sanitation targets of the SDGs. At the same AND SANITATION time, the impacts of climate change are becoming more intense, with prolonged dry and wet spells taking a disproportionate toll on communities Building water and sanitation lacking access to safe and affordable water and security is fundamental to sanitation services. Climate change increasingly green, resilient, and inclusive jeopardizes the reliable availability of water and is development. But this security is compelling many sector stakeholders to change their way of developing and delivering services. threatened. There are significant Population growth and escalating urbanization gaps in water supply and further impede progress. Ensuring water and sanitation services, and progress sanitation security is a growing challenge in many World Bank client countries, as they strive to toward achieving SDG 6 is too decentralize service provision and close existing slow. In 2020, 2.0 billion people service gaps. lacked access to safely managed GWSP helps build water and sanitation security drinking water and 3.6 billion by supporting a shift toward establishing the people lacked access to safely policies, institutions, and regulation needed to managed sanitation. tackle the enormous challenges facing the water sector. GWSP support facilitates the development of innovative and scalable solutions to key challenges, such as the need to rapidly increasing 78 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 access to safe water and sanitation, ensure With GWSP support, the Water GP works maintenance of existing infrastructure, and to break these vicious cycles. GWSP helps improve the quality of services. build utilities’ capacity and lets them benefit from innovation and technology to For example, the GWSP-supported Citywide “leapfrog” to higher levels of maturity. This Inclusive Water Supply initiative examines allows them to deliver high-quality services the traditional focus on piped water in an efficient manner while embracing connections and explores how off-grid, innovation, inclusiveness, market and customer off-utility services offered by supplementary orientation, and resilience. providers could be reimagined as solutions. Circular economy approaches, which minimize In every country of the world, rates of access waste, maximize water use efficiency, and to water supply and sanitation services are recover, reuse, and restore water resources, lower in rural areas than in urban ones. offer another example. They can substantially Yet investments in rural areas are often contribute to building water security by compromised by low-quality construction increasing the menu of water resource and poor maintenance. As a result, water and options and helping cities transition from sanitation infrastructure falls into disrepair, a traditionally linear approach—in which often only a few years after installation. freshwater is extracted, used, treated, and These challenges must be addressed to disposed of—to a sustainable, resilient, and achieve universal access and ensure water circular one. and sanitation security for rural populations. This demands technical support and capacity Utilities and other water service providers building at both the user and institutional are at the very heart of efforts to build water levels; a separation of policy, ownership, and sanitation security. But these institutions operations, and regulation; and a progression are increasingly challenged by public health toward professionalized management. crises, urbanization, and climate change. Despite concerted efforts, many utilities The interconnectedness of water and continue to struggle with operational and sanitation with other development priorities, financial performance, which translates into such as health, environmental, social, and losses in distribution systems and high rates of economic goals, is putting pressure on nonrevenue water (that is lost en route to users, historically siloed approaches to water or otherwise not paid for). Such operating and supply and sanitation services. At the same investment inefficiencies drive up costs and time new technologies and innovations offer strain revenues, undermining utilities’ financial unprecedented opportunities to transform the performance and ability to expand coverage. water and sanitation sector and step out of Utilities risk slipping into vicious cycles of existing siloes. GWSP is supporting concerted no revenue, low staff pay, and poor service efforts to address these growing pressures delivery. Moreover, water and sanitation and achieve water supply and sanitation utilities that run on a loss or government security for all. subsidies have little to no capacity to absorb shocks, or to serve growing peri-urban areas. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 79 NIGERIA: SUPPORTING WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR REFORM CHALLENGE Nigeria is Africa’s largest country, with a population of more than 200 million people, 40 percent of whom live in poverty. Fragility, conflict, and insecurity afflict many parts of the country. Insufficient capacity constrains the users of land and water resources that are being public sector, and on many human development exacerbated by climate change. indicators, Nigeria ranks among the lowest in the world, with human development outcomes In 2021 approximately 70 million Nigerians particularly low among girls and young women. had no access to basic drinking water services and 114 million were without basic sanitation Nigeria has already been substantially impacted facilities. Access to piped water declined from by climate risks, including major flooding due to 36 percent in 1990 to 11 percent in 2021. An harsher torrential rains and severe drought from estimated 19 percent of Nigerians practiced open extended dry spells. Resilient WASH infrastruc- defecation in 2020, and fecal sludge is commonly ture and service provision will be critical for released untreated into the environment. Urban communities to develop greater climate resilience, water utilities largely fail to meet the needs of their and to thus mitigate the conflicts between different already small customer base, forcing a majority to 80 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 APPROACH GWSP has provided significant assistance to support the government’s commitment to reform and build government capacity. This complements the World Bank’s $700 million Nigeria Sustainable Urban and Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Program-for-Results (SURWASH). GWSP is supporting the preparation of Policy, Institutional, and Regulatory (PIR) Plans and Performance Improvement Action Plans (PIAPs) for each of the seven participating states. These plans must be developed and implemented to receive disbursement under the Program-for-Results project. The PIR plans support the implementation of a series of state-level reforms to strengthen the enabling environment, while the PIAPs support performance improvement across key elements critical for service quality and sustainability at the level of the implementing a g e n c y. GWS P has su p p o r te d th e rely on expensive and often unsafe alternatives, dissemination of preparatory tools through such as private water vendors and shallow workshops and additional hands-on support private wells. In 2016, water quality testing at to the participating states. a national scale revealed that over three-quar- ters of the population used contaminated water Technical assistance is also being provided sources, and that nearly half used sources that to help the government implement the were at very high risk of fecal contamination. “Clean Nigeria: Use the Toilet” campaign, designed to achieve an open defecation- The poor performance of the sector was free Nigeria by 2025 and launched by the highlighted in the GWSP-supported WASH Federal Ministry of Water Resources in 2019. Poverty Diagnostic in 2017. In 2018, Nigeria’s Support was provided through GWSP to the WASH sector was declared to be in a state of ministry, the federal program implementation emergency by President Muhammadu Buhari. unit, the Clean Nigeria Campaign Secretariat, The government subsequently launched the and the states to develop strategic documents National Action Plan, a 13-year strategy for the for the implementation of the campaign, revitalization of Nigeria’s WASH sector, aimed including a Program Operations Manual, at ensuring universal access to sustainable and and guidance notes for the preparation of safely managed WASH services by 2030. policy, institutional, and regulatory plans and Performance Improvement Action Plans. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 81 Technical assistance was also provided to develop ADDITIONALITY working methodologies and establish operational procedures as well as a monitoring, evaluation, and reporting system used by the Clean Nigeria The declaration of a WASH state of emergency Campaign Secretariat. At the state level, technical in Nigeria, driven by evidence, opened the assistance is being provided to develop sanitation door for an ambitious and bold set of reforms. action plans that align with the principles of citywide GWSP analytical work made it possible to or area-wide inclusive sanitation. GWSP supported implement SURWASH as an innovative program extensive training, including assistance to the for results, supporting investments across urban National Water Resources Institute to design and and rural areas. Government commitment and conduct a short course on rethinking rural sanitation. capacity have been built, drawing on several interconnected GWSP-supported initiatives, The GWSP-supported Utility of the Future (UoF) such as UoF and Citywide Inclusive Sanitation. initiative has allowed seven urban water utilities to assess their current performance, envision GWSP support has ensured their future, and begin the process of defining processes and plans to reach goals that were that sanitation maintains a set as part of their PIAPs. With GWSP assistance, high profile in the reforms and the utilities are implementing 100-day action is recognized as a neglected plans to improve their financial viability. Through sector diagnostics and the PIR plans and PIAPs, issue and an urgent priority. sector institutions in the program states are being supported to build their resilience and address risk. Additionally, the GWSP-supported Equal Aqua platform helped six Nigerian utilities create more inclusive and diverse workplaces by promoting gender diversity and disability inclusion. 82 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL: BUILDING THE CAPACITY OF WATER SERVICE PROVIDERS AT SCALE CHALLENGE APPROACH Global challenges—including climate GWSP provides knowledge and technical change, water scarcity, population growth, expertise to support utility performance migrations, rapid urbanization, and recovery improvement efforts worldwide. The goal is from the COVID-19 pandemic—threaten the to create future-focused utilities that operate provision of high-quality and sustainable in an efficient, resilient, innovative, and services, jeopardizing the possibility of sustainable manner, and deliver reliable, safe, providing “water and sanitation for all.” inclusive, transparent, and responsive water Well-performing water and sanitation utilities and sanitation services. are key to providing quality services, but they require a new, strategic management Through the UoF Program, participating approach to create efficient and sustainable utilities get assistance in the completion of strategic business models, ensure continuity a three-step process. The process comprises of operations, develop strategic capabilities, a utility assessment, a 100-day action plan that and encourage continuous improvement. tackles the most pressing issues to jumpstart utility reform and obtain quick wins, and a five-year plan to sustain performance. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 83 With GWSP support, through a partnership with platform, resulting in gender-focused diagnostics. Aguas de Portugal, on-demand utility-to-utility The UoF Program also includes the “UoF Global technical assistance is provided. GWSP also Youth Challenge,” through which over 200 young supports the digital transformation of water and professionals have proposed innovative ideas for sanitation utilities. The challenge is to scale up to water utility management. The UoF Program is reach as many countries and service providers as growing rapidly, and to date has reached over 70 possible, and to address specific capacity issues utilities in more than 25 countries. It continues to that service providers face in responding to the be scaled up; for instance, in the Philippines, 12 sector’s growing challenges. utilities and the departments of the interior and local government have been trained to implement In Zambia, Peru, Nigeria, Kosovo, Albania, and the UoF Program at the national level over the next Poland, a series of week-long, on-site immersion three years. workshops were held. These “ignition weeks” take utilities from initiation and assessment to GWSP support has allowed the Water GP to focus the preparation of an agreed short-term action on specific issues related to improving utilities’ plan. This training will support the rolling out operational performance and efficiency, and of the UoF initiative to at least 30 more utilities helping them futureproof their operations. in these six countries, where the assistance One of these issues is digitization. This simply provided through GWSP is linked to World Bank refers to converting analog data into digital projects that invest in strengthening the utilities. files, but in the context of utility management, In Peru, for instance, the UoF framework has been it changes the way that utility workers interact applied in the six utilities participating in the $200 with instruments, making measurement of million World Bank–financed Modernization of key performance parameters easier and more Water Supply and Sanitation Services project. accurate, enabling remote and more efficient They have prepared 100-day plans and five-year operation. Digitization goes beyond technology plans, under which technical assistance needs and includes human resources, processes, and have been identified that are being addressed corporate culture. It requires clear governance, a through the project. strong vision, and the application of well-chosen performance indicators to deliver the expected All UoF resources are publicly available in eight benefits. “Digital transformation” represents languages, further supporting roll-out and a foundational change in how an organization scale-up. In addition, in response to demand from delivers value to its customers and users, and utilities, a gender lens was incorporated into the facilitates more proactive, data-driven, informed, UoF Program, in collaboration with the Equal Aqua and connected utilities and customers. 84 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 Utilities have been supported to establish digital roadmaps, which are three-to-five- year action plans to deploy digital solutions. Because digital solutions change over short periods of time, a digital roadmap is short in nature, and identifies the most important bottlenecks. The roadmap is thus highly relevant to key areas where digital solutions can improve quality, reliability, and overall performance optimization. Water utilities can ADDITIONALITY leverage a set of digitally enabled capabilities to address sector-specific challenges such as In Nigeria, Albania, Zambia, and Peru deteriorating infrastructure, water scarcity, implementation of utility strengthening drought potential, an aging workforce, and has influenced the quality of World Bank energy efficiency. operations. For instance, in Peru, the World Bank–financed Water Sector Modernization In Morocco, the national water operator, project has UoF 100-day plans at its core, ONEE Branche Eau, wanted to prioritize and the diagnostics have contributed to plans the continuity of service provision. With for a more ambitious next stage of sector GWSP support, ONEE developed a digital transformation. observatory that allows staff to adjust operations according to weather, demands The digitization work done in Morocco has from clients, and other real-time parameters. established a basis for advice on this topic GWSP also assisted ONEE in assessing its to be provided to other utilities around the digital maturity level and creating a digital world. It has helped shape a new toolkit, based roadmap. Priority projects were identified, and on a methodology that first assesses the digital using tools and methodologies developed with maturity of the utility and then builds a relevant GWSP assistance, gradual adoption of digital roadmap. GWSP is now supporting initial work technologies was supported. with utilities in Tunisia, Peru, India, and Kenya at various stages of digital transformation. In Cusco, Peru, GWSP supported SEDACUSCO, the water supply and sanitation utility, in applying a “digital lens” to its operations. A In Morocco, GWSP’s support digital maturity assessment was conducted, has laid the groundwork for and a series of priority steps toward digital more digitization activities transformation identified. Assistance is being provided as needed in the preparation of a under the $210 million Water strategic investment plan that responds to Security and Resilience project, the results of the digital lens methodology. and in Peru it has contributed There are plans to replicate this approach in five other utilities in Peru that are part of the to a strategic investment plan Modernization of Water Supply and Sanitation that encompasses digitization. Services project. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 85 BENIN: ESTABLISHING PROFESSIONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS CHALLENGE the government will invest more than $270 million   in rural drinking water, complementing close to $500 million being invested by the World Bank It is estimated that in 2020 only 26 percent of and donors.  the population of Benin used piped water. The government has made ambitious plans to address The government set up a dedicated executing this, and the Government Action Program, adopted agency for rural water supply and requested in 2016, sets targets for achieving universal access assistance from the World Bank to adopt a new to water supply in both urban and rural areas well approach. With GWSP support, a new model before the end of the SDG era. has been established based on professionalized service delivery, private sector innovation, and In May 2017, the National Strategy for Rural private finance. The rural areas of Benin have been Water Supply 2017–2030 was adopted, and a divided into three areas, each to be served by a National Master Plan for the Development of private operator. While the government will pay for the Rural Water Supply Sector was prepared initial capital costs, the operators will self-finance, to operationalize this strategy. Under this plan, through their remuneration, water system renewal, 86 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 rehabilitation, and operation and maintenance. will directly support the provision of safe and The focus is on achieving higher levels of affordable drinking water to more than three service, and the government aims to phase million people.   out handpumps and standposts and provide everyone with fully metered household GWSP’s assistance built on foundational work connections. These plans are ambitious, time supported by another trust fund, the Public is short, and the government wants to make Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility, rapid progress.   to establish the enabling environment for public-private partnerships. An asset holding company will be established to manage the operators and oversee the contracts.   APPROACH  GWSP support also included an evaluation of human resources needs and the development of training resources for the water operators. Beginning in 2019, GWSP supported the Training will be based at the newly expanded process of developing and awarding Water Training Centre, where 660 people will contracts with private water supply system be trained to help fill the large number of new operators. With GWSP’s assistance, the tender jobs predicted to be created by the rural water documents were prepared over a very short supply initiative. GWSP’s assistance also made time period: a call for tenders was launched possible a gender gap assessment to define less than a year after the start of the process. the specific support needed for women’s empowerment in the rural water sector, both The COVID-19 pandemic temporarily put in terms of employment and responsibility for the process on hold, but in April 2022, the decision-making. The initiative will lead to job three affermage contracts were signed with opportunities for women in a sector where joint venture operators, after a bidding they historically have not been present at the process that attracted both international technical, management, and entrepreneurial and regional bidders. The contracts introduce levels. A new monitoring indicator—“num- strong incentives for the operators to ber of women benefiting from training as deliver on expanding access and improving rural water supply professionals”—has been service quality and sustainability, as well as incorporated into the results framework, with reducing nonrevenue water and improving a target of 15 percent.   bill collection. Together, the three contracts 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 87 ADDITIONALITY   €62.0 million Small Town Water Supply and Urban Septage Management project (PEPRAU) is focused on improving access to water in selected Focused technical assistance to the rural water small towns and safe fecal sludge disposal in the sector, made possible through GWSP support, capital city, Cotonou. has led to concrete and tangible results in Benin. The initial milestones of the reform program As a result of the satisfactory ratings since the included recruitment of regional operators, approval of AQUA-VIE in 2018, $250 million in development of a tariff policy, and training of additional financing was approved by the World rural water professionals, all of which have been Bank in June 2022. This will support the provision met. The public-private partnership law in Benin is of drinking water services to 1.3 million additional being implemented for the first time through the people in rural areas, with specific focus on making World Bank–financed Rural Water Supply Universal water infrastructure accessible for persons with Access Program-for-Results, known as AQUA-VIE, disabilities, and will include new reforms to leading the way for other sectors in the country.  transform the executing agency for rural water supply into an asset holding company. The rural water supply executing agency has   already demonstrated greater capacity and Renewed capacity in the rural water supply has signed Framework Partnership Agreements sector has made possible plans to expand with every rural municipality. It has published efforts to include water resources management, six semi-annual reports, publicly available on a for instance measurement of the impact of government website, contributing to transparency rural water supply systems on groundwater, and accountability in the sector. The reports detail especially in hydro-geologically difficult areas. both the assets and the performance of service providers based on key performance indicators.   Interest in the model used in Benin has been expressed by other countries. For instance, the Tariff reform has resulted in tariff regulation by government of the Democratic Republic of Congo the government to ensure the financial viability is considering a water supply project supported by of the regional operators and contribute to the the World Bank and has begun discussions with its development of rural water supply systems. counterparts in Benin. Where tariff proceeds are not sufficient, the government has committed to allocating funding to cover the costs of service expansion and rehabilitation through an asset management contract that will be signed with the rural water supply executing agency.  Work supported by GWSP influenced two World Bank operations. The $220.0 million AQUA-VIE project, approved in 2018, finances the construction and rehabilitation of rural piped water supply systems for 1.6 million people. The 88 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 PACIFIC ISLANDS: BUILDING THE RESILIENCE OF THE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR CHALLENGE In the small island developing states of the Pacific region, livelihoods are deeply In small atoll countries, centralized water linked to the natural environment. Levels systems are scarce, and most people still rely of unplanned urbanization are high, and on unsafe water sources such as rainwater sanitation and water infrastructure is and unprotected wells. Anthropogenic rudimentary. These countries are uniquely land-based activities and wastewater pollution vulnerable to resource scarcity and suffer have further jeopardized water quality. Local the impacts of extreme weather dispropor- capacity to adapt is limited: there are few water tionately. Climate change is degrading and professionals, a lack of data to inform policy depleting water resources. Rising sea levels reform and responses, and little accountabil- threaten coastlines and cause salinization of ity. Water governance is often complicated by groundwater, making some areas uninhabit- traditional social and political structures. The able. Extreme weather events are putting Pacific region is therefore trailing far behind scarce freshwater resources under stress. when it comes to SDG 6. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 89 APPROACH expected to triple in just 30 years. Under the 30-year strategy of the national water utility, Solomon Water, direction will be sought from While the program supported by GWSP in the the Solomon Islands’ government on options to Pacific islands is relatively new, GWSP supported provide services in informal settlements, which are activities initiated in Papua New Guinea estimated to house over 30 percent of Honiara’s in 2017 have since provided the analytical population. The results have built institutional foundation to influence government policy and knowledge and know-how on citywide water and sanitation planning and evidence-based improve World Bank project design. To date, decision-making. Moreover, results have informed the focus of GWSP support has been helping investments in a program focused on WASH governments to achieve universal water supply services in settlements under the Urban Water and sanitation access, which requires an in-depth Supply and Sanitation Sector project, co-financed understanding of the historical barriers to universal by the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, access and the key challenges to effective policy and the European Union (totaling $82.3 million, of and good governance. GWSP support is now which the World Bank component is $15.0 million). expanding to address the challenges of climate With GWSP support, the national utility has change and the growing fragility of water resources. prepared a strategy to expand service delivery, and decreased the volume of unaccounted for Papua New Guinea is one of the poorest countries water from more than 7 million cubic meters per in the region. It has low levels of access to water year to just over 4 million. supply and sanitation services, which have only decreased over the past two decades. In 2015, Kiribati is a group of atolls scattered in the the country adopted its first national WASH central Pacific, and is one of the smallest, most policy, drafted with support from the Water and remote, and most geographically dispersed Sanitation Program. GWSP has since supported countries in the world. GWSP has provided operationalization of this policy; the preparation critical assistance in exploring water security of prospective legislation to establish the first and sanitation service options for the capital city, national WASH authority to oversee the planning, South Tarawa, which has uniquely fragile water financing, and regulation of sector development; resources. A 2018 GWSP-funded study on building and the design of a mechanism for WASH service urban water resilience in small island countries delivery in rural areas. The government’s capacity focused on South Tarawa and provided a detailed to understand and assess the risks associated account of water and climate challenges. This with water resource selection, including climate study provided critical recommendations for change impacts and anthropic pressure, has water conservation and source diversification, been enhanced, optimizing investments. These strengthening of sector capacity, and water outcomes have informed the implementation of a catchment management. $70 million World Bank–financed project with the primary goal of increasing access to water supply This informed the South Tarawa Water services in five towns. Supply project, co-financed by the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the The Solomon Islands are rapidly urbanizing Green Climate Fund and Global Environment and the population of the capital, Honiara, is Facility (totaling $58.12 million, of which the 90 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 3 World Bank component is $15.0 million). ADDITIONALITY Subsequent GWSP support in 2021 allowed timely inputs from a roundtable of experts on the updating of the South Tarawa sanitation GWSP engagement and support have roadmap, which guides investments and accelerated the dialogue on the challenges reforms in the sanitation sector for the next and opportunities in the water sector in 20 years. These sanitation investments include the South Pacific region, leading the way the World Bank’s $19.5 million South Tarawa for World Bank efforts as a whole. Funding Sanitation project, which builds on the concept provided through GWSP has strengthened of citywide inclusive sanitation. the Bank’s ability to deliver quality analytical work and water sector lending to Pacific island At a regional level, GWSP support has governments. Over the past five years, GWSP allowed the World Bank to work with the support in the region has evolved from a few Pacific Water and Wastewater Association small initiatives to an entire program, including (PWWA) to establish utility benchmark- $120 million of lending. ing. Using data from the GWSP-supported International Benchmarking Network for Water Impacts of GWSP support have included the and Sanitation Utilities, PWWA published a first steps to develop legislation to establish report in 2020 analyzing 10 years’ worth of the National Water Sanitation and Hygiene benchmarking data from 31 utilities in the Authority in Papua New Guinea, and a Pacific region, including an analysis of the definition of the path by which the government impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. GWSP of the Solomon Islands can implement water support will allow the World Bank to assist and sanitation services in informal settlements PWWA member utilities to conduct more as targeted in the Greater Honiara Urban detailed analysis of climate change risk and Development Strategy and Action Plan. develop plans with select utilities to address these risks across their business operations. GWSP has helped position the Water GP to address the lack As institutional capacity is low in most South Pacific countries, there is a pressing need of systematic and coherent for donors to coordinate in order to limit the climate policies and practices load on governments. The Asian Development Bank is active in the region and helps in the water sector across the coordinate grants from bilateral donors. The . Pacific region​ Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility is a key platform for donors to coordinate and inform technical assistance. GWSP contributions to staff time allow World Bank staff to co-chair the facility’s water and sanitation working group with the Asian Development Bank. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 91 CHAPTER 4 ADVANCING RESULTS GWSP’s objective is to achieve a water- secure world for all by sustaining water resources, delivering services, and building resilience. GWSP supports client governments to achieve water- related SDGs, through the generation of innovative global knowledge and the provision of country-level support, while influencing World Bank Group financial instruments and promoting global dialogue and advocacy with key partners and clients to increase reach and impact. This chapter highlights the results achieved in FY22 and for the period FY18–22. A complete set of tables listing the indicators, targets, and preliminary measures of the year’s progress on Block A and Block B of the Results Framework are presented in appendix B. 92 2022 ANNUAL REPORT GWSP’s objective is to achieve a water secure world for all by sustaining water resources, delivering services, and building resilience. 93 GWSP AS AN AGENT OF CHANGE IN WATER REFORMS AND INVESTMENTS GWSP activities influence project design, strengthen dialogue, and enhance capacity, thereby contributing to sustainable, resilient, and inclusive water management and delivery—and, ultimately, to the overall objective of achieving a water-secure world for all by sustaining water resources, delivering services, and building resilience. GWSP Influencing investments in the water sector, both within ACHIEVES 1 the Bank (Water GP and beyond) and outside THIS BY: 2 Strengthening water sector dialogue Enhancing the capacity of service delivery institutions. 3 A detailed account of GWSP’s theory of change is illustrated in figure 4.1. 94 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 4 CROSSCUTTING THE GWSP RESULTS THEMES FRAMEWORK The GWSP Results Framework streamlines the tracking and reporting of results using standardized indicators across five priority themes: inclusion, resilience, financing, institutions, and sustainability. BLOCK A BLOCK B1 BLOCK C Indicators are grouped into three blocks. Block A looks at the multiyear knowledge and technical assistance activities supported by GWSP. Block B considers how newly approved and active World Bank lending operations in the water sector have been influenced by GWSP-supported knowledge and technical assistance. Block C includes qualitative and quantitative assessments of the influence and impact of knowledge and technical assistance on lending operations of the Water GP in nine priority countries, based on agreed-upon indicators, at intervals over the life of the Partnership (see box 4.1). 1 1 In FY22, midterm progress assessments were conducted in five of the nine priority countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Haiti, Pakistan and Vietnam). The results of these assessments are reported separately through country- specific midterm assessment reports. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 95 FIGURE 4.1 THEORY OF CHANGE PROBLEM ANALYSIS INTERVENTIONS KEY PROBLEMS & GWSP EFFECTS ENTRY POINTS LACK OF ACCESS Lack of access UNDERLYING to water supply, CHALLENGES sanitation, and GWSP’s hygiene underliess Policy, Institutional, public health, & Regulatory Drivers “Knowledge Into economic, and • Weak planning LONG-TERM Implementation” environmental processes & COUNTRY challenges across Brings About the developing water sector ENGAGEMENT management Results Across world. • Conflicting All Water policies & Subsectors WATER misaligned incentives SHOCKS • Weak inst. Increasing capacity & The GWSP demand, collaboration on Results variable supply, sector goals Framework widespread • Low participation tracks how the pollution, and and inclusion of water-related Partnership helps stakeholders, KNOWLEDGE disasters are client countries land users MOBILIZATION resulting in improve and water stress and Technical Drivers deliver water scarcity. services by • Lack of knowledge working to and data enhance the FOOD • Insufficient sharing impact of the INSECURITY of best practices World Bank’s • Knowledge gaps Growing demand water portfolio for food and fiber, on sustainable and achieve water supply and unsustainable measurable resource mgt. resource use, JUST IN TIME results on and vulnerability • Fragmented and SUPPORT the ground. of smallholder poorly target farmers are financing affecting In particular, • Poorly planned agricultural the Results infrastructure/ productivity. Framework resilience/ sustainability demonstrates the additionality of GWSP support— the added value CONTEXTUAL Climate change, fragility, that could not FACTORS conflict and violence; weak THEMES be achieved governance; biodiversity Inclusion, Sustainability, loss, etc. Financing, Institutions, with World Bank lending alone. and Resilience BLOCK C validates the knowledge into an implementation model across the results chain in select priority countries. BLOCK C Supported by our clients, partners, and Bank staff 96 CROSSCUTTING ENHANCING ACTIVITIES RESULTS KEY INTERMEDIATE LONG-TERM OUTPUTS OUTCOMES OUTCOMES GOALS & IMPACTS • Water sector Influenced Institutions stakeholders development strengthened OBJECTIVE engaged (including finance and country platforms) investments policies, legal, • Water related in the water and regulatory To achieve a sector frameworks institutions supported in place water-secure • Policy, strategies, contributing world for all regulatory Strengthened toward frameworks in-country sustainable, by sustaining developed, informed water sector resilient, and water resources, dialogue inclusive water • Proof of concept management delivering pilots undertaken and service services, Enhanced delivery capacity and building • Plans, strategies, policy notes, of service Infrastructure resilience. handbooks, manuals delivery investment & approaches drafted institutions programs and disseminated to design and implemented implement • Tools and monitoring contributing sustainable, systems developed toward inclusive, and supported sustainable, and resilient resilient, and • Global knowledge water sector inclusive water and advocacy reforms and management campaigns delivered investment and service programs delivery GOAL 1 • Capacity building and Enhanced Water sector SDG 6 training delivered capacity investment of service programs and other • Policy and technical advice provided delivery implemented water-related institutions through a • Diagnostics and to raise broader range SDGs analytics conducted commercial of financing • Innovative finance options approaches piloted GOAL 2 WORLD BANK INTERNAL EXTERNAL BUSINESS LINES GROUP TWIN Training learning, project Advocacy, knowledge Water Supply and quality assurance, fit- dissemination, Sanitation, Water in GOALS for-purpose lending dialogue and Agriculture, Water End extreme instruments, etc. communication, etc. Resources Management poverty and promote shared BLOCK A BLOCK B1 BLOCK A BLOCK B1 BLOCK B2 growth BLOCK C BLOCK C 97 BOX 4.1 KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNICAL THE THREE COMPONENTS OF THE GWSP RESULTS ASSISTANCE FRAMEWORK SUPPORTED BY GWSP BLOCK A BLOCK A Knowledge, Analytics, and Technical Block A comprises intermediate outcomes Assistance that are directly achieved by GWSP’s • Institutions and/or policies strengthened in analytical and advisory activities. As seen support of the five priority themes. in the various stories presented in chapter 3, • Amount (in US dollars) of World Bank these activities include engaging stakeholders, lending influenced by GWSP-supported informing regulatory policy, providing technical knowledge and technical assistance. assistance, publishing and disseminating knowledge products, developing tools, and BLOCK B1 piloting innovative approaches, among others. Influence on World Bank Lending Through these activities, GWSP influences • Design features of the World Bank’s Water investments in the water sector, both within Global Practice lending that address the Bank and outside. GWSP’s five priority themes (sustainabil- ity, inclusion, finance, institutions, and In FY22, the GWSP portfolio contributed resilience). results across all five priority themes. Each GWSP activity was assigned a primary theme • Access/availability of services and number to which it was expected to contribute results. of strengthened institutions across all Given the cross-cutting nature of the themes, water subsectors, reported by the active most activities contribute results to more than World Bank lending portfolio in the water one theme—these are recorded as secondary sector. themes. Activities are expected to deliver results under all themes selected as applicable BLOCK C (primary and secondary). Combined Results • Results from technical assistance, When analyzing the makeup of the active knowledge work, and lending operations in portfolio based on primary themes, 32 nine priority countries (Bangladesh, Benin, percent are tagged as contributing to Bolivia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Haiti, Pakistan, sustainability, 31 percent to resilience, 28 Uganda, and Vietnam). percent to institutions, 7 percent to financing, • Baseline data reported in FY18, and results and 2 percent to inclusion (see figure 4.2a). reported at midterm (FY20 and FY22) and Financing and inclusion are more cross-cutting end of term. and often pursued as part of the much broader objectives of sustainability and institutions, 98 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 16% PA. Primary Themes Resilience B. Secondary Theme 17% Resilien Sustainability 24% Sustain CHAPTER 4 31% 7% 2% FIGURE 4.2 FIGURE 4.3 PORTFOLIO BREAKDOWN BYFinancingPORTFOLIO BREAKDOWN BY Financ PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SECONDARY THEME, FY18–22 19% 32%THEMES, FY22 Inclusion 24% Inclusi PA. Primary Themes 28% B. Secondary Themes Institu Institutions a. Primary themes 30 16% Resilience 17% Resilie 7% 2% 25 Financing 31% Financing Sustainability 19% 24% Sustai Inclusion 24% 20 Inclusion Percent 32% 28% Institutions Institutions 16% 17% 15 Resilience Resilience 31% Sustainability 24% Sustainability 10 mes B. Secondary Themes 0 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20 FY 21 FY 22 Sustainability Inclusion Percent themes b. Secondary Institutions Financing 100 90 Resilience nancing 80 Financing 19% 70 clusion 24% 60 Inclusion 50 stitutions Institutions 16% 40 17% 30 esilience 20 Resilience 10 ustainability 24% Sustainability 0 FY 18 FY 19 FY 20 FY 21 FY 22 Sustainability Inclusion Resilience Institutions Financing and are therefore most often identified as FY18 and FY22, the percentage of activities secondary themes. When looking at secondary addressing the theme of resilience grew from 12 themes, the portfolio’s overall contribution percent to 17 percent. In the same period, there toward the five priority themes is more was a decrease in the percentage of activities balanced (see figure 4.2b). addressing inclusion as a secondary theme (from 19 percent to 16 percent). Yet it may Over the past five years, GWSP has maintained be noted that substantial progress has been a diversified set of activities. While variations made on this theme since FY18, as detailed are expected as activities enter and exit in the section “Social Inclusion in Water” in the portfolio, the portfolio of activities is chapter 2. This progress is largely attributed consistently addressing all five priority themes, to the activities being carried out under global as seen in figure 4.3. One portfolio shift of note grants focused solely on inclusion. is the increased focus on resilience. Between 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 99 Block A includes 19 indicators that measure An example of a grant expected to achieve expected results at the intermediate Block A results by end of FY23 is the Water Sector includes 19 indicators that measure expected Dialogue in Egypt, Djibouti, and Yemen. Activities results at the intermediate outcome level across under this grant aim to strengthen the analytical the five priority themes. In FY22 79 percent of foundation and dialogue on the management and active grants reported achieving one or more development of water in these three countries, intermediate outcome, as monitored using Block A toward sustainable, climate-resilient growth. In indicators. The remaining 18 percent are expected FY22 outputs included the delivery of analysis of to achieve their results by the end of the grant wastewater sector plans; policies and standards period (FY23–24) (see figure 4.4). to assess opportunities for enhancing wastewater reuse in Egypt; a holistic financial analysis of For example, in Vietnam, GWSP supported the desalinization and how it will impact the financial development of rural water and sanitation tools viability of the water and sanitation sector; and a such as the source assessment methodology, to workshop to share experiences and good practices ensure sustainable and reliable water supply. on drought and flood risk management among Several water-related institutions benefited from officials from Egypt, Jordan, and Brazil. In FY23, this support, including the Ministry of Natural once a report on expanding nonconventional Resources and Environment, the Ministry of water sources is finalized and disseminated, it Agriculture and Rural Development, and the is expected to contribute to the intermediate Ministry of Construction. Thus, in FY22 this outcome of informing policies/strategies/ grant reported progress toward the following regulatory frameworks to strengthen the indicators under the sustainability theme: Tools and sustainable management of water resources and/ monitoring systems supported to strengthen (a) the or of built infrastructure assets, and to promote sustainable management of water resources at the climate-resilient principles growth. of included In FY22 outputs buildingthefreshwater resilience. delivery of analysis of wastewater sector plans; policies national, basin and/or aquifer level and/or standards to assess opportunities for enhancing wastewater reuse in Egypt; a holistic andbuilt (b) financial analysis of desalinization and how it will impact the financial viability of the water and infrastructure assets; and water-related institutions Box 4. 2 summarizes some of the results sanitation sector; and a workshop to share experiences and good practices on drought and flood risk supported to (a) sustain water resources and/or (b) management achieved. among officials A Jordan, from Egypt, detailed breakdown and Brazil. ofa the In FY23, once results report on expanding built infrastructure assets. sources is finalized nonconventional water achieved under andBlock disseminated, it is expected A is included intoappendix contribute to the intermediate outcome of informing policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks to strengthen the B, table B.1. sustainable management of water resources and/or of built infrastructure assets, and to promote principles of building freshwater resilience. FIGURE 4.4 PERCENTAGE OF ACTIVE GRANTS REPORTING RESULTS ACHIEVED IN FY22, BY THEME FIGURE 4.4 Resilience PERCENTAGE OF Financing ACTIVE GRANTS REPORTING Institutions RESULTS Inclusion ACHIEVED IN FY22, BY THEME Sustainability All active grants 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Results achieved in FY22 Results expected to be achieved by end of grant Box 4.2 summarizes some of the results achieved. A detailed breakdown of the results achieved under Block A is included in appendix B, table B.1. 100 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 4 BOX 4.2 BLOCK A: EXAMPLES OF RESULTS ACHIEVED IN FY22 19 COUNTRIES (compared to 17 countries in FY21) were supported to develop policies and strategies that strengthen the sustainable management of water resources and of built infrastructure assets. 45 ACTIVITIES (compared to 41 in FY21) contributed to results focused on improving the financial viability and creditworthiness of institutions in the water sector. 10 COUNTRY-SPECIFIC GRANTS (compared to 8 in FY21) reported results achieved related to water institutions trained in gender, inclusion issues, and/or human resources practices related to diversity and inclusion. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 101 When looking at the five-year period, there were water sector reforms and infrastructure projects 288 grants active at some point between FY18 and financed by the World Bank Group. This was FY22. Out of these grants, 234 reported achieving recognized as a finding in the Mid-term Program one or more intermediate outcomes, as monitored Formative Evaluation that was carried out in FY21. using Block A indicators. Figure 4.5 shows the cumulative number of grants reporting results To quote the evaluation: achieved under each theme during this period. The GWSP “Knowledge into Implementation” model provides GWSP’S DIRECT additionality to the Water GP in enabling the mobilization of INFLUENCE ON high-quality knowledge, country WORLD BANK exposure to global diagnostics, WATER LENDING extensive knowledge adaptation to contextual priorities, and just-in-time technical assistance provision, laying the groundwork for replication and GWSP’s unique value proposition enables it to scale-up in lending operations, and influence, through knowledge and technical long-term country engagement. assistance, the design and implementation of When looking at the five-year period, there were 288 grants active at some point between FY18 and FY22. Out of these grants, 234 reported achieving one or more intermediate outcomes, as monitored usingFIGURE 4.5 Figure Block A indicators. NUMBER OF 4.5 shows the GRANTS cumulative numberREPORTING RESULTS of grants reporting results achieved under each theme during thisACHIEVED period. IN FY18–22, BY THEME FIGURE 4.5 NUMBER OF GRANTS REPORTING RESULTS ACHIEVED IN FY18–22, BY THEME Resilience 127 Financing 104 Institution 181 Inclusion 109 Sustainability 193 0 50 100 150 200 250 Reported Results Achieved in FY18-FY22 4.4 GWSP’s DIRECT INFLUENCE ON WORLD BANK WATER LENDING GWSP’s unique value proposition enables it to influence, through knowledge and technical assistance, the design and implementation of water sector reforms and infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank Group. This was recognized as a finding in the Mid-term Program Formative Evaluation carried out in FY21. To quote the evaluation: 102 2022 ANNUAL REPORT The GWSP “Knowledge into Implementation” model provides additionality to the Water CHAPTER 4 In FY22 GWSP informed lending projects energy, and urban development. For example, totaling $41.9 billion; of this, $13.0 billion and as displayed in figure 4.6, GWSP informed was for newly reported projects. This last 1 approximately $1.3 billion in the Urban, Disaster dollar amount reflects the multiyear nature Risk Management, Resilience and Land GP’s of GWSP activities, which may influence FY22 lending portfolio, and more than $1.1 the same project at different points in the billion in that of the Energy and Extractives GP. project cycle. Among the newly influenced lending projects, 13 were linked to 8 countries When looking at the past five years, GWSP’s affected by fragility and conflict (Democratic influence in lending projects led by other Republic of Congo, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, GPs such as Health, Nutrition and Population; Nigeria, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, and Agriculture and Food; and Urban, Resilience Timor-Leste), with commitments of more than and Land has increased both in share and $2.4 billion. total amounts of influenced lending. Variation across sectors is reflective of shifts in the GWSP’s influence extends beyond the Water Bank’s overall lending portfolio and client GP. In FY22 nearly half (approximately 49 demand. For example, in FY20 and FY21 percent) of the lending projects influenced by health emerged as one the top sectors where GWSP sat outside the Water GP, illustrating GWSP was having influence due to COVID-19 that GWSP has a wide audience and mandate response operations. Regionally, most of the across the World Bank. This is consistent with lending influenced has focused on Africa, the role that water plays in all facets of the followed by the South Asia and East Asia and World Bank Group’s work, including agriculture, Pacific regions (figures 4.7 and 4.8). 1. Influenced lending is calculated based on (a) approved and pipeline lending projects that were informed in a given fiscal year by active grants for the first time, and (b) all active lending projects in a given fiscal year that were informed by active grants (including those that had been previously reported). This figure is based on information collected through the annual monitoring process and the dollar value of World Bank projects that were influenced. If GWSP-supported knowledge was used in the design or implementation of a World Bank operation, the value of that operation is counted in its totality. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 103 FIGURE 4.6 $13 BILLION IN NEW GWSP-INFLUENCED WORLD BANK LENDING, BY GLOBAL PRACTICE, FY22 1% 3% 2% 3% Water 5% Urban, Resilience and Land 6% Energy and Extractives Agriculture and Food 9% Environment, Natural Resources and the Blue Economy Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment 10% Transport 61% Social Sustainability and Inclusion FIGURE 4.7 GWSP-INFLUENCED GLOBAL WATER-RELATED WORLD BANK LENDING, BY REGION, FY22 IN BILLIONS 7% 4 PROJECTS 4% 5 PROJECTS MIDDLE EAST EUROPE & & NORTH AFRICA CENTRAL ASIA $0.9 $0.5 22% 18 PROJECTS EAST ASIA & PACIFIC $2.9 LATIN AMERICA AFRICA SOUTH ASIA & CARIBBEAN $5.5 $2.6 $0.7 5% 4 PROJECTS 42% 30 PROJECTS 20% 13 PROJECTS 104 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 4 FIGURE 4.8 GWSP-INFLUENCED LENDING ACROSS GLOBAL PRACTICES AND REGIONS, FY18–22 a. Infomed lending by GP, in billions 100 0.3 0.6 2.0 2.1 90 1.3 3.0 0.6 4.6 80 1.5 0.8 1.5 70 3.8 11.6 0.5 1.3 60 0.9 Percent 1.0 50 1.7 40 9.0 7.9 30 6.7 Water Urban 20 5.4 Health Agriculture 10 All Others 0 FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 b. Infomed lending by region, in billions 100 1.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 2.6 90 80 2.1 0.9 0.4 0.7 70 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.0 2.3 0.9 60 0.9 1.5 Percent 0.9 2.9 50 1.6 0.9 1.8 2.5 40 1.7 AFR 30 EAP 5.6 5.3 5.5 ECA 20 4.8 4.5 LAC MENA 10 SAR 0 FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 Source: GWSP portfolio monitoring data. Note: “All others” include the following GPs: Education; Energy and Extractives; Environment, Natural Resources and the Blue Economy; Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation; Governance; Macroeconomic Trade and Investment; Social Sustainability and Inclusion; Transport. AFR = Sub-Saharan Africa; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; MENA = Middle East and North Africa; SAR = South Asia. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 105 REPORTING ON For example, in FY19 GWSP supported the PORTFOLIO SHIFTS development of a water resources data and knowledge portal, a water resources e-book, AND PROJECT and a report about water development in the RESULTS (BLOCK B) lowlands of Ethiopia. These outputs were used to improve the capacity of Ethiopia’s Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity and other As illustrated in the GWSP Theory of Change, key stakeholders involved in water resources GWSP’s knowledge, analytics, and technical planning and management to build resilience assistance influence how policies and projects in water resources management and WASH are designed and implemented so that they are service delivery. The lowlands report informed positioned to deliver better outcomes. Progress the design and preparation of the climate-resil- along this results chain is reported through ient component of the One WASH—Consolidated Block B indicators. Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Account project (approved by the end of FY19) by A first set of indicators (Block B1) is used to integrating water resources management in document the performance of new Water GP water supply service delivery. The project will lending across the five priority themes and how increase access to safe water supply, sanitation, thematic priorities are reflected in projects’ and hygiene services; strengthen capacity for design and monitoring (refer to appendix B, their delivery; and enhance water resources table B.2). A second set of indicators (Block B2) management in Ethiopia by 2024. As of June is used to document the results of all active World 2022, 204,083 people had gained access to Bank water-related lending operations, most of safely managed drinking water services (out of which were influenced by activities funded by the total target of 3 million), and 1.9 million people GWSP or its predecessors—the Water Sanitation had gained access to safely managed sanitation Program and the Water Partnership Program (refer services (total target of 1.9 million) as a result of to appendix B, table B.3). the project. 106 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 4 For example, under the theme of resilience, all 24 projects approved in FY22 scored positively against the indicator documenting the inclusion of measures to protect against increased climate variability and natural NEWLY APPROVED WATER GP events impacting water. One of these was the LENDING PROJECTS Horn of Africa—Groundwater for Resilience project, to be implemented in Kenya, Ethiopia, Even as the Water GP’s portfolio of lending and Somalia. One of the specific design projects grew significantly, GWSP continued features that will protect against increased to contribute to improvements in project variability and natural events affecting water design. Between FY21 and FY22, the number of is the use of cost-efficient renewable energy Water GP projects approved almost doubled, sources, including climate-resilient design from 13 projects (approximately $2.3 billion elements, in the construction of new infrastruc- in total commitments) to 24 (approximately ture. These form a basis to start building the $3.76 billion in total commitments). These climate resilience of vulnerable communities in 24 projects in FY22 were under three main these areas, in particular to drought. By 2025 business lines: water supply and sanitation (14 3.3 million people in selected borderlands of projects), water resources management (6 the Horn of Africa will benefit from increased projects), and water for agriculture (4 projects). access to water supply and reduced vulnerabil- The performance against indicators tracking ity to climate change impacts, in particular GWSP’s influence in the design of new water drought and floods, as a result of the project. lending showed improvement in FY22 across Furthermore, because the project will be 7 out of 10 indicators (Block B, table B.2). The implemented in Ethiopia and Somalia, it also remaining 3 indicators maintained the same contributes toward the indicator, “number of high performance as in the previous year (at fragile and conflict-affected states supported 100 percent for each indicator). with a resilience lens.” 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 107 IN FY22 GWSP SUPPORTED THE FOLLOWING ACHIEVEMENTS In FY22, 100 percent of projects were gender tagged, meaning they demonstrated a results chain by linking gender gaps identified in the design phase analysis to specific actions tracked in the Results Framework during implementation. In addition, 88 percent of new projects approved in FY22 (compared to 85 percent in FY21) have other, social inclusion aspects, such as activities that target the poor, vulnerable, or underserved communities or areas. Almost half (46 percent) of the projects in FY22 include actions on disability. One hundred percent of new projects incorporate resilience in the design of water-related activities, in line with FY21. On the other hand, the percentage of projects with climate change co-benefits decreased from 62 percent in FY21 to 58 percent in FY22. Nonetheless, given that the total water lending portfolio almost doubled in FY22, the total financing of projects with co-benefits was higher than in FY21 ($2.2 billion in FY22 compared to $1.4 billion in FY21). Furthermore, in FY22, seven projects (compared to 2 in FY21) supported countries affected by fragility and conflict (Ethiopia, Cameroon, Kiribati, Mozambique, Niger, Somalia and Timor-Leste) and incorporated a resilience lens in their design. There was an increase in the percentage of projects that supported reforms/ actions improving financial viability (from 69 percent in FY21 to 89 percent in FY22), and projects with explicit focus on leveraging private finance (from 8 percent to 22 percent). Compared to the past fiscal year, the percentage of projects that support reforms/actions that strengthen institutional capacity, held steady at 100 percent in FY22. This means that all the new Water GP lending operations of FY22 included a focus on strengthening institutional capacity through establishing new institutions or enabling existing ones to deliver services sustainably. In FY22, all 24 Water GP lending operations promoted sustainable and efficient water use. Furthermore, the indicator for rural water supply and sanitation that measures the functionality of water points increased from 80 percent in FY21 to 100 percent in FY22. 108 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 4 FY22 also marks the end of the first five-year development of specific tools over the past period by which targets were set to be five years (as detailed in the section on social achieved under Block B1. Overall, Water inclusion in chapter 2), has been fundamental GP lending projects are better designed in to achieving and surpassing this target. terms of the GWSP themes than they were five years ago. As displayed in table 4.1, by the The percentage of projects with explicit end of FY22 all targets were either reached or focus on leveraging private finance was surpassed. The inclusion theme performed an indicator against which performance particularly well against one indicator. The was also above target, even though there percentage of new projects that target the was more year-on-year variability in this poor, vulnerable, or underserved communities indicator than others. The variation was or areas (“other social inclusion aspects”) in particularly stark from FY21 to FY22. This can FY22 was 88 percent compared to a target be explained by the challenging financing of 30 percent, and a baseline of 11 percent environment in FY21 brought about by the in FY17. The support provided to client pandemic and the decision to shift focus countries and country teams in terms of toward projects providing immediate support capacity building, technical advice, and the in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. TABLE 4.1 BLOCK B1 INDICATORS: PROGRESS AND TARGETS SUMMARY Baseline Progress Targetsa Achieved/ FY17 FY22 FY22 Exceeded % of new projects that promote sustainable 74 100 80 and efficient water use Sustainability % of new rural WSS lending projects that 100 80 measure functionality of water points % of new projects that are gender taggedb — 100 Inclusion % of new projects with other social inclusion 11 88 30 aspectsc % of projects that support reforms/actions Institutions 100 100 90 that strengthen institutional capacity % of projects that support reforms/actions 81 89 85 for improving financial viabilityd Finance % of projects with explicit focus on 10 22 14 leveraging private finance % of projects incorporating resilience in 74 100 80 design of water-related initiatives 7 Number of fragile and conflict-affected Resilience 5 (20 cumulative 15 states supported with a resilience lense FY18-22) % of new World Bank lending commitments 31 58 50 with climate-change co-benefits Source: Analysis of the FY22 Water Global Practice approved portfolio by GWSP Monitoring and Evaluation team. Note: WSS = water supply and sanitation; — = not available. a. Total targets are estimated based on a weighted average of 45 percent operations in water supply and sanitation, 45 percent operations in water security and integrated water resources management, and 10 percent operations in water for agriculture. b. Measures the percentage of projects that demonstrate a results chain by linking gender gaps identified in analysis to specific actions tracked in the results framework. c. Projects that target the poor, vulnerable, or underserved communities or areas. Excludes citizen engagement, which is included under corporate monitoring. d. Total percentage estimated based only on relevant projects. Excludes water security and integrated water resources management. e. In FY22, 39 countries and 1 territory were classified as fragile and conflict-affected, as per corporate guidelines. Target is cumulative for the period FY18–22. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 109 ACTIVE WORLD the Swachh Bharat project in India in FY19. The BANK LENDING targets set for biological oxygen demand pollution loads removed by treatment plants and number PROJECTS IN THE of utilities with an improved working ratio were WATER SECTOR also surpassed. This success was due to a stronger focus on expanding access to safely managed water supply and sanitation, and on the important Better- designed projects and enhanced role of well-managed utilities in accelerating technical assistance during implementation are progress toward SDG targets. expected to result in better project outcomes. One hundred thirty-five ongoing lending On the other hand, the total number of people operations in the World Bank’s water-related gaining access to improved water sources in portfolio reported their results in FY22. Across FY18–22 (64.3 million) was below the target set the period FY18–22, more than 470 projects were for that period (70 million). This can be explained thus informed. Most of these were influenced by in part by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, activities funded by GWSP and its predecessors, particularly during FY20–21, when yearly progress the Water Sanitation Program and the Water slowed (11.5 million people on average) from the Partnership Program. Box 4.3 highlights some of previous two fiscal years (14.4 million on average). the results achieved in FY22 alone, and across the The total number of people trained in hygiene FY18–22 period. behaviors was also lower than expected (11.14 million versus the 13 million target). Although In terms of performance, across the five years the number of projects supporting water supply, FY18–22, three-fourths of all B2 indicator sanitation, and hygiene in health care facilities targets for water supply and sanitation were doubled over the past year, largely as part of the surpassed; for the remaining indicators, targets World Bank’s COVID fast-track financing, the were not achieved but reported progress of at results from these investments are captured in least 86 percent of the period target values. other indicators related to: (1) risk communication The targeted number of people with access to and messaging; (2) access and adequate stock of improved sanitation was vastly surpassed (201.11 infection control products and supplies; (3) health million versus a target of 80.00 million). This is care waste management; and (4) access to safe explained by the 159 million people reported by water in health care facilities. 110 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 4 Of indicator targets focused on water resources management subsectors. Active in agriculture, and water resources World Bank–financed projects are furthering management, half were surpassed; the other progress toward the SDG targets, particularly half reported at least 80 percent and 90 those related to water. However, implementa- percent achievement levels, respectively. tion challenges related to capacity constraints, Achievement of the target for hydropower and policy environments, competing demands dams was reported as 92 percent (6,928 MW of for financing, limited fiscal space, and global hydropower generation capacity constructed shocks remain. Disruptions in the implementa- or rehabilitated vs a target value of 7,000 MW). tion of projects, particularly in the past couple years due to COVID-19, have slowed the Overall, the achievement against indicators pace of progress, thus affecting the results in both Block B1 and B2 is consistent with the achieved as of end-FY22 when compared to assumptions underlying GWSP’s theory of the targets set in FY18. Despite the significant change. GWSP-funded technical assistance progress made to date, there is still much to has positively influenced the design of new be done to ensure water security and safely projects expected to benefit the water and managed services for all. sanitation, water in agriculture, and water RESULTS REPORTED BY WORLD BANK LENDING BOX 4.3 OPERATIONS IN FY22 AND ACROSS FY18–22 12.5 7 1.7 MILLION PEOPLE MILLION PEOPLE MILLION PEOPLE have access to an have access to improved in areas covered by improved water source sanitation (of which 3.5 water risk mitigation (of which 6.3 million are million are female); 201.1 measures; 21.8 million female); 64.3 million for the million for the period for the period FY18–22 period FY18–22 (compared FY18–22 (compared to a (compared to a target to a target of 70 million) target of 80 million) of 16 million) 13,086 1.4 23 TONS/YEAR OF MILLION HECTARES INSTITUTIONS biochemical oxygen demand are under sustainable with water resources pollution loads were removed by land/water management management monitoring treatment plants; 86,891 tons/ practices; 4.8 million systems; 109 for the –22 year for the period FY18­ for the period FY18–22 period FY18–22 (compared to a target of 25,000 (compared to a target (compared to a tons/year) of 1.3 million) target of 120) 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 111 CHAPTER 5 KNOWLEDGE TO GO FURTHER GWSP continues to play an essential role in ensuring the flow of knowledge necessary to meet the rapidly evolving challenges being faced by the Bank’s clients. The Knowledge Management and Learning (KML) Program supported by the Partnership ensures that lessons emerging from the Bank’s global, regional, and country programs are captured and made available to staff and external stakeholders in ways that build capacity, influence policy, and improve investment decisions and operations. This feedback mechanism has had a demonstrable impact on both project quality and the adoption of innovation. 112 2022 ANNUAL REPORT Capturing and disseminating lessons learned from ongoing programs to build capacity, influence policy, and improve investment decisions and operations. 113 CLOSING THE LOOP— the Bank. A new intranet (internal) platform, FROM CAPTURE TO rolled out in summer 2022, allows syndicated and moderated flow of content from source APPLICATION units to operational staff. Collaborative tools are increasingly being used to support dialogue among Communities of Practice (CoPs)—peer Given the pace of change and the nature of groups that self-organize to share knowledge the challenges being addressed in the water and solve common problems. Examples include sector, the KML Program uses a variety of tools the Rural Water Supply & Sanitation CoP and the and approaches to ensure that knowledge is Hydropower & Dams CoP. captured and made available where and when it is needed. Through the flagship AskWater Service Desk, staff gain access to a global network of subject In FY22, the GWSP supported the production of matter experts who respond to technical and 40 publications. These are compiled in the sixth operational challenges. Typical questions edition of Knowledge Highlights from the Water GP include requests for model terms of reference, and GWSP (2016–2021), which showcases over 200 case studies on specific topics, or good practices analytical pieces and knowledge products. These related to the application of a particular policy. range in scope and ambition, from quick knowledge AskWater has managed close to 1,500 cases with briefs capturing a best practice or local success user satisfaction rates approaching 90 percent to comprehensive country diagnostics; and from approval and a user base covering 70 percent of specific policy advice requested by a client country its target population. to comprehensive regional or thematic frameworks intended to shape the global response to water The Service Desk is undergoing a major upgrade challenges. and has recently updated its case management system and several of the databases used to Beyond traditional printed publications, online address queries (e.g., CVs, terms of reference, tools and approaches increase the reach and publications, case studies). More advances are accessibility of knowledge both in and outside planned for FY23. 114 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 5 AskWater has managed close to 1,500 cases with user satisfaction rates approaching 90 percent approval and a user base covering 70 percent of its target population. As an essential element of the KML Program, 2021, the GWSP teamed up with the American GWSP supports a comprehensive learning Water Works Association to run a series of program that reaches World Bank staff as well events for World Bank staff and partners from as country partners. Among its objectives, the 12 economies, including project teams from program acts both as accelerator and conduit, Ghana, Liberia, Nepal, Niger, Peru, and West ensuring that emerging lessons drawn from Bank and Gaza. the Bank’s operations and analytical work—and those from external experts and partners—are The Bank’s annual knowledge week, Water rapidly transmitted to those who can apply Online Week, held under the banner them in their work. The strong online participa- “WOW!2022—Across the Waters and tion noted in 2020 and 2021 continued in 2022 Around the World” was held in February with over 6,000 participants, including external 2022 and attracted over 2,550 participants, partners, in the 53 webinars offered. The series including Bank staff, partners, and clients. brought cutting-edge innovation, opportuni- The forum was an occasion for the Water GP ties for reflection and stocktaking, and external to discuss how the water agenda is delivered perspectives to the work of the water sector. with and by partners. It featured short and dynamic plenaries on strategic priorities and GWSP also organized a series of Smart Water cross-cutting themes, an interactive showcase Academies to address more complex issues from regional units, and many occasions to and benefit country teams. In the summer of connect around the water agenda. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 115 SUPPORTING disclosure can not only improve decision-mak- PROGRESS WITH ing at the household level—for example, if people know water from a certain well has a higher INNOVATIVE DATA concentration of arsenic, they will get their AND INFORMATION water from elsewhere—but it can also inspire citizen engagement and social movements. A large dataset related to rainfall shocks and food Governments in World Bank client countries losses was also added recently to complement are increasingly seeking access to data and the 2017 flagship report Uncharted Waters: The knowledge to help tackle development New Economics of Water Scarcity and Variability. challenges. World Bank staff, often in completely The Data Hub was recently featured by the UN different country contexts, frequently receive Innovation Update. remarkably similar questions from their government counterparts—where might new In the second example, GWSP is supporting irrigation techniques be most effectively applied? the modernization of the International how to most effectively target sanitation projects Benchmarking Network (IBNET), originally to tackle waterborne diseases? what specific launched in 1994. The new IBNET goes beyond parts of the country are most affected by water data services by aligning the World Bank with pollution? Much of the data and knowledge that like-minded partners, many of whom have could help with these questions are available but existing relationships with water utilities and held in different locations, making it challenging regulators. Through partnership, enhanced for researchers or decision-makers to find the by an online collaboration platform, the new information they need. IBNET will not only leverage these relationships, but be in a better position to scale initiatives Two recent examples demonstrate how aimed at expanding access to global expertise, open data, access to knowledge, and global partner capacity-building, and peer-to-peer engagement platforms are being used to provide dialogue required to raise utility performance. clients with the information they need. The The continuous and broadened engagement World Bank Data Hub, launched at the end of 2020 offered by the new platform, and being welcomed (http://wbwaterdata.org), continues aggregating by prospective partners, is likely to provide open data on water, not only from the World Bank incentives to utilities and regulators to provide but also from major development partners and data to IBNET while addressing the urgent need academic institutions. The comprehensive catalog to use these data to solve real-world problems. of datasets, searchable by strategic priorities and countries, has been augmented with data Recognizing the importance of innovation visualizations that allow for rapid analysis of and of testing new ideas ahead of scale-up, as water-related development challenges, notably well as the speed of change in the sector, the around water quality and inclusion in water. These Water Expertise Facility provides just-in-time draw from the flagship studies Quality Unknown: funding in response to requests from Bank The Invisible Water Crisis and “Women in Water water operations. These small grants are used Utilities: Breaking Barriers.” The book Quality to increase access to external expertise typically Unknown demonstrates how better information in response to emerging and often urgent issues 116 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 5 not evident during project preparation. These expert inputs contribute to the work of the Bank’s clients, providing timely advice and guidance that offer direction, overcome policy bottlenecks, and introduce good and emerging practices. Since 2017, the Water Expertise Facility has approved 144 small grants totaling close to $4.5 million. In FY22, it provided 21 grants across all world regions. Grants supported analytical work and pilots, including water sector reform in South Africa, water storage and irrigation in Nepal, the development of a WASH strategy in the Zambezi River Basin, a study of the state of the water supply and sanitation sector in Central Asia, plastic pollution in Sri Lanka, and consultations on the water sector in Timor-Leste. A full list is provided on the following page in table 5.1. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 117 TABLE 5.5 JUST-IN-TIME SUPPORT IN FY22 COUNTRY / SUPPORTED PROJECT/ EXPERTISE PROVIDED REGION INITIATIVE AFRICA, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN (AFE) Guidance on a cross-sectoral modeling effort to represent the dynamics and linkages between water, energy, and food Climate Change Development Angola production; specifically review existing information; and conduct Report (CCDR) in Angola a physical and socioeconomic assessment of climate change impacts. Guidance on the development of a business forecasting model that will help the Eswatini Water Services Corporation perform Eswatini: Water Supply and financial forecasting for internal and external stakeholders, Eswatini Sanitation Access Project implement its strategic plan, identify realistic targets for its annual business scorecard, set cost-reflective tariffs, revise key performance indicators, and develop business plans.  Madagascar National Water Project; the Benin Unlocking Guidance on the design and facilitation of a workshop on Madagascar Human and Productive Potential institutional WASH in Madagascar, the design of institutional Benin DPO Series; and the Girls WASH activities across countries in francophone Africa, and Angola Empowerment and Learning for dissemination and further development of an operational toolkit. All Project in Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe Deep-Dive Study for Promoting Technical expertise to review the soundness of Blantyre Water Resilient Urban Development Board’s medium-term investment program for water production Malawi and Driving Sustainable Regional and distribution infrastructure, and to define technical Growth in Malawi improvements to water distribution and service improvements. Improving Storage and Provision of hydraulic advice to assist with dam safety and Infrastructure for Water Security water resources, including in the development of the National Mozambique and Resilient Economic Growth Directorate of Water Resources and Ministry of Water, and in Mozambique project quality assurance in dam safety assessments.  Support of the South African Water and Sanitation Department South Africa Reimbursable in refining and implementing its new framework for sustainable South Africa Advisory Service (RAS) for improvement of water supply and sanitation services in the Infrastructure Investment country. Guidance on behavioral interventions and nimble evaluation Zambia/Lusaka Sanitation Zambia techniques to improve delivery and uptake of sanitation services Project provided by the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company. AFRICA, WEST AND CENTRAL (AFW) Madagascar National Water Project; the Benin Unlocking Guidance on the design and facilitation of a workshop on Madagascar Human and Productive Potential institutional WASH in Madagascar, design of institutional Benin DPO Series; and the Girls WASH activities across countries in francophone Africa, and Angola Empowerment and Learning for dissemination and further development of an operational toolkit. All Project in Angola and São Tomé and Príncipe EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) Laos Scaling-up Water Supply, Support for a menstrual hygiene management pilot in Lao PDR, Lao DPR Sanitation and Hygiene Project including field research on innovative sanitary pads.  Guidance on a study of politically feasible approaches to Timor-Leste Dili Water Supply Project  improve water sector performance in Timor-Leste. 118 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 5 EAST CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) Guidance on a range of tariff options supported by data Georgia Irrigation and Land Georgia and a model for tariff calculations in Southern Caucasus Market Development Project  countries.  Kazakhstan Support to a study identifying and promoting solutions Kyrgyz Republic Water Services and Institutional for sustainable and climate resilient water supply and Tajikistan Support Project  sanitation services, particularly in the rural areas of Turkmenistan Central Asia. Uzbekistan MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) Mashreq Platform for Provides support for the design and establishment of a Mashreq Region Transboundary Water  proposed research center. SOUTH ASIA (SAR) Support for a deep dive on diversification of water Bangladesh Country Climate and Bangladesh sources in Bangladesh, specifically aimed at providing Development Report insights into future priorities. Assistance to the Ludhiana city water supply scheme Punjab Municipal Services to develop the specifications for a data-driven India Improvement Project  decision-making system harnessing recent advances in artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. Support for a review of the main watersheds in the Modernization of Rani Jamara country, the storage initiatives and programs being Nepal Kulariya Irrigation Scheme Phase proposed, and the government’s policies and plans for 2 project storage. Integrated Watershed and Water Support to a review of sustainable solutions for plastic Sri Lanka Resources Management Project in handling at hydropower plants and dams. Sri Lanka  LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LCR) Input to technical reviews and workshops for the Buenos Aires water utility (AySA) relating to (i) moderniza- Buenos Aires Water Supply tion of AySA’s customer relationship management, (ii) Argentina and Sanitation with a Focus on integration of human resource systems, (iii) moderniza- Vulnerable Areas Program tion of business cycle management, (iv) development of predictive asset management tools with artificial intelligence, and (v) enabling of remote work. Paraiba Improving Water Resources Management and Services Provision; Ceará Water Security and Governance; Guidance in the preparation of bidding documents Brazil SABESP Improving Water Service for design and build; design, build, and operate; and Access and Security Project in the performance-based contracts across the four projects. Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and Espirito Santo Integrated Water Management Support to the development of instruments to facilitate Guatemala Crecer Sano Project  household behavior change and handwashing. Technical expertise in groundwater management and Peru Integrated Water Resources support to a consultation process aimed at identifying Peru Management in 10 Basins Project   practical solutions in the development of a groundwater management plan. GLOBAL Support to a comprehensive capacity-building assessment targeting handwashing and identification Global Global Hand Hygiene Accelerator  of knowledge gaps that could be addressed via an e-learning course. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 119 GWSP Rural Communities in Tanzania,” produced with GWSP support, showcases what access to water COMMUNICATIONS and sanitation has concretely meant for people like Mama Teresia Saveri, who “never thought [the] water challenge would ever be resolved in Communication plays a vital role [her] lifetime.” The story is complemented by four high-impact videos that follow families, health care in disseminating the innovative providers, and water utility workers who have all research produced by GWSP— benefited from the program. ensuring it reaches key policy Additionally, GWSP produces an annual Virtual makers and implementers while Showcase that includes short videos that allows providing key inputs to shaping viewers to immerse themselves in stories and policy discussions. multimedia showcasing the impact of the Partnership’s work in client countries. This year, Communication builds and maintains the essential the showcase documents how GWSP provided partnerships that help advance the shared goal critical support to government counterparts in the of achieving water security for all. It also creates Dominican Republic, where less than 10 percent of greater awareness of GWSP’s unique contributions municipal wastewater is treated, to help address to the water sector and the impact of GWSP’s performance problems. The showcase includes a knowledge on World Bank lending operations. video that illustrates how GWSP provided support to develop a comprehensive, transformational Tailored communication packages focused on program to improve water supply and sanitation the release of analytical reports and operational services for the Greater Shimala Area in India. results in client countries allow GWSP ’s Additional videos show the Partnership’s impact messages to reach a wider, more targeted on improving the water utility’s operational audience across the globe. Of course, country efficiency in Togo and increasing cooperation on clients remain the focus of GWSP’s work and transboundary water issues in the Middle East. communication efforts.  Engaging in High-Level Events  Linking Knowledge to Operations Over the course of the year, GWSP supported This emphasis on innovative global and participation in several high-level events that country-focused knowledge, as well as the helped position the World Bank as one of the provision of country-level support, can be most trusted voices in the water and sanitation seen firsthand in the results of GWSP’s impact development agenda. In March 2022, GWSP on World Bank country-based operations. In supported participation in the Dakar World Water FY22, GWSP produced several stories, videos, Forum, where World Bank water experts spoke at and blogs linking knowledge to operations and more than 45 sessions, participated in 4 high-level showcasing efforts to provide client countries plenaries, and took part in a panel with private with better water and sanitation services and sector CEOs. GWSP-supported knowledge and integrated water resources management. The research on water and sanitation was highlighted feature story “ Bringing Water Closer to Home in at the forum, and World Bank staff engaged 120 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 5 Sida, WaterAid, and the Government of the Netherlands, GWSP supported the Water GP to organize a session looking at ways to accelerate different levels of citizen participation and voice in climate-affected watershed and river basin management. During World Water Week, the GWSP-supported EPIC Response, a new policy framework for hydro-climatic risk management, was launched followed by a discussion on how decision-makers focused on water, disaster, risk with participants from government, civil management, hydro-met, and agriculture can society organizations, academia, and youth collaborate to reduce these risks. at the GWSP/World Bank Group pavilion. Interactive displays and the combination of At the Second Dushanbe Water Action hard-copy publications with virtual reality Decade Conference, in Tajikistan, GWSP sets allowed participants to engage with supported the Water GP to share tools and the content in the format that best fits their methods for clients to use in designing needs. A GWSP-supported “Water Security effective water-smart solutions at the country, in Senegal” report was launched ahead of regional, and global levels. The conference the forum and widely disseminated through a was organized as part of the International comprehensive communications package in Decade for Action, “Water for Sustainable English and French. Development,” and served as a platform for soliciting and consolidating inputs in the lead During Stockholm World Water Week up to the UN 2023 Water Conference. 2021, GWSP supported the Water GP to convene and participate in over 50 sessions In Jakarta, Indonesia, GWSP supported online and host a virtual expo where World Bank participation in the Sanitation conference participants could review key and Water for All—Sector Ministers’ publications, chat with World Bank staff, Meeting 2022, which convened leaders and ask questions. The conference focused from around the world to find innovative on the theme of “Building Resilience Faster,” ways to prioritize water, sanitation, and and as such, GWSP supported leadership hygiene in government policies and ensure and participation in sessions on issues such the integration of WASH efforts in national as the climate crisis, water scarcity, food climate, health, and economic strategies. security, health, biodiversity, and impacts of Two GWSP-supported reports were launched the COVID-19 pandemic. at this meeting: “A National Framework for Integrated Urban Water Management in GWSP supported the World Water Week Indonesia” and “Pathways to Integrated Urban session, “Water Migrants: Facts or Fiction,” Water Management for Greater Jakarta,” which offered an evidence-based global which lay out a roadmap for implementing assessment of the water-migration nexus, an integrated urban water management as well as insights into the most appropriate framework for water-secure cities in Indonesia. policy solutions. In collaboration with IUCN, 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 121  Promoting Awareness and sanitation and climate change, a Facebook Live Action on Key Issues conversation, and an extensive social media package complete with visual postcards and short To mark Menstrual Hygiene Day 2022, the Water videos. GP, with GWSP support, partnered once again with the nongovernmental organization WASH United to raise awareness about the importance  Promoting GWSP’s Work of women and girls having access to safe and in the Digital Space affordable menstrual hygiene products. This year, the role that policy and regulatory systems GWSP’s digital engagement and online presence play in facilitating access to better menstrual offer opportunities for the Partnership’s wealth health and hygiene for women and girls worldwide of analytics and research to reach a wider, more was highlighted. The GWSP-supported feature diverse, and more inclusive set of stakeholders, story “Policy Reforms for Dignity, Equality, thereby complementing and reinforcing and Menstrual Health” was made available on in-person engagement in the post-pandemic the World Bank website in English, Spanish, and era. This online engagement was strengthened French to reach a wider global audience. The with the creation of a revamped website that animated video “Red is the color...”—produced hosts GWSP-supported publications as well as by WASH United with GWSP support—reached an various multimedia and visual briefs that highlight audience of 2.3 million people on Facebook alone. integrated efforts with the World Bank Water GP This year, the Partnership supported a dedicated in client countries. A year after its initial launch, Menstrual Health and Hygiene brief page; this the GWSP website has attracted visitors from a features recent reports, blogs, feature stories, and wide range of countries, with the largest number other resources on this important topic. Within a of visits coming from the United States, India, the few months, the brief page received 19,000 visits United Kingdom, Kenya, the Philippines, and Spain. from 15,000 unique visitors, with the largest share Seventy-one percent of visitors have returned to of the audience coming from India, the United the site more than once, which is a good indication States, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, and the Philippines. of brand loyalty and of the fact that people are Visitors spent an average of six minutes on the finding the information beneficial. site, compared to the average of under a minute on a typical website, indicating that the Menstrual In addition to its website and growing Twitter Health and Hygiene brief page is fulfilling a need channel, GWSP continues to communicate with for information for global audiences. stakeholders via the bimonthly newsletter, the GWSP Digest, which shares the latest research, On World Toilet Day, GWSP supported a shift publications, blogs, and stories with key policy in the conversation on sanitation from liability makers from government, think tanks, the to resource, highlighting the importance of private sector, civil society, and academia. This well-managed sanitation in mitigating climate year, GWSP also created a dedicated Trello board change and promoting sustainable development. that hosts web stories, blogs, publications, and The GWSP-supported communication campaign social media material in order to facilitate the included a blog analyzing the linkages between sharing of assets with strategic partners. 122 2022 ANNUAL REPORT FEATURED PUBLICATIONS CHAPTER 5 PUBLICATION HIGHLIGHTS GWSP’s support over the past five years has allowed the Water GP to develop an extensive body of knowledge for policy makers, implementers, and other vital partners working at the global, regional, national, and subnational levels. Highlighted here are the major analytical pieces produced and distributed this year, as just a sample of the GWSP-supported analytical work performed. As with all GWSP’s analytical work, the impact will be global, used over several years, contribute to the transformation of government policy and implementation, and influence World Bank lending. The Irrigation Operator of the Future: A Toolkit-In- formation Pack for Irrigation Service Delivery Performance Assessment and Planning Irrigation operators globally face a tough reality of perpetual demands for higher performance alongside water competition, limited finances, and declining infrastructure condition. This toolkit was compiled to support operators responsible for medium- and large-scale irrigation schemes in developing countries to identify priority problems and define pragmatic responses to deal with them. It is both a repository of operational information and a facilitated process of engagement to support operators to plan a realistic pathway for change. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 123 FEATURED PUBLICATIONS Practical Manual on Groundwater Quality Monitoring A companion to “Seeing the Invisible: A Strategic Report on Groundwater Quality,” the manual provides managers and their teams with practical guidance on how to set up and manage a groundwater quality monitoring program. It provides a logical, step-by-step approach that can be tailored to, and grow with, the capacity to implement such a program. The guiding principle is that monitoring is the fundamental activity that shapes our identification of issues, the framing of problems, the design of solutions, and the measurement of the effectiveness of those solutions. Citywide Inclusive Water Supply: Role of Supplementary Urban Water Service Providers This report outlines a proactive vision of how development of the supplementary service provider in the water sector can promote citywide inclusive water supply; ensure rapid progress is made in achieving SDG Target 6.1; and deliver on the green, resilient, and inclusive development and jobs development agenda. Using case studies from around the world, it analyzes the potential of off-utility provision of water and develops a framework focused on what is needed to formalize, professionalize, and scale up these services. It also presents potential models for high-quality supplementary service providers’ water delivery. Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: A Guide to Help Small Towns Select Appropriate Options This guide is part of a suite of tools to support engineers, managers, and other stakeholders in the planning, design, and implementation of sanitation projects in urbanizing areas. Addressing the specific context of small towns, the guide begins with an introduction of key concepts for a decision-maker to understand, then applies a suggested five-step approach to exploring appropriate wastewater treatment technologies, culminating with case studies from three regions applying this approach. 124 2022 ANNUAL REPORT CHAPTER 5 Utility of the Future: Taking Water and Sanitation Utilities Beyond the Next Level 2.0—A Methodology to Ignite Transformation in Water and Sanitation Utilities To help guide water supply and sanitation service utilities to reinvent and strengthen themselves, GWSP has supported the development of the Utility of the Future Program, designed to ignite, materialize, and maintain their transformative efforts toward being future-focused and providing reliable, safe, inclusive, transparent, and responsive services. Building on an extensive body of knowledge on utility performance improvement, this methodological document provides a practical guide to implementing the Utility of the Future Program. Water Supply and Sanitation Policies, Institutions, and Regulation: Adapting to a Changing World-Synthesis Report Policies, institutions, and regulation (PIR) are essential to achieving the SDGs related to water and sanitation, but they need a considerable boost to be effective. This report has two main objectives. The first is to reflect on the body of PIR knowledge and experiences accumulated globally and in selected countries to refine the PIR concept based on lessons learned. The second is to advocate for greater action on PIR by policy makers, development partners, international financial institutions, and civil society by using projects and investments as implementation vehicles. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 125 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: FINANCIAL UPDATE GWSP DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS From inception through June 30, 2022, signed contributions to GWSP total $212.3 million (table A.1), of which $204.3 million is new funding, complementing $7.9 million rolled over from the Water and Sanitation Program and the Water Partnership Program. GWSP met its initial five-year funding target of $200 million. At the end of FY22, GWSP had nine active donors contribute to GWSP. They include Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; Austria’s Federal Ministry of Finance; the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Denmark’s Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Netherland’s Ministry for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation; the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency; the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation; the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs; and the United States Agency for International Development. 126 2022 ANNUAL REPORT APPENDIX A From inception through June 30, 2022, new funding contributions to GWSP total $204.3 million, surpassing the initial five-year funding target of $200 million. 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 127 TABLE A.1 GWSP DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS AS OF JUNE 30, 2022 DONOR NAME US$ MILLIONS SHARE (%) Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) 61.6 29 Netherlands – Ministry for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation 48.3 23 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 21.0 10 Australia – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 19.2 9 Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) 18.4 9 Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) 10.7 5 Denmark – Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs 10.6 5 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 8.3 4 Austria – Federal Ministry of Finance 6.8 3 United Kingdom - Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 3.5 2 Norway – Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2.4 1 Rockefeller Foundation 1.6 1 Ireland – Ministry for Foreign Affairs/ Irish Aid 0.02 0.01 Total commitments 212.3 100.0% Note: Funding from the United Kingdom, Norway, the Rockefeller Foundation, and Ireland was rolled over from the two preceding programs. These donors have since exited the GWSP trust fund. The Ministry for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation falls under the Netherland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. FIGURE A.1 FUNDING 43.3 28.5 248.2 STATUS, FY23–30 ($ MILLIONS) 0.0 40.0 80.0 120.0 160.0 200.0 240.0 280.0 320.0 Available resources as of June 2022 Signed contributions to be received Funds to be raised The last twelve months were envisioned as In FY22, the GWSP Council endorsed a strategy modest in terms of fundraising, as GWSP’s update for GWSP that includes a target budget independent evaluation had recently been of $320 million for the FY23–FY30 period. completed and the new strategy, which will take Fundraising efforts were stepped up following the the Partnership through 2030, was approved endorsement of the strategy and have continued in January 2022. In FY22, GWSP signed new with both existing and new partners. At the end contributions totaling $11.5 million. These included of FY22, GWSP had $43.3 million available for $2.3 million from Austria’s Federal Ministry of allocation. In addition, $28.5 million signed Finance, $1.0 million from the Bill and Melinda contributions were scheduled for payment in Gates Foundation, and $8.2 million from the Swiss FY23 and beyond. This leaves a gap in funding Agency for Development and Cooperation. of $248.2 million, to be raised in the FY23–FY30 period (see figure A.1). 128 2022 ANNUAL REPORT APPENDIX A units, while the remaining (54 percent) were FY22 global. Much of that global work was rooted DISBURSEMENTS in country-based the analysis that was then summarized in overarching summaries, findings, and recommendations. In other In FY22, GWSP disbursed $32.9 million to words, GWSP’s global analytical work is support its work program activities and based on country-focused, evidence-based had an active portfolio of 146 activities in experience used to build global messages. 45 countries and regions. Of the total 146 activities, 50 were newly approved in FY22, Over $15.0 million was disbursed by regional and 96 were from previous fiscal years. units in FY22. These activities include country-level knowledge and technical Eighty-three percent of disbursements went assistance that influenced policy dialogue and to knowledge and analytics that are global, project design. The Africa region accounted regional, or country-based (see figure A.2). for the largest percentage of regional Around half (46 percent) of the disbursements disbursements in FY22 (see figure  A.3). for knowledge and analytics were in regional The Partnership disbursed $12.3 million to FIGURE A.2 FIGURE A.3 FY22 DISBURSEMENTS, FY22 DISBURSEMENTS FOR BY ACTIVITY KNOWLEDGE AND ANALYTICS, BY REGION Knowledge & Analytics 83% ! 17% 3% 38% 4% 6% 8% 9% 15% 2% 9% Communications 6% Global LCR Knowledge PM&A Sharing and AFR MENA Dissemination SAR ECA EAP Other 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 129 FIGURE A.4 FY22 $32,918,922.94 GWSP ANNUAL DISBURSEMENTS FY21 $35,587,409.45 FY20 $28,045,044.33 FY19 $24,559,421.29 FY18 $24,448,504.07 $0 $10,000,000.00 $20,000,000.00 $30,000,000.00 $40,000,000.00 Note: “Other” denotes global activities related to GWSP program management and administration; knowledge sharing and dissemination; and communications. AFR = Sub-Saharan Africa; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; MNA = Middle East and North Africa; SAR = South Asia. knowledge and analytics categorized as global. and are what makes the GWSP model unique. These activities include developing and refining These critical inputs into the program help to tools for use by country teams as well as curating get cutting-edge research and analytics into the and expanding cutting-edge research that is hands of clients and partners to influence policy, directly applicable to the current challenges our improve implementation, and build capacity. They clients are facing. The disbursements to activities also enhance the Partnership’s ability to reinforce were managed globally and again drew heavily on these critical interventions through lending from expertise at the regional and country levels. the World Bank and other international finance institutions. Chapter 5 highlights some of the To ensure that the analytics were used most activities delivered under these categories. effectively and reached clients and other key development partners, the remaining The program management and administration disbursements of $5.6 million, accounting for 17 (PM&A) functions ensure the smooth, efficient, percent of the total, were used to maximize the and effective management of the Partnership. use of the analytical work through comprehensive The Block C midterm assessments for Bangladesh, communications, knowledge dissemination, and Ethiopia, Haiti, Pakistan, and Vietnam began in program management and administration effort. FY22 and are included in the PM&A budget. GWSP has a lean program management team that plays Communications, partnerships, learning, and an important role administering the trust fund knowledge dissemination activities all drive operations, and monitoring and reporting results. the knowledge-into-implementation agenda 130 2022 ANNUAL REPORT APPENDIX A FIGURE A.5 GWSP FY18 DISBURSEMENTS BY REGION AND FISCAL YEAR FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent AFR SAR LAC EAP MNA ECA Global Note: Global disbursements include knowledge management, communications, monitoring and evaluation, and program management and administration. The nine Block C countries, organized by region, are: AFR (Benin, Ethiopia, and Uganda); LAC (Bolivia and Haiti); EAP (Vietnam); SAR (Bangladesh and Pakistan); and MNA (Egypt). FINANCIAL TRENDS GP portfolio is showing strong projected Disbursements over the past four fiscal years demand for analytical work and lending. At have shown an upward trend and a slight the global level, there is growing recognition decrease for FY22 (see figures A.4 and of the centrality of water to both climate A.5). Disbursements in FY22 decreased by change adaptation and mitigation. At the 7.5 percent due to prudent consideration of the country level, the Water GP is committed to Ukraine crisis and possible negative impact on expanding its collaboration with other global the funding raising situation of GWSP for FY23 practices to expand delivery of water with and and beyond. through others. While disbursements in FY22 contracted slightly due to geopolitical instability, future disbursements and demand for GWSP resources is expected to grow as the Water 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 131 (PPIAF). An example of funded activities includes COLLABORATION co-funding technical assistance to scale up private WITH OTHER TRUST sector participation under the Vietnam Water FUND PROGRAMS Sector Support Program. In Nigeria, the Quality Infrastructure Investment Partnership (QII) is providing support to improve quality infrastruc- GWSP coordinates closely with the following ture investment for the Nigeria Sustainable Urban transboundary water-focused multidonor and Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene trust funds that are managed in the regions: Program, discussed in chapter 3. Central Asia Energy Water Development Program (CAWEP), the Cooperation in International Waters Another example of collaboration is the in Africa (CIWA), and the Danube Region Water Resilience for Water Security Program. This is Security (DWP). These funds are managed by staff a joint program of the Water GP and the Global in the Water GP, and the overall approaches and Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery strategies in support of transboundary water are (GFDRR) trust fund that focuses on the resilience coordinated globally. of urban water supply and sanitation, dams and downstream communities, and river basins. Collaboration with other trust fund programs GWSP plays a coordinating role to help facilitate outside the Water GP offers an avenue for collaboration and ensure strategic alignment and expanding the Water GP’s reach and influence resource use. Table A.2 lists the largest collaborat- in other sectors. From FY18 to FY22, $7.7 ing trust funds based on disbursements between million were disbursed by the Water GP from the FY18 and FY22. Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility TABLE A.2 TOP 10 TRUST FUND PROGRAMS DISBURSING THROUGH THE WATER GP (FY18–FY22) NO. PROGRAM 1 Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) 2 South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI)a 3 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) 4 Quality Infrastructure Investment Partnership (QII) 5 Western Balkans Investment Framework Program 7 Global Partnership for Results-Based Approaches (GPRBA) 6 Global Environment Facility (GEF) 8 Australian Trust Fund for Indonesia Infrastructure Support 9 Korea Green Growth Trust Fund (KGGTF) 10 Smart Mobility and Water Program – United Kingdom Prosperity Trust Fund (Brazil) a. The South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI) multidonor trust fund closed in June 2021, after more than a decade of work to increase regional cooperation in managing major Himalayan river systems and building climate resilience. 132 2022 ANNUAL REPORT APPENDIX A APPENDIX B: RESULTS PROGRESS BLOCK A: GWSP-FUNDED KNOWLEDGE AND ANALYTICS ACTIVITIES TABLE B.1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS ACHIEVED AS OF JUNE 30, 2022, REPORTED Results to be achieved BY 132 ACTIVE GWSP-FUNDED by end of grant ACTIVITIES IN FY22 FY22 results achieved % of Projects INDICATOR with Indicator Sustainability Policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks informed to strengthen: (1) sustainable management of water resources; 50 and/or (2) built infrastructure assets. 36 Tools and monitoring systems supported to strengthen: (1) the sustainable management of water resources at the 32 national, basin, and/or aquifer level; and/or (2) built infrastructure assets. 24 45 Water-related institutions supported to: (1) sustain water resources; and/or (2) built infrastructure assets. 36 34 Knowledge products generated on sustainability. 30 Inclusion Policies/strategies generated or refined to enhance social inclusion in the management of water resources, or service 20 delivery. 15 Initiatives that develop approaches including integrated cross-sectoral approaches where relevant to address water, 20 sanitation, and/or nutrition issues. 15 Water-related institutions trained in gender and/or inclusion issues and/or human resources practices related to 8 diversity and inclusion. 10 10 Knowledge products generated on inclusion. 10 Institutions Policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks informed to strengthen the institutional environment for improved water 48 resources management, and/or water service delivery. 31 Fragility, conflict, and violence–affected states supported to develop and/or implement a water sector transition 4 strategy. 2 59 Water-related institutions supported to strengthen capacity for managing water resources or service delivery. 27 31 Knowledge products generated on institutions. 31 Financing 28 Policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks developed to improve financial viability. 16 15 Institutions supported to improve their financial viability and creditworthiness. 15 25 Knowledge products generated on financing. 20 Resilience Policies/strategies/regulatory frameworks developed or implemented to strengthen the resilience of freshwater 32 basins, and/or of the delivery of services for communities dependent on them. 18 29 Diagnostics conducted or implementation undertaken to promote principles of building freshwater resilience. 19 38 Water-related institutions supported to build resilience in water resources management or service delivery. 23 29 Knowledge products generated on resilience. 24 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 133 BLOCK B: WATER GP OUTCOMES TABLE B.2 PORTFOLIO INFLUENCE INDICATORS Baseline Progress Targeta FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY22 Number of new projects 27 27 27 28 22 24 13 24 approved Indicators % of new projects that promote sustainable and efficient water 74 63 74 75 86 96 100 100 80 use % of new rural WSS lending projects that measure — — — 60 100 67 80 100 80 functionality of water points % of new projects that are — — — 50 81 95 100 100 — gender taggedb % of new projects with other 11 19 11 50 59 63 85 88 30 social inclusion aspectsc % of projects that support reforms/actions that strengthen 100 100 100 100 100 96 100 100 90 institutional capacity % of projects that support reforms/actions for improving 81 88 81 77 74 88 69 89 85 financial viabilityd % of projects with explicit focus 10 6 10 14 11 19 8 22 14 on leveraging private finance % of projects incorporating resilience in design of 74 74 74 75 82 88 100 100 80 water-related initiatives Number of fragile and conflict-affected states 5 5 5 2 4 5 2 7 15 supported with a resilience lense % of new World Bank lending commitments with climate 31 18 31 54 52 60 62 58 50 change co-benefitse Source: Analysis of the FY22 Water Global Practice approved portfolio by GWSP Monitoring and Evaluation team. Note: WSS = water supply and sanitation; — = not available. a. Total targets are estimated based on a weighted average of 45 percent operations in water supply and sanitation, 45 percent operations in water security and integrated water resources management, and 10 percent operations in water for agriculture. b. Measures the percentage of projects that demonstrate a results chain by linking gender gaps identified in the analysis to specific actions tracked in the results framework. c. Projects that target the poor, vulnerable, or underserved communities or areas. Excludes citizen engagement, which is included under corporate monitoring. d. Total percentage estimated based only on relevant projects. Excludes water security and integrated water resources management. e. In FY22, 39 countries and 1 territory were classified as having fragile and conflict-affected situations, as per corporate guidelines. Target is cumulative for the period FY18–22. 134 2022 ANNUAL REPORT APPENDIXA APPENDIX 1 TABLE B.3 SECTOR RESULTS INDICATORS Cumulative Indicative Baseline Progress Performance Targets Yearly Yearly FY13–17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY18–22 FY18–22 Average Average Water Supply and Sanitation  People with access 15.7 13.1 11.4 11.6 12.5 of which of which of which of which of which 1.1 to improved water 72 14 64.3 70 14 female: female: female: female: female: sources (million) 7.9 6.6 5.5 6.5 6.3 People with access to 11.5 172 4.2 6.4 7.01 of which of which of which of which of which 1.2 improved sanitation 30 6 201.11 80 16 female: female: female: female: female: (million) 5.7 86 2.1 3.2 3.54 Biochemical oxygen demand pollution 1.3 loads removed by 15,000 3,000 8,300 12,900 8,994 43,611 13,086 86,891 25,000 5,000 treatment plants (tons/year) People trained in 4.3 3.2 1.87 1.28 0.49 of which of which of which of which of which 1.4 hygiene behavior 11.7 2.3 11.14 13 2.6 female: female: female: female: female: (million) 2.1 1.7 0.96 0.65 0.26 Utilities with 1.5 improved working 85 17 27 28 19 26 18 118 90 18 ratio Water for Agriculture   Yearly Yearly FY13–17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY18–22 FY18–22 Average Average Area with new/ improved irrigation 2.1 4.3 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.99 0.67 0.8 3.66 4 0.8 services (million hectares) Farmers adopting 2 2.9 2.9 1.4 2.64 of which of which of which of which of which 2.2 improved agricultural 6 1.2 11.84 3.5 0.7 female: female: female: female: female: technology (million) 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.44 0.62 Water user 2.3 associations created/ 17,900 3,580 4,900 3,050 2,422 2,188 3,294 15,854 20,000 4,000 strengthened Water users with 1.8 0.63 0.47 0.33 2.2 of which of which of which of which 2.4 improved irrigation 5.6 1.1 of which 5.43 5 1 female: female: female: female: services (million) 0.5 female: 1 0.18 0.11 101,975 Water Security and Integrated Water Resources Management   Yearly Yearly FY13–17 FY18 FY19 FY20 FY21 FY22 FY18–22 FY18–22 Average Average People in areas covered by water risk 3.1 mitigation measures 15.3 3 3.7 5 2.2 9.2 1.67 21.77 16 3.2 (flooding/drought) (million) Basins with management 3.2 plans/stakeholder 85 17 22 20 9 21 19 91 140 28 engagement mechanisms Institutions with water resources 3.3 110 22 30 21 15 20 23 109 120 24 management monitoring systems Area under sustainable land/ 3.4 water management 1.2 0.24 0.32 0.5 1.2 1.4 1.4 4.82 1.3 0.26 practices (million hectares) Hydropower generation capacity 3.5 constructed/ 2,100 420 1,400 4,000 1,253 224.95 50 6,928 7,500 1,500 rehabilitated (megawatts) 2022 ANNUAL REPORT 135 PHOTO CREDITS P. 2 aga2rk from Pixabay P. 63 Shutterstock (2Pho7oAndres; Curioso.Photography) P. 4 Dominic Sansoni / World Bank P. 64 World Bank (Scott Wallace; K M Asas) P. 6 Sebastian Castelier / Shutterstock P. 65 Scott Wallace / World Bank P. 9 Shutterstock (Riccardo Mayer; Casezy idea; konggaStudio) P. 66 Sirisak_baokaew / Shutterstock; Chor Sokunthea / World P. 11 Luciano Mortula – LGM / Shutterstock Bank P. 12 Esteben Benites / Unsplash P. 67 Greens and Blues / Shutterstock P. 14 Jan Ziegler / Shutterstock P. 68 Shutterstock (Allen G; Mark Stephens Photography; goran_safarek) P. 17 Steve Harris / World Bank P. 69 World Bank (Steve Harris; Anqi Li) P. 19 Peter Biro / European Union P. 70 World Bank; Hamish John Appleby / IWMI P. 20 Bishnu Sarangi from Pixabay P. 71 Max Kukurudziak / Unsplash P. 22 Jose Luis Stephens / Shutterstock P. 72 Pooh and Ball / Shutterstock P. 23 Ivan Bandura / Unsplash P. 73 Shutterstock (Julia Baturina; Carrot Spy) P. 25 Herbert Bieser from Pixabay P. 74 Gia Abdaladze / World Bank P. 27 Scott Wallace / World Bank P. 75 Ranu Sinha / World Bank; World Bank P. 28 Claudiovidri / Shutterstock P. 76 Soldo76 / Adobe Stock Photo; Chris Sheppard / P. 30 Riccardo Mayer / Shutterstock Shutterstock P. 33 Leotie / Shutterstock P. 77 Alice_D / Adobe Stock Photo P. 34 2Pho7oAndres / Shutterstock P. 78 World Bank P. 35 William Edge / Shutterstock P. 80 Shutterstock (Abuwale; i_am_zews) P. 36 Pxfuel P. 82 el9th / Adobe Stock Photo; World Bank P. 38 Pixabay (Franck Barske; SirWalterVanguard) P. 83 Mariana Kaipper Ceratti / World Bank P. 39 Nonie Reyes / World Bank P. 84 Victor Zablotskyi / World Bank; reewungjunerr / Adobe P. 40 William James from Pixabay Stock Photo P. 41 Arne Hoel / World Bank P. 85 A’Melody Lee / World Bank P. 42 AlfRibeiro / Adobe Stock Photo P. 86 Yeli Mariam Dakoure Sou / World Bank P. 43 Cristiano Sequeria from Pixabay; Vlada Shcherb / Unsplash P. 87 World Bank P. 44 Pornpimon / Adobe Stock Photo P. 88 Riccardo Mayer / Adobe Stock Photo P. 45 World Bank; Denis Klimov 3000 / Shutterstock P. 89 World Bank; ChameleonsEye / Shutterstock P. 46 Simone D. McCourtie / World Bank; Jim Holmes. DFAT. P. 93 World Bank Australia P. 94 World Bank P. 47 World Bank P. 95 World Bank P. 48 World Bank P. 101 World Bank P 49 Natalia Cieslik / World Bank; Abau Man / Shutterstock P. 103 Shutterstock P. 50 William Stebbins / World Bank; Nhut Min Ho / Shutterstock P. 106 World Bank P. 51 Liberia Haiti: Dominic Chavez / World Bank; Zimbabwe. P. 107 Flore de Preneuf / World Bank; Ruslana Iurchenko / Somalia: Shutterstock Shutterstock P. 52 Chantal Richey / World Bank P. 110 Kekyalyaynen / Adobe Stock Photo P. 55 Piyaset / Adobe Stock Photo P. 113 Boulenger Xavier / Shutterstock P. 56 Mike Dudin / Unsplash; World Bank P. 115 Bradley Lusk / Science the Earth via USAID P. 57 USAID P. 117 World Bank (Olja Latinovic; Yeli Mariam Dakoure Sou) P. 58 Shutterstock (Claudiovidri; Lisa Banfield) P. 121 World Bank P. 59 Shutterstock P. 127 Mamaduomar / Shutterstock P. 60 Shutterstock; Edwin Huffman / World Bank P. 136 Dan Grec / Shutterstock P. 62 Michael Zysman / Shutterstock WATER IS CENTRAL TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND THE HEALTH OF OUR PLANET, MAKING THE GWSP MANDATE VITAL.