Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport Airport of Rodrigues Ltd Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport APPENDICES 9.2 Specialists Reports VOLUME 4 OF 4 Report Reference – 09053999 Prepared by Airports of Rodrigues Ltd - Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport Table of contents VOLUME 1 OF 4 0 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 0-1 0.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 0-1 0.2 Project description ................................................................................................................. 0-1 0.3 Overview of the Project Area of Influence............................................................................. 0-2 0.4 Environmental and social baseline conditions....................................................................... 0-4 0.5 Physical environment sensitivity............................................................................................ 0-4 0.6 Biological environment sensitivity ......................................................................................... 0-4 0.7 Social and economic sensitivity ............................................................................................. 0-5 0.8 Air quality and noise sensitivity ............................................................................................. 0-5 0.9 Heritage resources and visual environment .......................................................................... 0-6 0.10 Temporary impacts during Construction Phase and mitigation or compensation measures0-7 0.11 Permanent and irreversible impacts during Construction Phase and mitigation or compensation measures ........................................................................................................................................ 0-10 0.12 Permanent impacts during operation phase and mitigation or compensation measures .. 0-14 0.13 summary of the cumulative impacts ................................................................................... 0-18 0.14 Summary of the stakeholder engagement plan (SEP) ......................................................... 0-21 0.15 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 0-23 1 Project description.............................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Project Background and Location .......................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Projection Details ................................................................................................................... 1-3 1.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 1-3 1.2.2 New Runway ................................................................................................................... 1-6 1.2.3 Taxiways........................................................................................................................ 1-10 1.2.4 Apron ............................................................................................................................ 1-10 1.2.5 Air Traffic Control Facility ............................................................................................. 1-11 1.2.6 Rescue and Fire Fighting Services ................................................................................. 1-14 1.2.7 Ancillary Facilities within the Scope of Phase 1 Airport Expansion .............................. 1-16 1.2.8 Ancillary Utilities and Services ...................................................................................... 1-17 1.2.9 Facilities Associated with Construction ........................................................................ 1-21 1.2.10 Quarry/borrow area ..................................................................................................... 1-22 1.2.11 Demolition .................................................................................................................... 1-23 1.2.12 Sourcing of construction materials ............................................................................... 1-23 1.3 Project Timeline ................................................................................................................... 1-23 1.4 Cost and Investment ............................................................................................................ 1-24 1.5 Projected Traffic ................................................................................................................... 1-24 1.5.1 Passenger Traffic........................................................................................................... 1-24 1.5.2 Air Traffic ...................................................................................................................... 1-26 1.5.3 Cargo ............................................................................................................................. 1-27 1.6 Overview of the Project Area of Influence........................................................................... 1-27 1.7 Environmental and Social Standards and Plans Required ................................................... 1-28 1.8 Drawings referred to in this chapter of Project Description ................................................ 1-29 2 Baseline Data ..................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Scoping and methodology ..................................................................................................... 2-1 v Final Draft ESIA Report Airports of Rodrigues Ltd - Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport 2.1.1 Scoping............................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.2 Baseline assessment methodology (receptor sensitivity) .............................................. 2-2 2.2 Area of Influence .................................................................................................................... 2-2 2.3 Physical environment ............................................................................................................. 2-4 2.3.1 Area of influence............................................................................................................. 2-4 2.3.2 Geographical overview ................................................................................................... 2-4 2.3.3 Climate and marine and terrestrial meteorological conditions ..................................... 2-7 2.3.4 Climate Change Projections .......................................................................................... 2-12 2.3.5 Marine and shores geology and marine turbidity ........................................................ 2-12 2.3.6 Terrestrial geology and geotechnics ............................................................................. 2-16 2.3.7 Hydrology ...................................................................................................................... 2-33 2.3.8 Water resource and wastewater management............................................................ 2-37 2.3.9 Hydrogeology ................................................................................................................ 2-42 2.3.10 Summary: Physical environment sensitivity ................................................................. 2-47 2.4 Biological environment ........................................................................................................ 2-47 2.4.1 Terrestrial biological context ........................................................................................ 2-47 2.4.2 Marine biological context ............................................................................................. 2-65 2.4.3 Summary: Biological environment sensitivity .............................................................. 2-80 2.5 Transport network, electricity supply and waste management .......................................... 2-81 2.5.1 Area of influence........................................................................................................... 2-81 2.5.2 Transport network ........................................................................................................ 2-81 2.5.3 Electricity supply ........................................................................................................... 2-83 2.5.4 Solid waste management ............................................................................................. 2-84 2.5.5 Summary: Transport, electricity supply and waste management sensitivity ............... 2-85 2.6 Social environment .............................................................................................................. 2-85 2.6.1 Methodology and area of influence of the socio-economic study ............................... 2-85 2.6.2 Administration and Governance of Rodrigues Island ................................................... 2-93 2.6.3 Demographic and local governance ............................................................................. 2-97 2.6.4 Access to basic public services.................................................................................... 2-105 2.6.5 The local economy ...................................................................................................... 2-110 2.6.6 Gender-Base Violence, Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Harassment ......................... 2-126 2.6.7 Summary: Social environment sensitivity................................................................... 2-128 2.7 Air quality and noise environment..................................................................................... 2-129 2.7.1 Area of influence......................................................................................................... 2-129 2.7.2 Demography and exposed population ....................................................................... 2-129 2.7.3 Air quality .................................................................................................................... 2-131 2.7.4 Noise ........................................................................................................................... 2-139 2.7.5 Summary: air and noise sensitivity ............................................................................. 2-149 2.8 Heritage resources and visual environment ...................................................................... 2-150 2.8.1 Area of influence......................................................................................................... 2-150 2.8.2 Cultural heritage resources ........................................................................................ 2-150 2.8.3 Archaeology and palaeontology ................................................................................. 2-151 2.8.4 Landscape and visual environment ............................................................................ 2-151 2.8.5 Summary: cultural and visual environment sensitivity .................................................. 2-2 2.9 Conclusion: main issues of the baseline ................................................................................ 2-3 vi Final Draft ESIA Report Airports of Rodrigues Ltd - Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport 3 Legal and Institutional Framework ...................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Main National Legislation on Environmental Aspects ........................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 The Environment Protection Act 2002 ........................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Main National Environmental Standards under the Environment Protection Act 2002 3-3 3.1.3 Other Main Applicable Legislation for the Matter of Environment ............................... 3-9 3.2 Main National Legislation on Social Aspects........................................................................ 3-12 3.2.1 Main Legislation on Labour and Working Conditions................................................... 3-12 3.2.2 Main Legislation on Land Use ....................................................................................... 3-13 3.2.3 Legal Framework for Land Acquisition and Expropriation ........................................... 3-15 3.2.4 The Different Policies involved in the Project .............................................................. 3-17 3.2.5 Legal Requirements about Gender and Gender-based Violence ................................. 3-17 3.2.6 The Protection of Cultural Heritage .............................................................................. 3-18 3.3 International Conventions and Treaties .............................................................................. 3-19 3.4 International Guidelines and Standards .............................................................................. 3-21 3.5 Legal Gap Analysis ................................................................................................................ 3-26 4 Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ........................................................................ 4-1 4.1 Definitions and Methodology ................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1.1 Definition ........................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1.2 General Methodology ..................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.3 Specific Methodologies................................................................................................... 4-2 4.2 Temporary Impacts during Construction ............................................................................... 4-5 4.2.1 Physical environment ..................................................................................................... 4-5 4.2.2 Biological environment ................................................................................................. 4-12 4.2.3 Transport network, electricity supply and waste management ................................... 4-14 4.2.4 Socio-economic environment ....................................................................................... 4-16 4.2.5 Air quality and noise ..................................................................................................... 4-18 4.2.6 Heritage resources and visual environment ................................................................. 4-19 4.3 Permanent and irreversible impacts during Construction Phase ........................................ 4-20 4.3.1 Physical environment ................................................................................................... 4-20 4.3.2 Biological environment ................................................................................................. 4-25 4.3.3 Transport network, electricity supply and waste management ................................... 4-34 4.3.4 Socio-economic environment ....................................................................................... 4-34 4.3.5 Air quality and noise ..................................................................................................... 4-37 4.3.6 Heritage resources and visual environment ................................................................. 4-37 4.4 Impacts during operation phase .......................................................................................... 4-38 4.4.1 Physical environment ................................................................................................... 4-39 4.4.2 Biological environment ................................................................................................. 4-45 4.4.3 Transport network, electricity supply and waste management ................................... 4-47 4.4.4 Socio-economic environment ....................................................................................... 4-48 4.4.5 Air quality and noise ..................................................................................................... 4-50 4.4.6 Heritage resources and visual environment ................................................................. 4-52 5 Mitigation Measures........................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Temporary Impacts during Construction ............................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Physical environment ..................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.2 Biological environment ................................................................................................. 5-11 vii Final Draft ESIA Report Airports of Rodrigues Ltd - Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport 5.1.3 Transport network, electricity supply and waste management ................................... 5-18 5.1.4 Socio-economic environment ....................................................................................... 5-20 5.1.5 Air quality and noise ..................................................................................................... 5-40 5.1.6 Heritage resources and visual environment ................................................................. 5-44 5.2 Permanent and irreversible impacts during Construction Phase ........................................ 5-47 5.2.1 Physical environment ................................................................................................... 5-47 5.2.2 Biological environment ................................................................................................. 5-57 5.2.3 Transport network, electricity supply and waste management ................................... 5-84 5.2.4 Socio-economic environment ....................................................................................... 5-84 5.2.5 Air quality and noise ..................................................................................................... 5-97 5.2.6 Heritage resources and visual environment ................................................................. 5-97 5.3 Impacts during operation phase .......................................................................................... 5-99 5.3.1 Physical environment ................................................................................................... 5-99 5.3.2 Biological environment ............................................................................................... 5-110 5.3.3 Transport network, electricity supply and waste management ................................. 5-112 5.3.4 Socio-economic environment ..................................................................................... 5-114 5.3.5 Air quality and noise ................................................................................................... 5-120 5.3.6 Heritage resources and visual environment ............................................................... 5-124 6 Cumulative impacts ............................................................................................................ 6-1 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2.1 Limitations and assumptions .......................................................................................... 6-2 6.2.2 Spatial and temporal boundaries ................................................................................... 6-2 6.2.3 Identification of Valued Environmental and Social Components ................................... 6-3 6.3 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts on VECs ......................................................................... 6-3 6.3.1 Tourism sector ................................................................................................................ 6-4 6.3.2 Possible demographic evolutions and employment perspectives ................................. 6-8 6.3.3 Power, governance and civil society ............................................................................. 6-10 6.3.4 Pressure on the island's resources and services........................................................... 6-10 6.3.5 Food production and supply ......................................................................................... 6-14 6.3.6 Impacts due to the reduction of agriculture, livestock and fishing activities ............... 6-16 6.3.7 Possible increase in pressure on critical habitat........................................................... 6-17 6.3.8 Cumulative impacts associated with air quality and noise ........................................... 6-17 6.3.9 The carrying capacity of the island ............................................................................... 6-17 6.3.10 Cumulative and Synergistic Effects ............................................................................... 6-18 6.4 Summary of identified cumulative impacts ......................................................................... 6-20 7 Analysis of Alternatives ...................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Brief Description of the Approach to Designing the Best Development Solution ................. 7-1 7.2 The ‘’Doing-Nothing’’ Option ................................................................................................. 7-1 7.3 ‘’No-Regret’’ Option ............................................................................................................... 7-1 7.4 Extension on the Sea to the West Option .............................................................................. 7-2 7.5 Preliminary Design for a New Runway ................................................................................... 7-3 7.5.1 New Runway Options ..................................................................................................... 7-3 7.5.2 Preliminary Design optimization and New Options........................................................ 7-6 7.6 Option 3 Updated 2023 ......................................................................................................... 7-8 viii Final Draft ESIA Report Airports of Rodrigues Ltd - Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport 7.6.1 The ATC and RFFS at Mont Travers................................................................................. 7-8 8 References ......................................................................................................................... 8-1 8.1 Physical environment ............................................................................................................. 8-1 8.1.1 Climate and meteorological conditions .......................................................................... 8-1 8.1.2 Geology and geotechnics ................................................................................................ 8-1 8.1.3 Marine and shores geology and marine turbidity .......................................................... 8-2 8.1.4 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................ 8-3 8.1.5 Hydrogeology .................................................................................................................. 8-3 8.2 Biological Environment: ......................................................................................................... 8-4 8.2.1 Terrestrial biological environment ................................................................................. 8-4 8.2.2 Marine biological environment ...................................................................................... 8-5 8.3 Social environment ................................................................................................................ 8-6 8.4 Questionnaire for socio-economics study ............................................................................. 8-6 9 Appendices......................................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .......................................................... 9-1 9.2 SPECIALIST REPORTS .............................................................................................................. 9-1 Volume 2 of 4 - Specialist Report for Terrestrial Biodiversity - Specialist Report for Marine Biodiversity Volume 3 of 4 - Specialist Report for Maritime Impacts - Specialist Report for Hydrogeological Impacts - Specialist Report for Water Management Volume 4 of 4 - Specialist Report for Traffic Management and Impact - Geotechnical Report - Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality ix Final Draft ESIA Report Airport of Rodrigues Ltd Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport Traffic Management & Impact Factual Report for the purpose of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report Report Reference – 09053999 Prepared by 28 April 2023 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Report Prepared by NAME ROLE COMPANY ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT TEAM Frederic TRANQUILLE Project Director SETEC (Mauritius) Ltd SPECIALIST TEAM SETEC (Mauritius) Ltd & Specialist Slim DRIDI Traffic Expert sub-consultant Luxconsult (Mtius) Ltd 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 2/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Table of contents 0 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 5 0.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 5 0.2 Traffic Management & Impact ................................................................................... 5 0.2.1 Baseline Scenario .............................................................................................. 5 0.2.2 Construction phase Scenario ............................................................................. 6 0.2.3 Operation phase................................................................................................. 6 0.3 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 6 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 2 Traffic Management & Impact......................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Baseline Scenario..................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Private transport network ................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Traffic survey results .........................................................................................11 2.2.3 Transport demand (Land Use) ..........................................................................20 2.3 Construction phase..................................................................................................21 2.3.1 Traffic Flow and Material Transportation ...........................................................21 2.4 Operation Phase (2026 – 2046) Induced traffic........................................................21 2.5 Main simulation results ............................................................................................22 2.6 Conclusion...............................................................................................................31 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 3/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Road Classification in Rodrigues .............................................................................................. 9 Table 2: Traffic counts at station: M 1.1 Towards La Ferme ................................................................ 12 Table 3: Traffic counts at station: M 1.1 Towards Port Mathurin .......................................................... 12 Table 4: Traffic counts at station: M 1.2 Towards Grand la Fouche Corail .......................................... 13 Table 5: Traffic counts at station: M 1.2 Towards Mt Lubin .................................................................. 14 Table 6: Traffic counts at station: M 1.3 Towards Airport ..................................................................... 14 Table 7: Traffic counts at station: M 1.3 Towards La fouche Corail ..................................................... 15 Table 8: O/D Survey zoning .................................................................................................................. 16 Table 9: Origin Destination survey sample ........................................................................................... 17 Table 10: Origin Destination OD 1 matrix (total traffic) ......................................................................... 18 Table 11: Origin Destination OD 2 matrix (total traffic) ......................................................................... 19 Table 12: Travel demand rates of different TAZ ................................................................................... 20 Table 13 : Number of passengers forcast ............................................................................................. 21 Table 14: Total vehicle flow in the road network on peak hour ........................................................... 22 Table 15 : Percentage of peak hour tafic compared to AADT .............................................................. 23 Table 16 : Key performance indicators ................................................................................................. 24 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Road Network in Rodrigues .................................................................................................. 10 Figure 2: The Autonomy Road slope .................................................................................................... 10 Figure 3: Counting stations positions ................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4: cross-section counts stations ................................................................................................ 11 Figure 5: M 1.1 Towards La Ferme graph ............................................................................................ 12 Figure 6: M 1.1 Towards Port Mathurin graph ...................................................................................... 13 Figure 7: M 1.2 Towards Grand la Fouche Corail graph ...................................................................... 13 Figure 8: M 1.2 Towards Mt Lubin graph .............................................................................................. 14 Figure 9: M 1.3 Towards Airport graph ................................................................................................. 15 Figure 10: M 1.3 Towards La fouche Corail graph ............................................................................... 15 Figure 11: Origin-Destination surveys stations ..................................................................................... 16 Figure 12: Centroids of the Traffic Analysis Zones .............................................................................. 17 Figure 13 : Differential between Scenario (2) and Scenario (3) - Light vehicles (2025 – Construction Phase) ................................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 14 : Differential between Scenario (2) and Scenario (3) - Heavy Load Vehicles (2025 – Construction Phase) .............................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 15 : Differential between Scenario (4) and Scenario (5) – Light Vehicles (2026 – Operation Phase) ................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 16 : Differential between Scenario (4) and Scenario (5) - Heavy Load Vehicles (2026 – Operation Phase) ................................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 17 : Differential between Scenario (6) and Scenario (7) – Light Vehicles (2046 – Operation Phase) ................................................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 18 : Differential between Scenario (6) and Scenario (7) - Heavy Load Vehicles (2046 – Operation Phase) ................................................................................................................................................... 30 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 4/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 0 Executive Summary 0.1 Introduction This project is about constructing the new runway of “Plaine Corail Airport” in Rodrigues Island, which is managed by Airport of Rodrigues Ltd. (ARL), a subsidiary of the Airports of Mauritius Co. Ltd. (AML). An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the New runway was prepared in 2019 to meet the requirements of the Government of Mauritius and those of the “Agence Française de Développement (AFD)” and the “European Union (EU)”. Airport of Rodrigues Ltd is seeking financing support from the World Bank for the proposed expansion of the Rodrigues Airport, and therefore it is required to update the ESIA study to meet the requirements of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). As such, this Traffic Management and Impact (TMI) report aims to comprehensively assess the Airport's current traffic management practices and their impact on the surrounding environment. The study will be based on the baseline scenario, followed by a projection of the traffic volumes during the construction phase of the new runway of Plaine Corail Airport, which will start in October/November 2023 for an estimated period of 27 months. The Traffic survey will present the key performance indicators of traffic volume on the island for both scenarios (Baseline scenario, Scenario during constrction works and scanrio during operation phase 2026 & 2046). These indicators will allow a better understanding of traffic behavior during construction and operation phases and thus ensure efficient traffic management 0.2 Traffic Management & Impact 0.2.1 Baseline Scenario To determine the existing traffic flow, traffic surveys were carried out for 11 hours for three consecutive days from 14 March 2023 to 16 March 2023 at a total of 05 counting stations distributed at crucial points along main access roads leading to Plaine Corail airport as follows: Counting Study carried out Road Name Location Station M 1.1 Manual Cross Section Count Island Road Baie du Nord M 1.2 Manual Cross Section Count Route de L’Autonomie La Fouche Corail M 1.3 Manual Cross Section Count Route de L’Autonomie Plaine Corail OD 1 OD Survey Island Road Baie du Nord OD 2 OD Survey Route de L’Autonomie La Fouche Corail . 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 5/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact From the traffic volume obtained, the morning peak hour flow (AM peak) and afternoon peak hour flow (PM peak) have been identified and used in all the analyses undertaken. The maximum traffic flow was obtained on Wednesday, 15 March 2023. The analysis of the existing performance of the roads was assessed using the directional traffic flow occurring during the peak hour. 0.2.2 Construction phase Scenario The existing traffic flow was introduced in the VISUM simulation model with key information about the estimated needs of construction materials and sourcing of same, estimated workforce during Construction, amongst others to generate traffic flow during the construction phase and review its impact on the road network. Following discussions with the Client, it was communicated to the Consultant that that amongst the several materials to be imported, an estimate of the main ones for the permanent works are: • Bitumen: 10,000T • Cement: 2,000T • Reinforcement bars:1000T For naturally occurring materials as well as crushed materials, it is understood that the materials will be sourced mainly from the excavation/demolition of Mt Travers and Ste Marie area. The runway levels will be designed taking into consideration the optimization of cut and fill volumes i.e balancing of earthworks. Materials to be imported will be mainly cement, bitumen and others for building works. Thus, no trips originating outside of the site will be applicable and not considered in the traffic impact modelling The Client has furthermore estimated that a labor work force of about 450 will be required. The Project duration is 27 months and 24 months defects liability period. It is expected that about 70% of the labor will be local, Mauritius and Rodrigues and 30 % expatriates. 0.2.3 Operation phase The Consultant performed VISUM simulations for 2026 and 2046 Horizons corresponding to the analysis period (20 years) since the commissioning date (2026). Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of the operation phase showed a very slight impact on the project during that phase. We noted that the additional traffic generated by the project represents around 10 light vehicles/day and 2 Heavy Good Vehicle/day in 2026, which is quite low. 0.3 Conclusion The imported volumes from the port (23,000 tonnes) result in a relatively low average heavy traffic (2 trucks/Hour/direction), which is equivalent to 20 trucks/day/directions, given the following assumptions: • Average payload of a truck = 10 ≈ 12 tonnes 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 6/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact • Duration of transport for the imported materials = 20 months (out of 27 months of work) x 25 days/month = 500 days. In terms of transportation for the workers, who will total 450 individuals, with at least 70% - 80% being Mauritians, it is proposed to implement a daily pickup system using shuttle buses as a replacement for collective transportation. This will require either 12 buses with 30 seats or 7 buses with 50 seats per day to transport the workers from a designated pickup point to the construction site. The pickup point location is yet to be defined. The impact of the above trips on the baseline traffic is being modelled and will be finalized and the conclusions provided by the 28th April 2023 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 7/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 1 Introduction The project refers to the new runway at Plaine Corail Airport in Rodrigues Island, a dependency of the Republic of Mauritius. With a runway length of 1200 m, the largest aircraft that it can accommodate currently is the ATR 72, which carries passengers only. The number of flights at PCA amounts to three per day during the low season and can rise to a maximum of twelve flights during the peak season, which coincides with the Christmas and New Year holidays. The Airport is managed by Airport of Rodrigues Ltd. (ARL), a subsidiary of the Airports of Mauritius Co. Ltd. (AML). Due to its remote location, 620 kilometres from Mauritius, air transport is vital to the island in every respect and particularly important from a social and economic perspective. Rodrigues Island, through the Rodrigues Regional Assembly, wishes to increase the capacity of its Airport in order to accommodate the A321 Neo / B737 aircraft type, which carries up to a maximum of 244 passengers and is capable of transporting cargo. The objectives of the Construction of the new longer runway as well as the associated facilities and amenities, are to: • provide Rodrigues with an efficient, reliable, safe and affordable air transport facility to improve the national, regional and international connectivity and accessibility of the island and; • contribute to its social and economic development in key economic sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and fishery. The initial Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report 2019 had two objectives: • Compliance to the procedure for obtaining the EIA Licence from the Government of Mauritius • Evaluation of the environmental and social impacts of the project in line with the requirements of the two Funding Agencies: Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and the European Union (EU). Airport of Rodrigues Ltd is now proposing to seek financing support from the World Bank for the proposed expansion of the Rodrigues Airport, and is therefore required to update the ESIA 2019 to meet the requirements of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). The present factual study report is for the Traffic Management & Impact study based on field survey undertaken in Rodrigues in March 2023. 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 8/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 2 Traffic Management & Impact 2.1 Introduction The Plaine Corail Airport on Rodrigues Island is a crucial gateway to the region, providing essential connectivity for the island's residents and visitors. The Airport has experienced significant growth in recent years, with increased air traffic and development in the surrounding areas. While this growth is undoubtedly beneficial for the island's economy, it has also led to concerns about the impact of the Airport on the environment and local communities. As such, this Traffic Management and Impact (TMI) report aims to comprehensively assess the Airport's current traffic management practices and their impact on the surrounding environment. The study will be based on the baseline scenario, followed by a projection of the traffic volumes during the construction phase of the new runway of Plaine Corail airport, which will start in October/November 2023 for an estimated period of 27 months. The Traffic survey will present the key performance indicators of traffic volume on the island for both scenarios (Baseline scenario and Scenario during constrction works). These indicators will allow a better understanding of traffic behavior during the construction phase and thus ensure efficient traffic management. 2.2 Baseline Scenario 2.2.1 Private transport network The road network of Rodrigues Island is composed of several roads classified into three categories: Table 1: Road Classification in Rodrigues Road Capacity Average speed for Average speed for Heavy (vehicles/hour) Light vehicles (Km/h) Load vehicles (Km/h) Primary 1 500 50 - 70 < 60 Secondary 1 000 40 - 50 - Tertiary 500 < 40 - 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 9/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 1: Road Network in Rodrigues During the construction phase, heavy trucks transporting different materials will mainly pass through the Autonomy Road linking the Port Mathurin port and the Plaine Corail airport (construction site). The Autonomy Road is a primary road that passes through Mont Lubin. This mountain has an altitude of 393 meters above sea level, presenting a slope up to 14.7% preventing the articulated trucks from using this itinerary on their way to the Airport. Figure 2: The Autonomy Road slope 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 10/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 2.2.2 Traffic survey results A total of 05 counting stations were carried out and distributed on crucial points of the road network of the island, distributed as follows: - 03 cross-section counts; - 02 origin-destination survey stations. The traffic surveys were carried out for different categories of vehicles, over 03 days (14/03 to 16/03/2023), from 7 am to 6 pm. Figure 3: Counting stations positions ▪ Cross-section counts: The location of cross-section counts stations is presented in figure below: Figure 4: cross-section counts stations 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 11/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact ▪ Station n° M 1.1 Towards La Ferme Table 2: Traffic counts at station: M 1.1 Towards La Ferme Morning Afternoon 9h- 10h- 11h- 12h- 13h- 14h- 15h- 17h- Total 7h-8h 8h-9h 16h-17h 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 18h Two wheels 12 26 297 17 16 16 18 28 27 27 31 238 Light 25 22 39 18 20 24 21 26 39 49 34 297 vehicle Heavy Load 3 4 574 2 2 3 3 6 6 5 3 39 vehicle Total 40 53 Total 37 38 42 42 59 71 81 68 574 AM PM Peak Peak hour hour Figure 5: M 1.1 Towards La Ferme graph ▪ Station n° M 1.1 Towards Port Mathurin Table 3: Traffic counts at station: M 1.1 Towards Port Mathurin Morning Afternoon 8h- 9h- 10h- 11h- 12h- 13h- 14h- 15h- 17h- Total 7h-8h 16h-17h 9h 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 18h Two wheels 28 24 17 18 13 13 9 17 14 15 14 181 Light vehicle 36 36 23 14 18 13 14 15 24 22 14 227 Heavy Load 2 5 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 31 vehicle Total 66 64 43 34 33 27 26 35 42 40 29 439 AM Peak PM Peak hour hour 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 12/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 6: M 1.1 Towards Port Mathurin graph ▪ Station n° M 1.2 Towards Grand la Fouche Corail Table 4: Traffic counts at station: M 1.2 Towards Grand la Fouche Corail Morning Afternoon 7h- 9h- 10h- 11h- 12h- 13h- 14h- 15h- 17h- Total 8h-9h 16h-17h 8h 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 15h 16h 18h Two wheels 18 38 28 16 19 21 16 20 28 29 22 253 Light vehicle 32 41 28 16 14 26 22 24 42 50 28 320 Heavy Load 6 9 5 7 5 6 6 5 6 5 2 60 vehicle Total 55 87 60 39 37 52 44 49 75 83 52 632 AM PM Peak Peak hour hour Figure 7: M 1.2 Towards Grand la Fouche Corail graph 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 13/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact ▪ Station n° M 1.2 Towards Mt Lubin Table 5: Traffic counts at station: M 1.2 Towards Mt Lubin Morning Afternoon 9h- 10h- 11h- 12h- 13h- 15h- 16h- 17h- Total 7h-8h 8h-9h 14h-15h 10h 11h 12h 13h 14h 16h 17h 18h Two wheels 24 26 24 23 14 18 19 24 24 23 17 236 Light vehicle 34 34 20 20 16 27 22 24 25 26 28 277 Heavy Load 6 8 6 10 6 6 5 10 7 6 2 70 vehicle Total 63 68 50 53 37 51 46 58 56 54 47 582 AM PM Peak Peak hour hour Figure 8: M 1.2 Towards Mt Lubin graph ▪ Station n° M 1.3 Towards Airport Table 6: Traffic counts at station: M 1.3 Towards Airport Morning Afternoon 8h- 9h- 10h- 11h- 12h- 14h- 15h- 16h- 17h- Total 7h-8h 13h-14h 9h 10h 11h 12h 13h 15h 16h 17h 18h Two wheels 40 28 29 18 13 15 25 22 13 11 11 224 Light vehicle 48 28 29 17 21 23 24 20 18 12 17 256 Heavy Load 14 7 7 8 6 7 6 3 5 3 2 67 vehicle Total 101 62 65 42 40 45 55 45 36 26 30 546 AM PM Peak Peak hour hour 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 14/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 9: M 1.3 Towards Airport graph ▪ Station n° M 1.3 Towards La fouche Corail Table 7: Traffic counts at station: M 1.3 Towards La fouche Corail Morning Afternoon 8h- 9h- 10h- 11h- 12h- 14h- 15h- 16h- 17h- Total 7h-8h 13h-14h 9h 10h 11h 12h 13h 15h 16h 17h 18h Two wheels 25 13 25 22 14 15 16 24 11 11 9 185 Light vehicle 26 20 23 17 17 23 21 22 18 16 18 221 Heavy Load 9 9 5 7 4 3 5 3 2 2 3 53 vehicle Total 60 42 53 46 36 41 42 49 32 29 30 458 AM PM Peak Peak hour hour Figure 10: M 1.3 Towards La fouche Corail graph Traffic counts will be used to calibrate the Travel Demand Model VISUM (Ptv). 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 15/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact ▪ Origin-Destination surveys: The origin-destination survey stations are presented in figure below: Figure 11: Origin-Destination surveys stations The area of influence was divided into 20 “Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ)”, as presented in the table below. Table 8: O/D Survey zoning N° Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) Name TAZ code 1 Baladirou/ Dan Bebe/ Mt Goyaves Baladirou 2 Grand Baie/ Jeantac/ Caverne Proverb Grand Baie 3 Anse aux Anglais/ Terre Rouge Anse aux Anglais 4 Port Mathurin/ Camp du Roi Port Mathurin 5 Baie aux Huitres/ Pointe L'Herbe/ Accacia/ Allee Tamarin/ Pointe La Geule Baie aux Huitres 6 Baie Malgache/ Anse Goeland Baie Malgache 7 Baie du Nord Baie du Nord 8 La Ferme/ Pistache La Ferme 9 La Fouche Corail/ Marechal La Fouche Corail 10 Plaine Corail Airport Plaine Corail Airport 11 Caverne Patate/ Petite Butte/ Anse Quitor/ Ile Michel/ Riviere Coco Riviere Coco 12 Quatre Vents/ Mangues Quatre Vents 13 Petit Gabriel/ St Gabriel Petit Gabriel 14 Le Chou/ L'Union/ Malabar/ Mt Plaisir Le Chou 15 Mon Lubin/ Citronelle/ Orange/ Vangar/ Solitude Mon Lubin 16 Roseux/ Solitude/ Creve Coeur/ Pointe Canon Roseux 17 Grande Montagne/ Palissade Grande Montagne 18 Riviere Banane/ Grenade Riviere Banane 19 >> Est (Roche Bon Dieu/ Pointe Coton/ Trou D'Argent/ Anse Bouteille) >> Est 20 >> Sud (Gravier/ Mourouk/ Port Sud Est/ Songes) >> Sud 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 16/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 12: Centroids of the Traffic Analysis Zones The Origin/Destination survey sample is detailed as follows: Table 9: Origin Destination survey sample OD 1 OD 2 Total Light vehicle 359 330 689 Heavy Load vehicle 74 91 165 Total 433 421 854 The outputs of the origin-destination surveys are two matrices (20x20) that will be used to calibrate the VISUM (PTV) travel demand forecasting model. 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 17/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Table 10: Origin Destination OD 1 matrix (total traffic) OD 1 zones 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 5 2 1 12 4 1 3 22 16 24 15 81 5 2 1 2 2 1 8 6 1 6 1 1 2 1 12 7 25 2 1 1 1 30 8 1 3 47 2 1 1 2 57 9 3 27 3 1 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 48 10 1 2 11 2 1 1 3 1 22 11 1 2 16 2 1 2 24 12 6 3 1 3 2 1 16 13 1 1 3 8 1 4 1 1 20 14 2 3 11 4 2 1 23 15 1 1 7 6 7 7 1 30 16 3 4 4 11 17 4 1 5 2 12 18 0 19 3 2 7 2 14 20 2 2 3 3 10 Total 2 1 11 146 16 1 6 53 59 73 43 4 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 1 433 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact18/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Table 11: Origin Destination OD 2 matrix (total traffic) OD 2 zones 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total 1 2 1 2 1 6 2 1 6 2 9 3 1 1 2 1 5 4 1 2 18 15 22 24 12 1 2 7 104 5 2 2 1 1 6 6 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 5 2 4 1 1 1 27 7 8 1 9 8 1 1 26 2 2 7 5 5 8 1 1 1 2 62 9 6 20 4 1 1 10 2 5 6 5 4 3 1 3 3 74 10 2 1 3 14 1 3 7 5 5 3 2 1 3 50 11 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 12 2 1 3 13 3 3 3 9 14 5 1 6 15 1 5 2 3 1 12 16 1 1 17 1 1 1 3 18 2 2 19 1 1 2 1 5 20 1 1 2 Total 4 3 10 90 6 4 25 29 59 41 26 23 24 17 17 11 7 4 6 15 421 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact19/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 2.2.3 Transport demand (Land Use) Table 12: Travel demand rates of different TAZ *Population based on Land Use Generation vectors (Veh/Peak hour) – 2023 N° Zone Name *Permanent1 *Employment *Transit/ visitors TOTAL Production Attraction 1 Baladirou 214 20 38 272 16 11 2 Grand Baie 375 84 145 604 29 30 3 Anse aux Anglais 799 224 464 1 487 64 85 4 Port Mathurin 2 371 1 365 1 966 5 702 218 359 5 Baie aux Huitres 1 872 858 700 3 430 154 186 6 Baie Malgache 915 82 153 1 150 65 45 7 Baie du Nord 432 50 103 585 32 25 8 La Ferme 1 816 225 501 2 542 136 109 9 La Fouche Corail 1 592 327 1 237 3 156 151 159 10 Plaine Corail Airport 695 222 414 1 331 60 71 11 Riviere Coco 2 124 231 610 2 965 163 122 12 Quatre Vents 1 522 164 529 2 215 121 92 13 Petit Gabriel 1 175 180 240 1 595 84 70 14 Le Chou 1 080 323 334 1 737 84 86 15 Mon Lubin 2 455 242 506 3 203 178 130 16 Roseux 827 159 438 1 424 68 72 17 Grande Montagne 1 070 332 1 160 2 562 115 139 18 Riviere Banane 1 255 245 353 1 853 91 90 19 >> Est 1 337 214 281 1 832 98 79 20 >> Sud 2 335 343 759 3 437 182 151 Total 26 261 5 890 10 931 43 082 2 110 2 110 1 * Based on collected data and Consultant assumptions 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact20/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 2.3 Construction phase 2.3.1 Traffic Flow and Material Transportation The existing traffic flow was introduced in the VISUM simulation model with key information about the estimated needs of construction materials and sourcing of same, estimated workforce during Construction amongst others to generate traffic flow during the construction phase and review its impact on the road network. The imported volumes from Port Mathurin 23 000 Tonnes : - Bitumen : 10 000 tonnes - Cement : 12 000 tonnes - Reinforcement bars : 1 000 tonnes result in a relatively low average heavy traffic (6 trucks/day/direction), which is equivalent to 12 trucks/day/two directions, given the following assumptions: ▪ Average payload of a truck = 10 ≈ 12 Tonnes ▪ Number of Heavy Load = 2 300 trucks ▪ Duration of transport for the imported materials = 20 months (out of 27 months of work) ▪ Number of Heavy Load/ Peak Hour = 2 truck/Hr/direction In terms of transportation for the workers, who will total 450 individuals, with at least 70% - 80% being Mauritians, it is proposed to implement a daily pickup system using shuttle buses as a replacement for collective transportation. This will require either 15 mini-buses/ day with 30 seats to transport the workers from two pickup points: Port Mathurin and Mont Lubin, toward the airport construction site. 2.4 Operation Phase (2026 – 2046) Induced traffic Based on GIBB report: “Consultancy services for the design, cost estimation and tender documentation for the extension of the Runway at plaine corail airport, Rodrigues - APPENDIX B - Aircraft Movements And Traffic Forecast Calculations, Nov. 2018”, and Using an induction factor of (10%) comparing between the Scenario without project and the Scenario with project, we can detail the traffic forecast in this way : Table 13 : Number of passengers forcast Number of passengers / Number of passengers / Number of passengers induced year year / year (Baseline Scenario) (With Project) 2023 112 535 - - 2026 121 330 133 463 12 133 2046 194 122 213 534 19 412 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 21/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Based on these results, the Consultant estimates daily induced traffic during the operation phase from the Airport zone (TAZ n°10) : Plaine Corail Airport equal to : Induced Light Vehicles / day Induced Heavy Load Vehicles / day 2026 10 2 2046 15 4 2.5 Main simulation results The study was conducted for two horizons: ▪ 2023, the current situation (baseline scenario), ▪ 2025, with and without Construction works, ▪ 2026, with and without Project and, ▪ 2046, with and without Project. The Consultant has adopted an annual traffic increase rate of 3%. The total traffic flow used in the VISUM model is presented in the table below: Table 14: Total vehicle flow in the road network on peak hour Light vehicle Heavy Load Scenario Total Traffic / Hr / Hr vehicle / Hr 2023 Baseline scenario 1 775 335 2 110 Without construction works 1 883 356 2 239 2025 With construction works 1 887 357 2 244 Without Project 1 940 366 2 306 2026 With Project 1 942 367 2 309 Without Project 3 504 661 4 165 2046 With Project 3 507 662 4 169 The figures below present the VISUM outputs, showing the traffic loads for the analyzed scenarios (Light vehicles represented in blue and Heavy Load vehicles illustrated in red). The figures below present the Annual Average Daily Traffic AADT. The transition from hourly traffic to daily traffic was based on the following coefficients: Hourly traffic represents an average of 10% of daily traffic. 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 22/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Table 15 : Percentage of peak hour traffic compared to AADT cross-section counts Light vehicle Heavy Load vehicle TC 1.1 Towards La Ferme 11,5% 7,1% TC 1.1 Towards Port Mathurin 11,2% 9,9% TC 1.2 Towards La Fouche Corail 9,0% 9,3% TC 1.2 Towards Mt Lubin 8,6% 9,1% TC 1.3 Towards Airport 13,1% 13,7% TC 1.3 Towards La Fouche Corail 8,3% 11,5% Average 10,28% 10,08% All A.A.D.Traffic volumes (VISUM Output) are detailed in the appendix for the different scenarios for the following horizons: 2023, 2025, 2026, and 2046. 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 23/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact The key performance indicators (KPI) of the road network are presented in the table Table 16 : Key performance indicators Average speed for Average speed for Veh x Km Veh x Hr Veh x Km Veh x Hr N° Scenario Light Vehicle Heavy Load Vehicle (LV) (LV) (HLV) (HLV) (Km/Hr) (Km/Hr) (1) 2023 – Baseline Scenario 14 031,28 223,23 62 1 361,59 28,47 47 (2) 2025 – Without Construction works 15 722,40 252,98 62 3 222,65 3 222,65 47 (3) 2025 – With Construction works 15 803,83 254,46 62 3 238,71 3 238,71 47 (4) 2026 – Without Project 17 342,42 274,69 62 3 316,52 3 316,52 47 (5) 2026 – With Project 17 366,66 275,06 62 3 321,31 3 321,31 47 (6) 2046 – Without Project 31 308,64 521,18 62 5 991,75 5 991,75 47 (7) 2046 – With Project 31 347,51 521,82 62 6 001,21 6 001,21 47 When comparing Scenario (2) with Scenario (3), we noted that the average speed (at peak hour) is consistent at 62 Km/Hr for Light vehicles and slightly increased from 15 722,40 (Veh x Km) to 15 803,83 (Veh x Km), due to the additional traffic inducing from the Construction works at the Airport. The impact of the Construction works on traffic flow is not significant. We also note that the operation phase does not have a considerable impact on the average speed of vehicles, given the size of the island on the one hand and the fact that its road network is not overly congested (even by 2046) on the other hand. The volume/capacity factor remains relatively low and we do not reach saturation thresholds in the road network. Figures below show the difference in terms of traffic load (AADT) : ▪ between Scenario (2) and Scenario (3) – 2025; ▪ between Scenario (4) and Scenario (5) – 2026 and ▪ between Scenario (6) and Scenario (7) – 2046. 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact24/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 13 : Differential between Scenario (2) and Scenario (3) - Light vehicles (2025 – Construction Phase) 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact25/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 14 : Differential between Scenario (2) and Scenario (3) - Heavy Load Vehicles (2025 – Construction Phase) 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact26/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 15 : Differential between Scenario (4) and Scenario (5) – Light Vehicles (2026 – Operation Phase) 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact27/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 16 : Differential between Scenario (4) and Scenario (5) - Heavy Load Vehicles (2026 – Operation Phase) 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact28/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 17 : Differential between Scenario (6) and Scenario (7) – Light Vehicles (2046 – Operation Phase) 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact29/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact Figure 18 : Differential between Scenario (6) and Scenario (7) - Heavy Load Vehicles (2046 – Operation Phase) 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact30/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 2.6 Conclusion As a result of this study, we can conclude that the traffic volume generated by the Construction works phase has no significant impact on the traffic fluidity on Rodrigues Island. The main impact on users is the slowing down the traffic speed along the “Route de l’Autonomie”, presenting a steep gradient due to the trucks that will travel at a low speed along this main road, linking the port to the Airport. We also note that the additional traffic generated during the operation phase represents only about 15 light vehicles and 4 heavy vehicles per day by 2046, which remains quite low. 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 31/32 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact APPENDICES 28/04/2023 Specialist Report for Traffic Management & Impact 32/32 Links 79 57 366 AADT 36 VL_TJMA 22 2 19 28 342 3 31 2662 292 665 1331 4 15 0 21 34 9 119 9 35 2 25 85 29 0 500 1000 m 8 230 18 128 8 84 37 298 7 12 77 191 7 3 79 15 9 11 94 66 25 133 66 2 1 47 2 55 159 1 12 5 0 488 5 12 0 182 1276 128 49 00 592 85 3 89 1 84 7 629 43 25 65 1276 12 25 18 1228 94 458 55 942 1228 1208 1170 59 1 16 29 41 1317 1265 109 4 195 874 9 36 119 1 31 9 506 79 1605 820 86 1 26 97 7 4 15 65 199 2482 6 132 5 2 85 170 56 12 297 683 09 2559 2482 50 15 56 18 44 46 25 25 24 171 1 86 50 31 13 1 207 770 481 7 06 2559 81 94 15 1015 13 2038 2 2174 232 85 191 434 64 61 4 7 426 28 0 363 12 17 232 5 282 492 16 236 99 15 280 791 468 220 805 590 7 87 9 113 9 113 12 805 7 97 103 793 39 11 36 7 103 9 411 37 10 369 513 587 468 902 331 709 650 217 7 450 58 583 58 7 0 752 65 51 3 88 51 3 33 0 1 45 0 33 1 65 0 65 0 45 51 0 3 650 45 33 1 450 1:60000 AADT - Light Vehicles - Baseline Scenario - 2023 28.04.2023 Links 1 15 1 AADT 15 1 PL_TJMA 16 1 139 1 360 13 16 16 90 180 0 158 0 28 141 0 500 1000 m 13 28 8 15 135 29 8 138 90 74 28 40 254 49 40 29 228 90 71 225 49 71 45 40 153 42 49 225 6 60 25 7 4 7 291 28 41 19 5 225 7 271 27 3 13 225 80 41 133 50 140 27 7 1 271 2 36 34 36 271 140 7 21 14 95 0 36 6 18 97 143 43 50 140 41 3 140 14 1 143 114 114 33 4 11 71 18 30 3 14 15 4 11 65 84 46 4 11 92 92 92 65 101 11 128 58 92 101 25 0 18 141 1 73 10 111 5 9 94 13 5 164 116 140 111 91 9 5 0 50 14 9 9 94 0 91 94 14 0 94 14 91 140 9 91 94 91 1:60000 AADT - Heavy Load Vehicles - Baseline Scenario - 2023 28.04.2023 Links 77 60 387 AADT 36 VL_TJMA 24 9 19 28 366 9 35 3002 298 16 751 1501 2 23 38 9 0 125 7 38 3 30 93 33 0 500 1000 m 0 219 19 143 5 99 39 330 4 10 97 225 3 4 83 17 97 37 78 291 156 78 0 2 57 7 173 2 13 4 6 6 519 7 13 4 198 58 1429 143 64 667 99 1 0 9 10 99 3 710 46 87 71 1429 14 29 19 1077 1377 30 541 14 1377 1330 1376 69 9 19 57 33 1463 1406 117 8 221 947 61 30 12 3 146 83 599 943 70 5 197 140 80 3 8 15 71 225 2833 9 148 100 6 75 46 15 19 313 800 52 2915 2833 41 17 46 20 92 48 29 29 27 183 1 01 41 32 16 8 217 888 570 7 29 2915 94 91 18 1123 14 2439 8 10 2554 2 77 194 512 0 80 70 2 9 478 33 3 425 15 20 277 4 333 551 20 265 76 18 333 882 534 190 843 669 52 9 10 132 9 132 14 843 1 14 119 814 29 13 41 1 119 0 377 91 11 410 527 655 534 976 347 759 694 224 5 482 65 587 65 5 4 813 69 52 7 100 52 7 34 2 7 48 4 34 7 69 4 69 2 48 52 2 7 694 48 34 7 482 1:60000 AADT - Light Vehicles - Baseline Scenario - 2025 28.04.2023 Links 1 17 2 AADT 17 1 PL_TJMA 27 2 221 2 805 67 27 22 201 402 0 442 1 15 221 442 0 500 1000 m 42 15 2 7 44 438 12 2 422 19 6 17 6 14 1 585 14 155 6 11 547 196 6 18 3 0 155 188 18 12 14 316 0 9 6 82 5 15 316 14 16 7 58 76 5 76 185 474 13 5 50 316 6 76 565 149 7 36 0 316 135 31 143 367 76 56 5 424 565 4 79 115 424 565 4 67 42 180 11 4 5 0 518 58 143 68 135 8 424 51 4 424 518 74 486 486 30 17 2 6 15 48 8 55 51 0 61 6 48 231 190 263 6 429 48 429 263 74 437 274 9 42 31 437 9 75 229 7 43 149 38 34 139 65 16 232 165 149 69 148 34 38 103 69 34 34 139 13 8 9 14 69 13 9 69 8 14 34 8 69 14 13 9 148 1:60000 AADT - Heavy Load Vehicles - Baseline Scenario - 2025 28.04.2023 Links 77 59 387 AADT 36 VL_TJMA 24 9 19 28 366 9 35 3008 298 16 752 1504 2 23 38 9 0 125 7 38 3 30 93 33 0 500 1000 m 0 219 19 143 5 99 39 330 4 10 97 225 4 7 83 17 97 39 78 291 157 78 0 3 57 0 173 3 13 6 7 6 519 8 13 6 198 59 1430 143 66 668 99 1 2 0 10 99 3 710 46 88 71 1430 14 29 19 1079 1377 31 542 16 1377 1330 1377 70 0 19 60 33 1463 1406 118 9 221 948 68 30 12 9 146 83 600 945 70 0 198 140 80 3 9 15 71 225 2834 9 148 100 6 80 46 14 19 313 801 56 2916 2834 41 17 46 20 93 48 29 29 27 183 1 06 41 32 16 8 216 890 571 9 6 2916 94 3 91 18 1123 14 2446 8 10 2561 2 77 194 512 0 86 70 4 9 478 33 3 425 15 20 277 4 334 551 20 265 82 18 333 882 534 190 846 669 58 7 10 133 7 133 14 846 8 13 119 816 37 13 41 8 119 0 377 98 11 410 529 655 534 977 348 759 709 225 5 497 65 588 65 5 9 813 70 52 9 100 52 9 34 7 8 49 9 34 8 70 9 70 7 49 52 7 9 709 49 34 8 497 1:60000 AADT - Light Vehicles - With Project - 2025 28.04.2023 Links 1 17 2 AADT 17 1 PL_TJMA 27 2 222 2 806 67 27 22 202 403 0 446 1 14 221 446 0 500 1000 m 42 14 5 7 44 441 12 6 425 19 6 17 7 14 1 587 14 156 7 11 550 197 7 18 3 1 156 188 18 13 14 316 1 0 7 82 6 15 316 14 16 8 58 76 7 76 185 475 13 6 50 316 9 76 566 148 7 36 0 316 136 31 144 367 76 56 6 425 566 6 79 116 425 566 676 42 180 11 5 6 2 521 58 144 68 136 1 425 52 4 425 521 74 488 488 30 17 3 8 15 48 1 55 52 0 61 8 48 231 190 265 8 432 48 432 265 74 440 275 2 43 31 440 8 75 230 0 44 149 38 34 139 65 16 233 165 149 76 155 34 38 103 76 34 34 139 13 5 9 15 76 13 9 76 5 15 34 5 76 15 13 9 155 1:60000 AADT - Heavy Load Vehicles - With Project - 2025 28.04.2023 Differential 2025 Volume-TSys [veh] - DIFF2025 (V,AP) 14 0 4 7 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 m 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 6 1 6 2 1 2 6 1 5 1 1 4 1 5 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 7 1 7 4 6 2 6 2 7 2 6 2 7 3 8 7 8 3 7 8 2 14 8 7 7 7 1 1 14 1 14 14 1 1 14 14 1 1 14 1 14 14 14 1 14 1:65000 Differential for Light Vehicles - 2025 28.04.2023 Differential 2025 Volume-TSys [veh] - DIFF2025 (PL,AP) 7 0 2 3 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 m 3 4 3 3 4 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 7 4 3 3 3 6 7 7 6 7 7 6 7 6 7 6 6 1:65000 Differential for Heavy Load Vehicles - 2025 28.04.2023 Links 80 61 399 AADT 37 VL_TJMA 25 8 20 29 377 5 36 3093 307 17 773 1546 2 30 39 4 0 129 9 39 1 31 96 33 0 500 1000 m 9 226 20 147 0 102 40 339 7 100 10 232 5 9 85 17 0 10 89 80 300 161 80 2 5 59 3 178 5 14 1 3 0 534 7 14 5 204 60 1472 147 10 05 687 4 20 7 102 10 7 731 47 47 73 1472 14 30 20 1110 1418 73 558 01 1418 1370 1418 72 0 20 15 34 1507 1448 121 5 228 976 99 30 12 8 150 85 617 971 73 4 203 144 82 7 6 16 73 232 2918 4 153 103 8 34 48 15 20 322 824 3 3003 2918 42 211 18 48 46 49 30 30 28 188 6 49 42 33 16 7 223 914 587 6 84 3003 97 94 18 1157 15 2513 3 10 2631 2 86 200 527 3 42 72 3 4 493 34 3 438 16 21 286 1 343 21 273 568 31 19 343 909 550 195 868 690 83 9 10 136 9 136 14 868 7 56 122 838 69 13 42 7 122 2 388 27 12 422 1006 543 675 550 357 782 714 231 5 496 67 605 67 5 4 837 71 54 3 102 54 3 35 6 7 49 4 35 7 71 4 71 6 49 54 6 3 714 49 35 7 496 1:60000 AADT - Light Vehicles - Baseline Scenario - 2026 28.04.2023 Links 1 18 2 AADT 18 1 PL_TJMA 18 2 229 2 829 70 18 18 207 414 0 456 1 15 228 456 0 500 1000 m 43 15 3 1 45 446 13 6 433 20 2 18 2 15 1 59 15 159 1 11 565 202 7 1 18 6 4 159 194 18 13 15 326 4 2 0 84 9 15 326 15 17 1 59 78 78 7 191 489 13 9 52 326 2 78 582 153 8 37 0 326 139 32 147 378 78 58 2 438 582 0 82 119 438 582 2 69 43 185 11 8 9 6 535 59 147 70 139 5 438 53 5 438 535 76 500 500 31 17 7 0 15 50 5 56 53 6 63 0 50 238 196 272 0 443 50 443 272 76 450 283 3 44 32 450 9 78 237 0 45 154 39 35 144 67 16 240 170 154 72 153 35 39 106 72 35 35 144 14 3 4 15 72 14 4 72 3 15 35 3 72 15 14 4 153 1:60000 AADT - Heavy Load Vehicles - Baseline Scenario - 2026 28.04.2023 Links 80 61 399 AADT 37 VL_TJMA 25 8 20 29 377 5 36 3094 307 17 774 1547 2 30 40 4 0 129 9 39 1 31 96 34 0 500 1000 m 0 225 20 147 0 102 40 340 7 100 10 232 5 9 85 17 0 10 90 80 300 161 80 2 6 59 4 178 6 14 2 5 0 535 8 14 6 204 60 1473 147 10 06 688 4 21 8 102 10 7 731 47 48 73 1473 14 30 20 1111 1419 74 558 02 1419 1371 1418 72 1 20 17 34 1508 1449 121 7 228 977 99 30 12 8 150 85 618 973 73 7 203 144 82 8 7 16 73 232 2920 4 153 103 9 37 48 15 20 322 825 5 3004 2920 42 211 18 48 47 49 30 30 28 188 6 52 42 33 16 7 223 916 588 7 9 3004 97 8 94 18 1158 15 2517 3 10 2636 2 86 200 528 3 47 72 5 4 492 34 3 438 16 21 286 1 344 21 273 568 36 19 343 909 550 196 870 690 88 4 10 137 4 137 14 870 2 56 123 840 74 13 42 2 123 3 389 32 12 423 1006 544 675 550 358 781 724 232 5 506 67 606 67 5 4 837 72 54 4 103 54 4 35 6 8 50 4 35 8 72 4 72 6 50 54 6 4 724 50 35 8 506 1:60000 AADT - Light Vehicles - With Project - 2026 28.04.2023 Links 1 18 2 AADT 18 1 PL_TJMA 18 2 229 2 829 70 18 18 207 415 0 457 1 15 228 457 0 500 1000 m 43 15 3 1 45 446 13 7 433 20 1 18 2 15 1 59 15 159 1 11 565 202 8 1 18 6 4 159 195 18 13 15 326 4 2 0 84 9 15 326 15 17 1 59 78 78 8 191 489 13 9 52 326 3 78 582 153 8 37 0 326 139 32 147 378 78 58 2 438 582 1 82 119 438 582 3 69 43 185 11 8 9 7 536 59 147 70 139 6 438 53 5 438 536 76 500 500 31 17 7 0 15 50 6 56 53 6 63 0 50 238 196 273 0 444 50 444 273 76 451 283 4 44 32 451 9 78 237 1 45 154 39 35 144 67 16 240 170 154 74 155 35 39 106 74 35 35 144 14 5 4 15 74 14 4 74 5 15 35 5 74 15 14 4 155 1:60000 AADT - Heavy Load Vehicles - With Project - 2026 28.04.2023 Links AADT Volume-TSys [veh] - Test (V,AP) 9 0 2 5 0 500 1000 1500 m 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 5 3 5 5 2 5 1 5 5 5 2 5 1 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 2 5 5 9 5 5 5 1 9 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 1:60000 Differential for Light Vehicles - 2026 28.04.2023 Links AADT Volume-TSys [veh] - Test (PL,AP) 2 0 0 1 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1:60000 Differential for Heavy Load Vehicles - 2026 28.04.2023 Links 169 721 AADT 88 67 VL_TJMA 3 37 58 656 0 65 5374 553 2687 4 04 68 30 6 0 1343 232 0 38 72 18 56 58 0 500 1000 m 1 406 36 300 9 185 71 581 5 180 19 403 1 40 15 32 2 18 24 14 53 14 289 53 7 10 31 8 53 321 25 72 38 965 8 25 369 10 2654 0 30 0 18 38 8 124 43 95 1 85 18 8 0 86 131 6 98 15 2654 26 53 36 1019 2031 2556 56 31 2556 2472 2556 13 02 36 24 62 2716 2611 254 4 412 1758 70 55 21 13 27 16 1115 1756 136 15 8 364 2611 247 5330 156 5270 278 187 48 92 36 27 148 582 93 79 5330 5270 81 8 33 92 37 93 92 54 28 54 51 341 0 75 81 29 1653 2685 402 1061 02 169 5330 34 2002 27 4539 8 18 52 0 4753 364 966 7 1306 1 64 890 62 3 797 30 38 520 5 628 5 38 494 102 79 34 623 93 0 994 1565 164 124 50 1 19 3 247 1 247 1565 25 1 35 221 1511 71 24 76 1 221 3 702 11 22 763 1123 1817 983 994 648 1412 93 93 1 417 129 23 896 93 11 1094 121 6 91 1509 12 98 3 185 98 3 64 6 91 89 8 64 8 12 91 12 6 89 98 6 3 89 64 8 896 1:60000 AADT - Light Vehicles - Baseline Scenario - 2046 28.04.2023 Links 2 32 3 AADT 32 2 PL_TJMA 34 3 413 3 1497 126 34 33 374 748 0 824 1 27 412 824 0 500 1000 m 78 27 3 7 82 806 23 4 783 36 8 32 5 27 27 107 27 287 2 21 102 365 2 33 0 9 0 3 287 351 33 23 27 589 3 9 2 2 15 7 28 589 30 10 141 9 141 79 345 883 25 1 94 589 4 141 2 105 276 3 68 8 589 251 57 265 683 141 10 52 791 1052 81 216 14 1052 791 51 79 12 21 334 1 6 76 966 10 127 265 251 6 791 96 8 791 966 902 902 55 32 0 2 90 6 101 96 113 2 90 430 354 491 2 800 90 800 491 13 813 511 7 0 80 59 813 4 141 427 3 81 278 70 63 260 120 29 433 307 129 278 276 63 70 191 9 12 63 63 260 26 6 0 27 9 26 0 12 9 12 6 27 63 6 27 26 0 276 1:60000 AADT - Heavy Load Vehicles - Baseline Scenario - 2046 28.04.2023 Links 169 721 AADT 88 67 VL_TJMA 3 37 58 656 0 65 5376 553 2688 4 04 68 30 6 0 1344 232 0 38 72 18 56 58 0 500 1000 m 2 406 37 300 0 185 71 582 5 180 19 403 1 41 15 32 2 18 26 14 53 14 290 55 8 10 32 0 55 321 25 74 41 966 9 25 369 10 2655 0 30 0 18 41 9 124 46 97 1 85 18 9 0 86 131 6 99 15 2655 26 53 36 1020 2032 2557 58 32 2557 2473 2558 13 04 36 26 62 2717 2612 255 7 412 1759 71 55 21 14 27 17 1117 1759 136 15 3 365 261 247 5333 156 5273 278 187 2 53 92 36 27 149 583 93 82 5333 5273 81 0 33 92 37 93 92 54 29 54 51 341 0 79 81 29 1656 2690 402 1063 09 169 5333 34 2004 27 4546 8 18 52 0 4760 364 967 7 1309 1 72 890 62 3 797 30 38 520 5 629 5 38 494 102 86 34 623 93 9 994 1569 163 124 58 8 19 3 247 8 247 1569 25 9 1514 35 221 78 24 76 9 221 3 702 19 22 763 1123 1818 985 994 650 1412 93 93 6 418 130 23 911 93 11 1096 121 6 06 1510 13 98 5 186 98 5 65 911 06 0 65 0 13 06 13 1 91 98 1 5 91 65 0 911 1:60000 AADT - Light Vehicles - with Project - 2046 28.04.2023 Links 2 32 3 AADT 32 2 PL_TJMA 34 3 413 3 1497 126 34 33 374 749 0 825 1 27 412 825 0 500 1000 m 78 27 3 7 82 807 23 5 783 36 8 32 6 27 27 108 27 288 2 21 102 366 2 33 1 0 0 4 288 351 33 23 27 588 4 9 2 2 15 8 28 588 31 10 141 0 141 80 345 883 25 2 94 588 5 141 2 105 277 3 68 8 588 252 57 265 683 141 10 52 792 1052 82 216 14 1052 792 52 79 12 21 335 2 6 78 968 10 127 265 252 8 792 96 8 792 968 904 904 55 32 0 4 90 8 101 96 113 4 90 430 354 492 4 803 90 803 492 13 815 512 7 3 80 59 815 4 141 428 5 81 278 70 63 260 121 29 434 307 133 278 280 63 70 191 3 13 63 63 260 26 0 0 28 3 26 13 0 3 13 0 28 63 0 28 26 0 280 1:60000 AADT - Heavy Load Vehicles - with Project - 2046 28.04.2023 Links AADT Volume-TSys [veh] - 2046 (V,AP) 15 0 4 7 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 m 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 4 1 1 3 3 4 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 7 2 4 7 7 2 3 7 3 7 7 1 7 3 7 3 4 7 7 8 8 8 4 8 3 8 8 15 8 8 8 2 1 1 1 15 2 15 15 2 2 15 1 1 15 15 15 15 2 15 15 1 15 1:60000 Differential for Light Vehicles - 2046 28.04.2023 Links AADT Volume-TSys [veh] - 2046 (PL,AP) 4 0 1 2 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 m 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1:60000 Differential for Heavy Load Vehicles - 2046 28.04.2023 Review of New Runway of Plaine Corail Airport Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report As part of Gap Analysis to Suit the new requirements CONTROLLED DOCUMENT Title: Review of New Runway of Plaine Corail Airport Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report As part of Gap Analysis to Suit the new requirements Document No: 2022/1081/06/R01 Status: APPROVAL Copy No: Name Signature Date Prepared by: B.Dabee 19 Dec 2022 Checked by: B.Dabee 19 Dec 2022 Approved by: B.Dabee 19 Dec 2022 Revision Record Rev. Date By Summary of Changes Chkd Aprvd Contents 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 1 3.0 Reference .................................................................................................................................... 1 4.0 Review ........................................................................................................................................ 1 5.0 Proposed Development ............................................................................................................. 2 6.0 Assessment ................................................................................................................................. 3 7.0 Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 5 1.0 Introduction The aim of this report is to update the existing Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report (ESIA) to address the gaps identified to meet the requirements of the World Bank ESF in addition to the legislative requirements of the Republic of Mauritius with particular reference to the geological aspects. 2.0 Methodology The assessment shall be carried out as follows (a) Review the current ESIA report to understand the baseline information presented in 2019 with particular reference to the geological information. (b) Understand the most recent proposal for the construction of the new runway including proposed position and physical characteristics. (c) Align the requirements as laid down in the latest design guidance and statutory requirements 3.0 Reference D.A. Burney, J.P. Hume, G.J. Middleton, L. Steel, L.P. Burney and N. Porch (2015) – Stratigraphy and chronology of karst features on Rodrigues Island, Southwestern Indian Ocean. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 77, no. 1, p. 37–51. SETEC Ltd (2019). New Runway of Plaine Corail Airport Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report prepared for Airport of Rodrigues Ltd. Report prepared by Setec / Reference – 01245162 Dated 04 November 2019. World Bank Group (2017) Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Ports, Harbors, and Terminals. 4.0 Review The current ESIA report section 6.3.4.1.4 :Geology of the restricted area of influence provides details about the geology of the area. That section was largely developed based on the investigations carried out in three stages from January 2017 to September 2018. The works carried out provided enough information to understand the ground model within that area. The intrusive works show that the area consists of the following (a) Calcarenites – composed of alternating fine to coarse sands and grained corals, separated by clayey beds (average thickness of 5 m), (b) Basalts – composed, from top to bottom of Basalt series, of highly to slightly weathered basalts, with high plasticity silty clays with intervals of gravels and cobbles (average thickness of 9.5m), 1|Page (c) Breccias – composed of highly weathered breccia, often located beneath Calcarenite deposits up to depths of 10 m, with high plasticity silty clays and medium to fine gravels of weathered basalts (average thickness of 3 m). Sections drawn across the site shows that the Calcarenites layer varies from the St Marie mount area increases towards the coastline. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were carried out over the area and revealed that 541 voids were determined this way, but more can be found deeper. Over the 541 voids determined with the following distribution: • none are found between 0 and 5 m below the surface. • 11% are found between 5 and 10 m • 38 % between 10 and 15m, • 30% between 15 and 20 • 21% beyond 20 m. Most of voids are thus located between 10 and 20 m below the surface. The effect of karstic dissolution in the formation of the voids identified was not investigated considering the absence of ground water monitoring. 5.0 Proposed Development With the current alignment as shown in figure 1, it was noted towards the South East end of the run way, a number of significant geological features were identified including caves. In addition, part of the proposed structure shall be constructed beyond the coastline. It has been noted the geotechnical investigation carried out was focused mainly onshore. Figure 1: Proposed Development and Location of the New Runway 2|Page 6.0 Assessment Following previous works, karstic cave networks have been mapped in the region (Burney, et al. 2015), and surface observation suggests that the Plaine Corail likely contains similar karstic features. Karstic features near the project, as reported by Burney, et al. and observed on the site during their site works, include Grotte Fougere, Caverne Bouteille, Petit Lac and 2No. small surface voids found to the south east of the investigations site near Anse Quitor (Table 1). Name Coordinates Northing (m) Easting (m) Caverne Bouteille (Cave) 539185.5 7814474.6 Petit Lac (Pond) 539361.2 7814206.8 Grotte Fougere (Cave) 539434.4 7814129.2 Surface Void 01 539195.0 7814306.0 Surface Void 03 539270.0 7814100.0 Caverne Bouteille is found approximately 240m from the proposed new runway thus may have any impact on the proposed project. Grotte Fougere is a partially collapsed cave containing a small pond beneath the cave overhang. Petit Lac is a natural depression (Pond) containing no significant sediment accumulation. Review of the works carried out suggest that the caves may extend with a network tunnels. The extent of the tunnels need to be investigated in detail so as to assess the implication of the proposed runway and associated embankments on the underground features. In addition, it has been noted that the footprint of graded area to the runway shall extend beyond the existing coastline over a length of about 500m. Construction of that portion shall entail the following (a) Construction of a suitable earth retaining structure (b) Land reclamation over an area of about 500m long by about 50m wide to form the graded area to the runway. (c.) Proposed Construction of new buildings on the slope of Mont Travers. 3|Page Proposed Development and Location of the New Runway 4|Page Figure 2: Positions of ground features in the South East of the Site associated with Karstic Ground Conditions 7.0 Recommendations The following works are recommended to be carried out (a) Further assessment of underground ground features associated with Karstic Action with particular reference to the identified caves. It is strongly recommended to carry out additional GPR surveys in area adjacent to the ground features to assess the existence of underground ground features. The GPR shall be specified to have an accurate model. For example, with survey lines at centres not less than five metres, characteristics of the voids can be accurately mapped. The findings shall then be used to relate the likelihood of positions of these underground features (voids and tunnels) with the proposed locations of the runway and embankments. (b) Assess impact of offshore works Also, along the South East, with the proposed graded area embankment forming the runaway partly built beyond the existing coastline, it is recommended to carry out additional investigations offshore to not only determine the geotechnical design parameters but more importantly extend the ground models in that area. The new structure will have an implication on the coastal geomorphology and therefore must be investigated. 5|Page Figure 3: Blow up of Proposed Runway showing extent to be built offshore. Note Positions of ground features such as Petit Lac, Grotte Fougere and Cavern Bouteille Figure 4: Proposed Development on the Slope of Mt Travers Surveys, assessment, and modelling of metocean, hydrological, sedimentological and coastal geomorphological conditions should be carried out together with an identification of potential 6|Page adverse impacts on coastal processes such as erosion and accretion, from the placement of new earth retaining structures and land reclamation. The design, siting considerations and coastal protection measures with particular reference to groynes and proposed seawalls shall be considered to minimize adverse impacts from these structures. (c) Understand the impact of the land reclamation on the coast processes As part of a coastal processes monitoring and management plan, projects should conduct a risk assessment of littoral sediment transport, shoreline morphology and erosion patterns and trends, and coastal inundation profiles. In addition, the source of materials to carry out the land reclamation works shall be identified. Risk assessments shall be carried out to identify potential impact of such works and importing of materials from the source. 7|Page Airport of Rodrigues Ltd Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport Noise and Air Quality Factual Report For the purpose of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report Report Reference – 09053999 Prepared by 16 May 2023 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Report Prepared by NAME ROLE COMPANY ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT TEAM Frederic TRANQUILLE Project Director SETEC (Mauritius) Ltd SPECIALIST TEAM Samuel LAVEAUD / Pauline SETEC INTERNATIONAL JAUSSERAND / Fanny Chagnet / Nathan Air Quality Bétrancourt & specialist sub-consultant CIA Samuel LAVEAUD / Pierre-Yves NADEAU / SETEC INTERNATIONAL Noise Kevin Podolak / Nathan Bétrancourt & specialist sub-consultant CIA 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 2/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table of contents 0 Non-Technical Executive Summary ...............................................................................10 0.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................10 0.2 Environmental and social baseline conditions ..........................................................10 0.2.1 Air quality and noise ..........................................................................................10 0.2.2 Final ESIA .........................................................................................................12 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................13 2 Legal and institutional framework applicable to Noise and Air Quality ...........................14 2.1 Main National Legislation on Environmental Aspects ...............................................14 2.1.1 Main National Environmental Standards under the Environment Protection Act 2002 14 2.2 International Guidelines and Standards ...................................................................16 2.2.1 World Bank Group Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines .......................16 3 Environmental and social baseline conditions ...............................................................21 3.1 Air quality and noise environment ............................................................................21 3.1.1 Demography and exposed population ...............................................................21 3.1.2 Aircraft study methodology ................................................................................23 3.1.3 Air quality ..........................................................................................................33 3.1.4 Noise.................................................................................................................54 3.1.5 Summary: air and noise sensitivity ....................................................................81 4 Conclusion: current state 2023 ......................................................................................82 4.1 Air quality.................................................................................................................82 4.1.1 Atmospheric pollutants measured .....................................................................82 4.1.2 Road traffic: emissions of pollutants and modeled atmospheric concentrations 82 4.1.3 Air traffic ............................................................................................................82 4.2 Noise .......................................................................................................................83 4.2.1 Road noise ........................................................................................................83 4.2.2 Air traffic ............................................................................................................83 5 Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ................................................................84 5.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................84 5.1.1 Air quality and noise ..........................................................................................84 5.2 Temporary Impacts during Construction ................................................................103 5.2.1 Air quality and noise ........................................................................................103 5.3 Permanent and irreversible impacts during Construction Phase ............................106 5.3.1 Air quality and noise ........................................................................................106 5.4 Impacts during operation phase.............................................................................107 5.4.1 Air quality and noise ........................................................................................107 6 Mitigation Measures ....................................................................................................154 6.1.1 Air quality and noise ........................................................................................154 7 Conclusion: Impact of the project ................................................................................155 7.1 Air quality...............................................................................................................155 7.1.1 Road traffic: emissions of pollutants and modeled atmospheric concentrations 155 7.1.2 Air traffic ..........................................................................................................155 7.2 Noise .....................................................................................................................155 7.2.1 Road noise ......................................................................................................155 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 7.2.2 Air traffic ..........................................................................................................156 8 Annexes ......................................................................................................................157 8.1 Annex: Results of the measurements ....................................................................157 8.1.1 air pollutants....................................................................................................157 8.1.2 Acoustics data processing ...............................................................................160 8.2 Annex: Measurement methods used in the campaign............................................164 8.2.1 Air pollutants measurements ...........................................................................164 8.2.2 Acoustic’s measurements material ..................................................................166 8.3 Annex: Plaine Corail airport’s approaches .............................................................167 8.4 Annex: Road traffic at Rodrigues – Light vehicles and Heavy goods vehicles ........171 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 4/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of Air and Noise Sensitivity ..................................................................................... 12 Table 2-1: Environment Protection (Standards for Air) Regulations 1998 - Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................................................................................................................................................... 14 Table 2-2: Environment Protection (Standards for Air) Regulations 1998 - Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................................................................................................................................................... 15 Table 2-3: Environment Protection (Environmental Standards for Noise) Regulations - Noise Exposure Limits ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 Table 2-4: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines - 2021 ....................................................................... 17 Table 2-5: Noise Level Guidelines ........................................................................................................ 18 Table 2-6: Air Quality regulations .......................................................................................................... 19 Table 3-1: 2022 Airport traffic’s statistics – Plaine Corail ...................................................................... 23 Table 3-2: Population’s data .................................................................................................................. 24 Table 3-3: Description of main air pollutants ......................................................................................... 33 Table 3-4: Meteorological Data, Plaine Corail ....................................................................................... 36 Table 3-5: aircraft movements recorded during the air quality measurement ....................................... 37 Table 3-6: Duration and engine speed associated with the different phases of LTO cycle .................. 45 Table 3-7: Gas emissions and fuel consumption per year .................................................................... 46 Table 3-8: Pollutants emissions per day due to road traffic .................................................................. 48 Table 3-9: Pollutants emissions per day due to road traffic .................................................................. 48 Table 3-10: Greehouse gas emissions per day due to road traffic ....................................................... 48 Table 3-11: Background concentrations included in the calculations of the modeled concentrations .. 49 Table 3-12: Statistics of the modelled concentrations in the area of 500 m around the roads ............. 50 Table 3-13: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone ....................................................................................................... 53 Table 3-14: Meteorological Data, Plaine Corail ..................................................................................... 57 Table 3-15: Interpretation of the Meteorological Data, Plaine Corail .................................................... 58 Table 3-16: aircraft movements recorded during the air quality measurement ..................................... 59 Table 3-17: Road traffic in the current situation .................................................................................... 75 Table 3-18: Administrative division by area ........................................................................................... 76 Table 3-19: Population noise exposure ................................................................................................. 80 Table 3-20: Air and noise sensitivity ...................................................................................................... 81 Table 5-1: 2046 Airport traffic’s statistics (initial configuration) – Plaine Corail .................................... 85 Table 5-2: 2046 Airport traffic’s statistics (project configuration) – Plaine Corail .................................. 87 Table 5-3: Population’s data .................................................................................................................. 88 Table 5-4: Duration and engine speed associated with the different phases of LTO cycle .................. 96 Table 5-5: Background concentrations included in the calculations of the modeled concentrations .... 99 Table 5-6: Road traffic in the future situation ...................................................................................... 101 Table 5-7: Administrative division by area ........................................................................................... 102 Table 5-8: Gas emissions and fuel consumption per year: baseline 2022, initial configuration 2045, project configuration 2045 ................................................................................................................... 107 Table 5-9: Pollutants emissions per day due to road traffic ................................................................ 109 Table 5-10: Pollutants emissions per day due to road traffic .............................................................. 110 Table 5-11: Greenhouse gas emissions per day due to road traffic ................................................... 110 Table 5-12: Statistics of the modelled concentrations in the area of 500 m around the roads – Nitrogen dioxide ................................................................................................................................................. 111 Table 5-13: Statistics of the modelled concentrations in the area of 500 m around the roads – Nitrogen dioxide ................................................................................................................................................. 115 Table 5-14: Statistics of the modelled concentrations in the area of 500 m around the roads – Nitrogen dioxide ................................................................................................................................................. 119 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table 5-15: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone in 2026 – Initial configuration ...................................................... 123 Table 5-16: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone in 2026 – Project configuration ................................................... 124 Table 5-17: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone in 2046 – Initial configuration ...................................................... 125 Table 5-18: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone in 2046 – Project configuration ................................................... 126 Table 5-19: Population noise exposure in 2026, without project ......................................................... 145 Table 5-20: Population noise exposure in 2026, with project .............................................................. 145 Table 5-21: Population noise exposure in 2046, without project ......................................................... 151 Table 5-22: Population noise exposure in 2046, with project .............................................................. 151 Table 7-1: Method of analysis used by TERA environnement for the tubes Radiello ......................... 164 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Building location map and administrative division .................................................................. 11 Figure 2: Building location map and administrative division .................................................................. 22 Figure 3: 2022 Airport traffic’s statistics – Plaine Corail ........................................................................ 24 Figure 4: Population’s data – administrative division ............................................................................ 24 Figure 5 : Take-off path hypothesis – Runway 12 – Plaine Corail ....................................................... 27 Figure 6: Take-off path hypothesis – Runway 30 – Plaine Corail ........................................................ 28 Figure 7: IMR approach path– Runway 12 – Plaine Corail .................................................................. 29 Figure 8 : NDB approach path– Runway 12 – Plaine Corail ................................................................ 30 Figure 9 : IMR approach path– Runway 30 – Plaine Corail ................................................................. 31 Figure 10: NDB approach path– Runway 30 – Plaine Corail ............................................................... 32 Figure 11 Air quality measurements location ........................................................................................ 35 Figure 12 : Wind Rose at the airport Plaine Corail: 14/03/2023 – 16/03/2023 ...................................... 36 Figure 13: LTO cycle (Source: Acnusa) ................................................................................................ 45 Figure 14: Roads included in the emissions inventory .......................................................................... 47 Figure 15: Spatial distribution of the NOx emissions – Current situation 2023 ..................................... 48 Figure 16 : Wind Rose used in the calculations – based on the three-hourly wind direction and velocity furnished by numtech between the 01/01/2022 and the 31/12/2022 – Station SYNOP of Plaine Corail at Rodrigues .............................................................................................................................................. 49 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 6/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 17 : Map of the modeled nitro gen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Current situation 2023 ............................................................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 18 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Current situation 2023 ........ 51 Figure 19 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Current situation 2023 ....... 52 Figure 20 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Current situation 2023 .. 53 Figure 21: Diagram of sound levels ....................................................................................................... 54 Figure 22: Illustration of the definition of the LAeq ................................................................................ 55 Figure 23: Example of noise contours – French aerodrome Aix Les Milles .......................................... 56 Figure 24 Noise measurements - location and results .......................................................................... 60 Figure 25 : Lden noise contour and population exposure - initial configuration – Plaine Corail Airport 70 Figure 26 : LAmax noise contour and population exposure - initial configuration – Plaine Corail Airport ............................................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 27 : Number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A) contour and population exposure - initial configuration – Plaine Corail Airport ............................................................................................................................ 72 Figure 28 : Number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A) contour and population exposure - initial configuration – Plaine Corail Airport ............................................................................................................................ 73 Figure 29: Roads included in the noise emissions ................................................................................ 75 Figure 30: administrative breakdown .................................................................................................... 76 Figure 31: 2046 Airport traffic’s statistics (initial configuration) – Plaine Corail .................................... 85 Figure 32: 2046 Airport traffic’s statistics (project configuration) – Plaine Corail .................................. 87 Figure 33: Population’s data – administrative division .......................................................................... 88 Figure 34: IMR approach path– Runway 12 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail ........................... 90 Figure 35: NDB approach path– Runway 12 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail .......................... 91 Figure 36: Take-off path hypothesis– Runway 12 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail .................. 92 Figure 37: IMR approach path– Runway 30 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail ........................... 93 Figure 38: NDB approach path– Runway 30 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail .......................... 94 Figure 39: Take-off path hypothesis– Runway 30 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail .................. 95 Figure 40: LTO cycle (Source: Acnusa) ................................................................................................ 97 Figure 41 : Wind Rose used in the calculations – based on the three-hourly wind direction and velocity furnished by numtech between the 01/01/2022 and the 31/12/2022 – Station SYNOP of Plaine Corail at Rodrigues .............................................................................................................................................. 99 Figure 42: Roads included in the noise emissions .............................................................................. 101 Figure 43: administrative breakdown .................................................................................................. 102 Figure 44: Approximate area of the future quarry ............................................................................... 104 Figure 45: Graphics of gas emissions and fuel consumption per year : Initial configuration 2022 and 2046 ; Project configuration 2046 ........................................................................................................ 108 Figure 46: Roads included in the emissions inventory ........................................................................ 109 Figure 47 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2026 ..................................................................................................................................................... 112 Figure 48 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2026 ................................................................................................................................................. 112 Figure 49: Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2026 ........................................................................................................................... 113 Figure 50 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2046 ..................................................................................................................................................... 113 Figure 51 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2046 ................................................................................................................................................. 114 Figure 52: Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2046 ........................................................................................................................... 114 Figure 53 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2026116 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 7/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 54 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2026 ............................................................................................................................................................. 116 Figure 55 : Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2026 ........................................................................................................................... 117 Figure 56 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2046117 Figure 57 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2046 ............................................................................................................................................................. 118 Figure 58 : Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2046 ........................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 59 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2026 ............................................................................................................................................................. 120 Figure 60 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2026 ............................................................................................................................................................. 120 Figure 61 : Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2026 ........................................................................................................................... 121 Figure 62 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2046 ............................................................................................................................................................. 121 Figure 63 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2046 ............................................................................................................................................................. 122 Figure 64 : Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2046 ........................................................................................................................... 122 Figure 65 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2026 ............................................................................................................................................................. 123 Figure 66 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2026 ............................................................................................................................................................. 124 Figure 67 : Map of the impact of the project on the Indicator Pollution Population – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2026 .................................................................................................................. 125 Figure 68 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2046 ............................................................................................................................................................. 126 Figure 69 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2046 ............................................................................................................................................................. 127 Figure 70 : Map of the impact of the project on the Indicator Pollution Population – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2046 .................................................................................................................. 127 Figure 71 : Histogram showing the number of inhabitants exposed to the different concentrations .. 128 Figure 72 : Lden noise contour and population exposure - initial configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport .................................................................................................................................................. 130 Figure 73 : LAmax noise contour and population exposure - initial configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport .................................................................................................................................................. 131 Figure 74 : Number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A) contour and population exposure - initial configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport .............................................................................................................. 132 Figure 75 : Number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A) contour and population exposure - initial configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport .............................................................................................................. 133 Figure 76 : Lden noise contour and population exposure - project configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport .................................................................................................................................................. 135 Figure 77 : LAmax noise contour and population exposure - project configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport .................................................................................................................................................. 136 Figure 78 : Number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A) contour and population exposure – project configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport ......................................................................................... 137 Figure 79 : Number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A) contour and population exposure - project configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport .............................................................................................................. 138 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 8/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 80 : Lden difference between project and initial configuration and population exposure – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport ............................................................................................................................. 139 Figure 81: Population exposure to road noise - Lden ......................................................................... 152 Figure 82: Population exposure to road noise - Ln ............................................................................. 153 Figure 83: Components and installation of the radiello tubes ............................................................. 164 Figure 84: Working principle of the radiello tubes – Source Manuale radiello .................................... 164 Figure 65: NEMo outdoor microsensor ambient air monitoring ........................................................... 165 Figure 86: Evaluation of the outdoor NEMo microsensor – AirLab Challenge Microcapteurs 2021 ... 165 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 9/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 0 Non-Technical Executive Summary 0.1 Introduction Plaine Corail Airport in Rodrigues Island is managed by Airport of Rodrigues Ltd. (ARL), a subsidiary of the Airports of Mauritius Co. Ltd. (AML). An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the New runway at Plaine Corail Airport in Rodrigues Island was prepared in 2019 to meet the requirements of the Government of Mauritius and those of the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and the European Union (EU). Airport of Rodrigues Ltd is now proposing to seek financing support from the World Bank for the proposed expansion of the Rodrigues Airport, and is therefore required to update the ESIA to meet the requirements of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). The precedent factual baseline air quality and noise study report was an interim report prepared in 2019. The factual baseline air quality and noise study is updated in the present report (April 2023) following a field survey that took place in March 2023 in Rodrigues. 0.2 Environmental and social baseline conditions 0.2.1 Air quality and noise The following map shows the location of the population living near Plaine Corail airport. It was based on field visits and analysis of aerial photographs. As residential buildings are sparse, the populations exposed to noise and pollution are limited. Yet, it should be noted that a school is located to the east of the airport and requires special attention. In general terms, the buildings and sites sensitive to noise and pollution are homes, schools, hospitals, and areas dedicated to sports. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 10/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 1: Building location map and administrative division 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 11/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 0.2.1.1 Air quality The air quality issue is due to the presence of sensitive populations living nearby and of the pre-primary school Le Caneton (located near Anse Quitor). The presence of agricultural parcels is also to be taken into account. The aircraft traffic and road traffic growth could lead to a significant increase in pollutant emissions. 0.2.1.2 Noise The noise issue is due to the presence of sensitive populations living nearby and of the pre- primary school Le Caneton. The aircraft traffic and road traffic growth could lead to a significant increase in noise. 0.2.1.3 Summary: air and noise sensitivity Table 1: Summary of Air and Noise Sensitivity Sub-theme Receptor Sensitivity Air quality Population exposed High Noise Population exposed High 0.2.2 Final ESIA The following is to be addressed within the updating exercise of the ESIA (2023): Update the noise baseline and impact assessment modelling, including maximum noise values, sampling points near the airport, identification of landing/take off events and aircraft types; consider noise from airport ground equipment and the ambient acoustic baseline. The noise impact assessment will be updated where necessary. Relevance of baseline update will be discussed in the light of possible changes in the built environment. Displacement of population do not necessarily warrant a baseline update. On the other hand, the modelling may be reviewed in the light of design considerations (substantial changes from 2019 concept design) and the impact assessment reviewed in the light of the changes in the built environment. The final ESIA shall further assess the impacts associated with noise based on the projected activities and propose mitigation measures based on ICAO requirements, and long-term noise monitoring plan. The ESMP will include a requirement for the preparation of a noise monitoring plan to be developed for both construction and operational phases. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 12/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 1 Introduction The project refers to the Expansion of Rodrigues airport located at Plaine Corail, Rodrigues, a constituent island of the Republic of Mauritius. With a runway length of 1200 m, the largest aircraft that it can accommodate currently is the ATR 72, which carries passengers only. The number of flights at PCA amounts to three per day during the low season and can rise to a maximum of twelve flights during the peak season which coincides with the Christmas and New Year holidays. The airport is managed by Airport of Rodrigues Ltd. (ARL), a subsidiary of the Airports of Mauritius Co. Ltd. (AML). Due to its remote location, 620 kilometres from Mauritius, air transport is vital to the island in every respect and particularly important from a social and economic perspective. Rodrigues Island, through the Rodrigues Regional Assembly, wishes to increase the capacity of its airport in order to accommodate the A321 Neo / B737 aircraft type, which carries up to a maximum of 244 passengers and is capable of transporting cargo. The objectives of the construction of the new longer runway as well as the associated facilities and amenities, are to: - provide Rodrigues with an efficient, reliable, safe and affordable air transport facility to improve the national, regional and international connectivity and accessibility of the island; - contribute to its social and economic development in key economic sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and fishery. The initial Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report 2019 had two objectives:  Compliance to the procedure for obtaining the EIA Licence from the Government of Mauritius  Evaluation of the environmental and social impacts of the project in line with the requirements of the two Funding Agencies: Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and the European Union (EU). Airport of Rodrigues Ltd is now proposing to seek financing support from the World Bank for the proposed expansion of the Rodrigues Airport, and is therefore required to update the ESIA 2019 to meet the requirements of the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). The precedent factual baseline air quality and noise study report was an interim report prepared in 2019. The factual baseline air quality and noise study is updated in the present report (April 2023) following a field survey that took place in March 2023 in Rodrigues. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 13/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 2 Legal and institutional framework applicable to Noise and Air Quality 2.1 Main National Legislation on Environmental Aspects 2.1.1 Main National Environmental Standards under the Environment Protection Act 2002 A number of Standards have been promulgated as Regulations under the EPA2002 (as amended); the following standards deemed applicable to the proposed project include, but are not limited to, the following: 2.1.1.1 Standards for Air Standards are set under the Environment Protection (Standards for Air) Regulations 1998 (Government Notice No. 105 of 1998). Table 2-1 below reproduced the First Schedule (Regulation 3): Emission Standards being the maximum limits for the corresponding pollutant. Table 2-1: Environment Protection (Standards for Air) Regulations 1998 - Ambient Air Quality Standards Pollutant Applicable to Standard (i) Smoke All stationary fuel burning source Ringelmann No. 2 or equivalent opacity (not to exceed more than 5 minutes in any period of one hour) (ii) Solid particles (a) Any trade, industry, process, industrial 200 mg/m3 plant or fuel-burning equipment 400 mg/m3 (b) Any existing trade, industry, process or industrial plant using bagasse as fuel (iii) Sulphuric acid (a) Any trade, industry or process (other 120 mg/m3 as sulphur trioxide mist or sulphur than combustion processes and plants for 30 000 mg/m3 as sulphur trioxide trioxide the manufacture of sulphuric acid) (b) Any trade, industry or process in which sulphuric acid is manufactured (iv) Fluorine Any trade, industry or process in the 100 mg/m3 as hydrofluoric acid compounds operation of which fluorine, hydrofluoric acid or any inorganic fluorine compounds are emitted (v) Hydrogen Any trade, industry or process 200 mg/m3 as hydrogen chloride Chloride (vi) Chlorine Any trade, industry or process 100 mg/m3 as chlorine (vii) Hydrogen Any trade, industry or process 5 ppm as hydrogen sulphide gas sulphide (viii) Nitric acid or Any trade, industry or process in which the 2 000 mg/m3 as nitrogen dioxide oxides of nitrogen manufacture of nitric acid is carried out (ix) Nitric acid or Any trade, industry or process other than 1 000 mg/m3 as nitrogen dioxide oxides of nitrogen nitric acid plant 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 14/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Pollutant Applicable to Standard (x) Carbon Any trade, industry or process 1 000 mg/m3 as carbon monoxide monoxide Table 2-2 below reproduced the Second Schedule (Regulation 5): Ambient Air Quality Standards and Measurement Methods Table 2-2: Environment Protection (Standards for Air) Regulations 1998 - Ambient Air Quality Standards Ambient Standard Averaging Time Measurement Method* Pollutant (ug/m³) maximum Total Suspended 150 24-hour Hi-volume Particles 50 Annual averageSampler PM10 100 24-hour Hi-volume Sampler Sulphur Dioxide 350 1-hour Fluorescence SO2 200 24-hour Analyzer, 50 Annual average Colorimetry Nitrogen Dioxide 200 24-hour Sodium Arsenite, Chemiluminescence Carbon 25,000 1-hour Nondispersive Monoxide 10,000 8-hour Infrared Photometry Lead 1.5 3-month average Hi-volume Sampler with Atomic Absorption Ozone 100 1-hour Ozone Analyzer, Chemiluminescence * The measurement methods are those indicated or other methods acceptable to the enforcing agency. 2.1.1.2 Standards for Noise Standards are set under the Environment Protection (Environmental Standards for Noise) Regulations 2022 (Government Notice No. 250 of 2022). Control of Noise is regulated by the Environment Protection (Control of Noise) Regulations 2022 (Government Notice No. 251 of 2022). Table 2-3 below reproduces the Schedule (Regulation 3): Noise Exposure Limits Table 2-3: Environment Protection (Environmental Standards for Noise) Regulations - Noise Exposure Limits Noise Type Time Noise Exposure Limits In dB(A) Leq Industrial Noise 07.00 - 21.00 hrs 60 * 21.00 - 07.00 hrs of following 55 * day Neighbourhood Noise 7.00 - 18.00 hrs 60 18.00 - 21.00 hrs 55 21.00 – 07.00 hrs of following 50 day Power Station Noise 07.00 - 21.00 hrs 60 In residential area 21.00 - 07.00 hrs of following 55 day Power Station Noise At any time 70 In any other area 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 15/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality *Apply a tonal character adjustment of +5 dB(A) to the measured value where the noise has a definite continuous note such as a whine or hiss Note that “neighbourhood noise’’ does not include noise made by an aircraft or traffic. 2.2 International Guidelines and Standards 2.2.1 World Bank Group Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines 1. The World Bank Group General Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHSG) The Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). They contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to the World Bank Group, and that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing technology. They are used by the World Bank, IFC and MIGA The General EHS Guidelines contain the following information: 1. Environmental 2. Occupational Health and Safety 1.1 Air Emissions and Ambient Air 2.1 General Facility Design and Quality Operation 1.2 Energy Conservation 2.2 Communication and Training 1.3 Wastewater and Ambient Water 2.3 Physical Hazards Quality 2.4 Chemical Hazards 1.4 Water Conservation 2.5 Biological Hazards 1.5 Hazardous Materials Management 2.6 Radiological Hazards 1.6 Waste Management 2.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 1.7 Noise 2.8 Special Hazard Environments 1.8 Contaminated Land 2.9 Monitoring 3. Community Health and Safety 4. Construction and Decommissioning 3.1 Water Quality and Availability 4.1 Environment 3.2 Structural Safety of Project 4.2 Occupational Health and Safety Infrastructure 4.3 Community Health and Safety 3.3 Life and Fire Safety (L&FS) 3.4 Traffic Safety 3.5 Transport of Hazardous Materials 3.6 Disease Prevention 3.7 Emergency Preparedness and Response The following guidelines/standards are provided in the General EHSG: Ambient Air Quality. Projects with significant sources of air emissions, and potential for significant impacts to ambient air quality, should prevent or minimize impacts by ensuring that Emissions do not result in pollutant concentrations that reach or exceed relevant ambient quality guidelines and standards by applying national legislated standards, or in their absence, the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines (2021) shown in table 2-4 below. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table 2-4: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines - 2021 Unit Pollutant Averaging Period Guideline value in µg/m3 125 (Interim target-1) 24-houra 50 (Interim target-2) Sulphur Dioxide SO2 40 (guideline) 10 minute 500 (guideline) 40 (Interim target-1) 30 (Interim target-2) 1-year 20 (Interim target-3) 10 (guideline) Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 120 (Interim target-1) 24-houra 50 (Interim target-2) 25 (guideline) 1-hour 200 (guideline) 70 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 1-year 30 (Interim target-3) 20 (Interim target-4) 15 (guideline) Particulate Matter PM10 150 (Interim target-1) µg/m³ 100 (Interim target-2) 24-houra 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (Interim target-4) 45 (guideline) 35 (Interim target-1) 25 (Interim target-2) 1-year 15 (Interim target-3) 10 (Interim target-4) 5 (guideline) Particulate Matter PM2.5 75 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 24-houra 37.5 (Interim target-3) 25 (Interim target-4) 15 (guideline) 100 (Interim target-1) Peak seasonb 70 (Interim target-2) 60 (guideline) Ozone O3 160 (Interim target-1) 8-houra 120 (Interim target-2) 100 (guideline) 7 (Interim target-1) 24-houra 4 (guideline) mg/m³ Carbon monoxide CO 8-hour 10 1-hour 35 15-minute 100 Note a : 99th percentile (with 3-4 exceedance days per year) Note b : Average of daily maximum 8-hour mean O3 concentration in the six consecutive months with the highest six-month running-average O3 concentration. Note : interim targets are provided in recognition of the need for a staged approach to achieving the recommended guidelines. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 17/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Noise Level Guidelines. Noise impacts should not exceed the levels presented in Table 4-14 or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site Table 2-5: Noise Level Guidelines One Hour LAeq (dBA) Receptor Day time Night time 07:00 - 22:00 22:00 - 07:00 Residential; institutional; 55 45 educational Industrial; commercial 70 70 2. The World Bank Group EHSG for Airports projects This EHS Guidelines for Airports apply to the operation of commercial airports. It provides a summary of EHS issues associated with airports which occur during the operational phase, along with recommendations for their management. This document is organized according to the following sections: 1) Section one provides information about industry-specific impacts and management; 2) Section two describes performance indicators and monitoring; and 3) Section three concludes with references Standards applicable are those provided in the General EHS Guidelines. 3. The World Bank Group EHSG The EHS Guidelines for Waste Management cover facilities or projects dedicated to the management of municipal solid waste and industrial waste, including waste collection and transport; waste receipt, unloading, processing, and storage; landfill disposal; physico- chemical and biological treatment; and incineration projects. These Guidelines provide the following specific Standards related to Air Quality: - Air Emission Standards for Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators in the EU and US - Air Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste Incinerators in the EU and US - Air Emission Standards for Industrial Non-Hazardous Waste Incinerators in the EU 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 18/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 4. Local standards Local standards about air quality are set in the Environment Protection Act (1998) and are presented below. Table 2-6: Air Quality regulations 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 19/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality SECOND SCHEDULE (regulation 5) Ambient Air Quality Standards and Measurement Methods Standard (ug/m3) Averaging Measurement Ambient Pollutant maximum Time Method* 150 24-hour Total suspended Annual Hi-volume Sampler particles 50 average PM10 100 24-hour Hi-volume Sampler 350 1-hour Fluorescence SO2 Sulphur Dioxide 200 24-hour Analyser, Annual 50 Colorimetry average Sodium Arsenite, Nitrogen Dioxide 200 24-hour Chemiluminescence 25 1-hour Nondispersive Carbon Monoxide 10 8-hour Infrared Photometry Hi-volume Sampler 3-month Lead 1.5 average with Atomic Absorption Ozone Analyzer, Ozone 100 1-hour Chemiluminescence * The measurement are thoseare methods methods *the measurement those or indicated other methods indicated acceptable or other methods to the enforcing acceptable agency to the enforcing agency. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 20/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3 Environmental and social baseline conditions 3.1 Air quality and noise environment This chapter deals with noise and air quality. It aims at stating the current air quality and noise level around the airport, and to identify how the airport activity contributes to the ambient pollution and noise. It aims at basing the assessment of the project impact on noise and air. During the construction, impacts might be due to work activities and road traffic for supplying the works. During the operational phase, air and noise pollution are due to the changes of air traffic and road traffic. To assess the consequences on human health, the population exposed is first analysed. 3.1.1 Demography and exposed population The following map shows the location of the population living near Plaine Corail airport. It was based on field visits and analysis of aerial photographs. As residential buildings are sparse, the populations exposed to noise and pollution are limited. Yet, it should be noted that a school is located to the east of the airport and requires special attention. In general terms, the buildings and sites sensitive to noise and pollution are homes, schools, hospitals, and areas dedicated to sports. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 21/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 2: Building location map and administrative division 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality22/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.2 Aircraft study methodology The aircraft study is based on the following elements: - 2022 traffic provided by Rodrigues Airport : o Aircraft type (ATR72-500 or Dornier 228) ; o Flight type: commercial, governmental, repatriation, other; o Scheduled hour of operation (departure or arrival); o Runway in use (30 or 12); The following table and graphics describe the 2022 aircraft traffic at the Rodrigues Airport: Table 3-1: 2022 Airport traffic’s statistics – Plaine Corail Day 6am- Evening 6pm- Runway Aircraft Type Path Night 10pm-6am Total 6pm 10pm IMR/Visual 33,25% 12,81% 0,10% 46,17% Arrival ATR72-500 NDB 1,75% 0,67% 0,01% 2,43% Departure Direct 34,31% 14,18% 0,15% 48,63% 12 IMR/Visual 0,59% 0,00% 0,00% 0,59% Dornier Arrival NDB 0,03% 0,00% 0,00% 0,03% 228 Departure Direct 0,55% 0,07% 0,00% 0,62% IMR/Visual 0,48% 0,24% 0,00% 0,73% Arrival ATR72-500 NDB 0,03% 0,01% 0,00% 0,04% Departure Direct 0,47% 0,29% 0,00% 0,77% 30 IMR/Visual 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% Dornier Arrival NDB 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 228 Departure Direct 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% TOTAL 71,45% 28,29% 0,26% 2743 operations 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality23/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 3: 2022 Airport traffic’s statistics – Plaine Corail - Average meteorological data : Temperature : 29,9°C ; Pressure (hypothetical) : 1013 HPa ; Humidity (hypothetical) : 77% ; Headwind (hypothetical) : 13,0 Kt; - Technical information about the airport : Elevation : 93 ft ; distance and localisation of the runways; - Statistical data about population: Figure 4: Population’s data – administrative division Table 3-2: Population’s data 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality24/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality N° Administrative Division 2000 2021 2023 1 Piments-Baie Topaze 1445 1794 1904 2 La Ferme 1112 1381 1465 3 Baie Malgache 1076 1336 1417 4 Baie-aux-Huîtres 2594 3221 3417 5 Port Mathurin 5929 7362 7810 6 Grand Baie-Montagne Goyaves 844 1048 1112 7 Roche Bon Dieu-Trèfles 2059 2557 2712 8 Lataniers-Mont Lubin 3806 4726 5014 9 Petit Gabriel 3658 4542 4819 10 Mangues-Quatre Vents 2870 3564 3781 11 Plaine Corail-La Fouche Corail 2832 3517 3731 12 Rivière Cocos 2893 3592 3811 13 Port Sud-Est 2717 3374 3579 14 Coromandel-Graviers 1944 2414 2561 TOTAL 35779 44427 47133 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality25/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality - The approach path (NDB 5%, IMR 90%, Visual 5%) or take-off path (because of the missing information about the take-off path, it is considered as a straight line) provided by the department of civil aviation of the Republic of Mauritius. The following figures present the different paths: (Note: It is hypothetically considered that the visual approach is the same path that IMR approach). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 26/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 5 : Take-off path hypothesis – Runway 12 – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality27/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 6: Take-off path hypothesis – Runway 30 – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality28/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 7: IMR approach path– Runway 12 – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality29/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 8 : NDB approach path– Runway 12 – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality30/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 9 : IMR approach path– Runway 30 – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality31/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 10: NDB approach path– Runway 30 – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality32/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.3 Air quality 3.1.3.1 General information about air pollution Air pollution can be defined as an alteration of air quality that can be harmful to human health, living things, the climate, or material goods. Below is a description of the main air pollutants. Table 3-3: Description of main air pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO) Origin CO is produced by incomplete burning of carbon in fuels. Most of emissions are from transportation sources, especially road traffic. Industrial sources or incinerators might also produce CO. Pollution mechanism CO is involved in reactions creating ozone in the lower atmosphere. When transformed into carbon dioxide, it also contributes to greenhouse effect. Effects on health and CO is colourless and odourless. Carbon monoxide attaches itself instead of environment oxygen to the haemoglobin and causes a lack of oxygenation that can lead to death. Hydrocarbons (HCs) Origin HCs are part of VOCs (volatile organic compounds), which is a large group of pollutants that come from industrial processes, incomplete combustion, solvents, agriculture or natural sources. Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon among VOCs (except methane, ethane, and non-reactive compounds). Pollution mechanism HCs promote the formation of compounds contributing to the greenhouse effect and the formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere. Effects on health and The effects are very diverse depending on the pollutants, and range from environment respiratory effects to mutagenic and carcinogenic risks. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Origin NO and NO2 form during combustion process. Main sources are motor vehicles, stationary fuel combustion installations and aviation activities. Pollution mechanism NOx are involved in reactions creating ozone in the lower atmosphere and contribute to acid rain. Effects on health and NO2 irritates the respiratory tract. Acid rain leads to soil degradation and forest environment dieback. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Origin CO2 comes from any combustion reaction of carbonaceous products. Pollution mechanism CO2 is one of the main greenhouse gases. Effects on health and It is not harmful to humans but it contributes to the increase of greenhouse environment effect. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Origin Sulphur dioxide mainly comes from the combustion of fossil fuels containing sulphur (fuel oil, coal). Pollution mechanism In the presence of moisture, SO2 forms sulfuric acid. Effects on health and SO2 contributes to acid rain and also irritates the respiratory tract. environment 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 33/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Suspended particulates Origin Particulates result from many different sources, such as industrial or household combustion, fuel consumption, vehicles, or are formed by an interaction of various gazes with other compounds in the air. Pollution mechanism Toxic compounds are transported by particulates into the respiratory tract. Particulate matter is classified according to the maximum diameter in micrometres: PM2,5 and PM10 are the inhalable and respirable classes. Effects on health and Depending on their size, particulates penetrate more or less deeply into the environment lungs. The finest can impair respiratory function; some are carcinogenic. Particulates also affect soil, buildings and monuments. 3.1.3.2 Ambient air quality around Plaine Corail Airport As there is no polluting industry and no significant agglomeration around Plaine Corail Airport, local sources of atmospheric pollutants are:  Road traffic, and  Air traffic and airport activities. 3.1.3.2.1 Polluting activities at an airport 3.1.3.2.1.1 Aircrafts: daily activities Final approach, taxi in, taxi out, take-off and climb-out are the main polluting phases. The use of APU before the start-up and aircraft refuelling also contribute to air pollution. 3.1.3.2.1.2 Aircrafts: one-off activities Aircraft, service vehicles and buildings are cleaned regularly and are subject to maintenance operations emitting air pollutants. 3.1.3.2.1.3 Stationary sources Various sources related to the operation of the airport can produce pollution: fuel storage, petrol station, power plant, auxiliary generators. 3.1.3.2.1.4 Mobile sources Road traffic in connection with passenger and cargo transportation emits air pollutants. Airport activities also require the use of special equipment, such as pushback tractors, and various service vehicles. The use of Ground Power Units (GPUs) is to be noted. The road traffic has also been considered in the study. Indeed, the expansion of the airport will increase the traffic on the road that needs to be quantified. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 34/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.3.3 Air quality measurement campaign 3.1.3.3.1 Measurement protocol 3.1.3.3.1.1 Location Four sites representative of the site's environment were selected for measurements. They are located on the following map. Figure 11 Air quality measurements location 3.1.3.3.1.2 Typology Two different types of measurements were performed:  Active measures These measurements were carried out using a continuous "NEMo" device to analyze in real time the concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). The microsensor was placed near the homes affected by aircraft overflights on a larger perimeter around the airport. The device allows the concentration of the above-mentioned pollutants to be recorded every 10 minutes. The NEMo was moved every day to obtain a dynamic result in each of the 4 fixed points.  Measure 1 Pointe Palmiste: from 15/03/2023 to 16/03/2023  Measure 2 Plaine Corail: from 15/03/2023 to 16/03/2023  Measure 3 Ecole des Canetons: from 14/03/2023 to 15/03/2023  Measure 4 Plaine Caverne: from 14/03/2023 to 15/03/2023 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 35/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality  Passive measures The dynamic measurement was completed by passive tube measurements at each of the 4 measurement points over a 24-hour period, between the 14/03/2023 and the 16/03/2023. nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ozone were measured by Radiello tube and analyzed by the “TERA Environnement” laboratory. 3.1.3.3.1.3 Weather conditions Weather conditions were recorded at the airport station. Table 3-4: Meteorological Data, Plaine Corail Weather conditions Day 14/03/2023 15/03/2023 16/03/2023 Wind speed m/s (2m high) 7.1 4.9 4.8 Temperature °C 26.3 27.4 27.9 Rainfall mm 0.1 0.0 0.0 Figure 12 : Wind Rose at the airport Plaine Corail: 14/03/2023 – 16/03/2023 It should be noted than the absence of rain during the measurements’ periode could lead to higher concentrations of particles in the atmosphere. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 36/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.3.3.1.4 Aircraft overflights The table below shows the aircraft movements recorded during the air quality measurement campaign. All aircraft are Air Mauritius or Air Austral ATR-72. Table 3-5: aircraft movements recorded during the air quality measurement Date 14/03/2023 15/03/2023 16/03/2023 Flight Start/Finish Time Start/Finish Time Start/Finish Time MK120 9:35 a.m. 9:35 a.m. 9:35 a.m. MK121 10:15 a.m. 10:15 a.m. 10:15 a.m. MK126 10:10 am 10:10 am 10:10 am MK127 10:50 am 10:50 am 10:50 am MK130 2:05 pm 2:05 pm 2:05 pm MK131 2:45 pm 2:45 pm 2:45 pm MK136 2:40 pm - 2:40 pm MK137 3:20 pm - 3:20 pm MK140 6:35 pm 6:35 pm 6:35 pm MK141 7:15 pm 7:15 pm 7:15 pm MK144 7:10 pm - - MK145 7:50 pm - - UU751 - 5 :20 pm - 3.1.3.3.2 Results The results are presented hereinafter. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 37/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Measuring point number 1 – POINTE PALMISTE 15/03/2023 au 16/03/2023 of the sampling µg/m3 RAD 145 – total VOC 15/03/2023 13:00 - 16/03/2023 15:30 61.7 RAD172 – Ozone 15/03/2023 13:00 - 16/03/2023 15:30 < 12.8 RAD166 – NO2 15/03/2023 13:00 - 16/03/2023 15:30 < 9.4 RAD166 – SO2 15/03/2023 13:00 - 16/03/2023 15:30 < 1.1 Hourly mean µg/m³ PM2.5 PM10 14h-15h 9.0 18.0 15h-16h 8.5 18.5 16h-17h 8.7 17.0 17h-18h 8.3 16.2 18h-19h 7.3 16.2 19h-20h 9.3 17.5 20h-21h 9.5 16.8 21h-22h 11.0 19.3 22h-23h 11.3 19.3 23h-00h 10.3 18.2 00h-01h 12.0 28.0 01h-02h 13.0 23.3 02h-03h 12.5 23.8 03h-04h 12.3 25.5 04h-05h 12.3 23.5 05h-06h 12.2 23.2 06h-07h 11.5 22.2 07h-08h 11.7 23.7 08h-09h 12.2 22.2 09h-10h 10.7 18.7 10h-11h 8.8 15.8 11h-12h 8.2 14.0 12h-13h 6.7 11.7 13h-14h 8.5 16.7 8 hour mean µg/m3 PM2.5 PM10 14h-21h 9.0 17.4 22h-5h 12.0 23.1 5h-13h 9.8 18.1 Maximum of Moving average (8h) 12.2 24.1 PM2.5 PM10 24 hour mean µg/m3 10.2 19.5 Passive sampling Beginning – Ending date Concentration 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality38/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Measuring point number 2 – PLAINE CORAIL 15/03/2023 au 16/03/2023 Beginning – Ending date Concentration Passive sampling of the sampling µg/m3 RAD 145 – total VOC 15/03/2023 12:00 - 16/03/2023 16:00 79.8 RAD172 – Ozone 15/03/2023 12:00 - 16/03/2023 16:00 < 12.1 RAD166 – NO2 15/03/2023 12:00 - 16/03/2023 16:00 < 9.4 RAD166 – SO2 15/03/2023 12:00 - 16/03/2023 16:00 < 1.1 Hourly mean µg/m³ PM2.5 PM10 15h-16h 5.2 12.2 16h-17h 4.7 12.7 17h-18h 4.8 10.2 18h-19h 4.8 12.3 19h-20h 4.7 10.5 20h-21h 4.8 10.0 21h-22h 5.3 10.7 22h-23h 6.3 14.0 23h-00h 6.3 13.5 00h-01h 7.5 15.3 01h-02h 6.8 15.0 02h-03h 5.8 12.7 03h-04h 7.0 14.0 04h-05h 6.8 15.3 05h-06h 6.3 14.2 06h-07h 7.0 12.5 07h-08h 7.5 15.8 08h-09h 6.0 13.8 09h-10h 6.0 12.8 10h-11h 5.7 9.5 11h-12h 4.8 9.3 12h-13h 5.0 9.7 13h-14h 5.2 9.2 14h-15h 5.7 10.3 8 hour mean µg/m3 PM2.5 PM10 15h-22h 5.1 11.6 23h-06h 6.7 14.1 7h-14h 5.7 11.3 Maximum of Moving average (8h) 6.9 14.4 PM2.5 PM10 24 hour mean µg/m3 5.8 12.3 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality39/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Measuring point number 3 – ECOLE DES CANETONS 14/03/2023 au 15/03/2023 Beginning – Ending date Concentration Passive sampling of the sampling µg/m3 RAD 145 – total VOC 14/03/2023 11:00 - 15/03/2023 11:30 78.8 RAD172 – Ozone 14/03/2023 11:00 - 15/03/2023 11:30 < 13.8 RAD166 – NO2 14/03/2023 11:00 - 15/03/2023 11:30 < 10.2 RAD166 – SO2 14/03/2023 11:00 - 15/03/2023 11:30 < 1.1 Hourly mean µg/m³ PM2.5 PM10 11h-12h 6.7 12.8 12h-13h 6.8 12.5 13h-14h 8.2 15.3 14h-15h 9.0 16.2 15h-16h 8.3 14.5 16h-17h 9.2 16.5 17h-18h 7.8 15.8 18h-19h 8.7 15.3 19h-20h 8.3 15.0 20h-21h 7.5 14.7 21h-22h 7.7 14.2 22h-23h 7.2 14.8 23h-00h 8.0 16.2 00h-01h 7.3 13.8 01h-02h 7.2 14.7 02h-03h 8.7 16.5 03h-04h 7.8 17.7 04h-05h 7.7 14.7 05h-06h 8.2 15.0 06h-07h 7.3 15.2 07h-08h 6.8 14.3 08h-09h 5.5 11.2 09h-10h 5.5 9.8 10h-11h 4.3 10.2 8 hour mean µg/m3 PM2.5 PM10 11h-18h 8.1 14.9 19h-02h 7.7 15.0 03h-10h 6.6 13.5 Maximum of Moving average (8h) 8.4 15.5 PM2.5 PM10 24 hour mean µg/m3 7.5 14.5 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality40/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Measuring point number 4 – PLAINE CAVERNE 14/03/2023 au 15/03/2023 Beginning – Ending date Concentration Passive sampling of the sampling µg/m3 RAD 145 – total VOC 14/03/2023 12:30 - 15/03/2023 11:50 81.1 RAD172 – Ozone 14/03/2023 12:30 - 15/03/2023 11:50 < 14.5 RAD166 – NO2 14/03/2023 12:30 - 15/03/2023 11:50 < 10.7 RAD166 – SO2 14/03/2023 12:30 - 15/03/2023 11:50 7.0 Hourly mean µg/m³ PM2.5 PM10 12h-13h 13.0 32.3 13h-14h 15.0 30.7 14h-15h 17.3 33.5 15h-16h 17.5 33.3 16h-17h 16.2 30.6 17h-18h 15.3 30.8 18h-19h 14.5 30.7 19h-20h 15.3 31.3 20h-21h 13.7 24.5 21h-22h 14.0 28.0 22h-23h 15.0 31.8 23h-00h 14.8 30.0 00h-01h 16.8 30.2 01h-02h 14.8 28.4 02h-03h 14.5 26.3 03h-04h 13.8 29.3 04h-05h 14.3 26.2 05h-06h 12.6 27.8 06h-07h 13.3 26.2 07h-08h 12.3 27.2 08h-09h 10.0 22.8 09h-10h 10.3 20.0 10h-11h 11.2 26.7 11h-12h 10.0 22.3 8 hour mean µg/m3 PM2.5 PM10 12h-19h 15.5 31.7 20h-03h 14.7 28.6 04h-11h 11.8 24.9 Maximum of Moving average (8h) 15.6 31.7 PM2.5 PM10 24 hour mean µg/m3 14.0 28.4 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality41/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.3.3.2.1 Analysis Active measurements PM10: The Air Quality Guideline (WHO 2021: 45 µg/m³ for 24 hours) is respected in each measurement sites during the campaign period. PM2.5: The Air Quality Guideline (WHO 2021: 15 µg/m³ for 24 hours) is respected for each measurement sites during the campaign period. No influence of the aircraft overflight could be observed on the dynamic measurement results. Indeed, no significant variation is observed on the results as they approach or leave. Thus, the low influx of aircraft is not currently noticeable on Rodrigues Island air quality. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 42/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Passive measurements PF1 PF2 PF3 PF4 Concentration µg/m³ Measure Sampling date Location NO2 SO2 Total VOC Ozone PF1 15/03/2023 13:00 - 16/03/2023 15:30 Pointe Palmiste < 9.4 < 1.1 61.7 < 12.8 PF2 15/03/2023 12:00 - 16/03/2023 16:00 Plaine Corail < 9.4 < 1.1 79.8 < 12.1 PF3 14/03/2023 11:00 - 15/03/2023 11:30 Ecole les Canetons < 10.2 < 1.1 78.8 < 13.8 PF4 14/03/2023 12:30 - 15/03/2023 11:50 Plaine Caverne < 10.7 7.0 81.1 < 14.5 The NO2 concentrations measured by passive tubes are below 10.7 µg/m³. The Air Quality Guideline (WHO 2021: 25 µg/m³ for 24 hours) is respected in each measurement sites during the sampling period. At the exception of point 4 (with 7.0 µg/m³), all the sulphur dioxide concentrations measured are very low (below 1.1 µg/m³). The Air Quality Guideline (WHO 2021: 40 µg/m³ for 24 hours) is respected in each measurement sites during the sampling period. The ozone concentrations during the campaign are low (below 14.5 µg/m³). The Air Quality Guideline (WHO 2021: 100 µg/m³ for 8 hours) can’t be compared to these 24 hours measurements. The total VOC concentrations, measured during the 24 hours sampling period, are between 61.7 µg/m³ and 81.1 µg/m³. During the measurement period, the concentrations are globally low, reflecting good air quality. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 43/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.3.3.2.2 Conclusion Despite unfavourable conditions (absence of rain) the measures still allow positive conclusions to be drawn about air quality on Rodrigues Island. No measurements exceed regulatory thresholds which apply to PM10, PM2.5 and NO2. The concentrations measured are globally low, reflecting very good air quality on Rodrigues Island. Concerning aircraft overflight, no influence is observed on concentrations for the current 4 daily overflights. 3.1.3.3.3 Emissions inventory: Airport traffic 3.1.3.3.3.1 Definition An emissions inventory is based on the theoretical calculation of the pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. A simplified method that helps to establish orders of magnitude of polluting emissions consists of calculating the product of the activity and the emission factors: E (X), emissions of pollutant X (kg) N (cycle LTO) aeronef Y, the number of LTO cycles for the aircraft type Y FEX the emission factor, for the pollutant X, by LTO cycle. This method is compliant with the French guide “Guide de calcul des émissions dues aux aéronefs” (DGAC - STAC, 2015). It does not directly estimate the concentration of pollutants in the air, which requires a complex dispersion model, yet an emissions inventory is a useful tool for managing air quality and its impact, and for informing the public. Based on the results of an emissions inventory, the gain from an emissions reduction policy can be assessed, and air quality modelling tools (concentrations) can be fed. 3.1.3.3.3.2 Inputs The calculations take into account the overall annual commercial aircraft traffic (year 2022) and the type of aircraft. 3.1.3.3.3.3 Study area and pollutants investigated Calculations are based on a standard "Landing-Take-Off" (LTO) cycle per aircraft, as defined by OACI vol II, appendix 16. This cycle includes all aircraft operations from the ground to a height of 3000 feet, as only emissions below this height have a direct impact on local air quality. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 44/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Aircraft engine emissions are calculated from the emission factors established for the "ICAO" LTO cycle. An ICAO database lists fuel consumption and emission factors for the four phases of movement in the atmospheric layer between 0 and 3000 ft: taxi, take-off, cruise and approach. Each phase is associated with an engine speed and its duration (see table and image below taken here by default). Table 3-6: Duration and engine speed associated with the different phases of LTO cycle Phases of the LTO cycle Duration Engine speed (%) (minutes) Approach 4 30 Taxi 26 7 Takeoff 0,7 100 Climb-out 2,2 85 Figure 13: LTO cycle (Source: Acnusa) The calculation tool IMPACT provided by Eurocontrol, a pan-European Organisation dedicated to supporting European aviation is used. The calculations take into account:  Aircraft movements,  Aircraft types,  Flight paths,  Runway alignment;  Annual average weather conditions.  Other emission sources from airport activities are assumed to be limited compared to aircraft emissions.  Limit of height: 1000m 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 45/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality IMPACT uses the OACI database of EEDB aircraft motor emissions (AEM DATA – 254 – ICAO EDDB25/FOCA), compliant with the DGAC french methodological guide of impact study for air traffic. However it should be noted that the database doesn’t provide all combination of aircraft/class/motor. In this way, some aircraft can be substituted with another aircraft compliant with the same technical specifications:  Take-off mass;  The aircraft and engine manufacturer;  The engine: number, type (turbojet, turboprop, piston engine), dilution rate, engine position…  The performance: power-to-weight ratio. Using this tool, calculations were made for Plaine Corail Airport, for emissions of  nitrogen oxides  carbon dioxide;  sulphur oxides;  dihydrogen oxide;  carbon monoxide  unburned hydrocarbons;  acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and propianaldehyde;  acrolein;  16 PAH;  7 PAH;  styrene, 1.3-butadiene, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene;  PM total and volatile. The results of the current situation, expressed in kg per year, are presented in the following table. Table 3-7: Gas emissions and fuel consumption per year ACETA ACROL Fuel NOX CO2 SOX H20 CO HC LDEHY 16 PAH 7 PAH EIN consumption emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted DE emitted emitted emitted (kg/year) emitted Emissio ns 1661 1044640 278 408930 344436 5271 262 150 0 0 (kg/year ) 1.3 ETHYLB FORMA PROPIA STYRE BENZE TOLUE XYLEN PM PM BUTADI ENZEN LDEHY NALDE - NE NE NE E Total Volatile 330 582 ENE E DE HYDE emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted Emissio ns 19 103 103 11 754 45 39 27 42 0 (kg/year ) These results will have to be compared with the forecast emission balances, taking into account the traffic linked to the new runway (with the new type of aircraft: A321Neo and 737- 900 Max). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 46/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality This baseline emissions inventory was supplemented by an air quality measurement campaign carried out by ARL in 2023 (see above). The measurement campaign will be representative of the week in which it took place (including weather conditions and number of aircraft movements). In the absence of a permanent air quality monitoring system, the assessment of the initial annual air quality requires to carry out measurement campaigns lasting several months, spread over the island's two seasons. ESIA's planning was not compatible with such a campaign, yet ARL could implement a monitoring program to this end. 3.1.3.3.4 Air quality issues The air quality issue is due to the presence of sensitive populations living nearby and of the pre-primary school Le Caneton (near Anse Quitor). The presence of agricultural parcels is also to be taken into account. The aircraft traffic and road traffic growth could lead to a significant increase in pollutant emissions; thus, the receptor sensitivity to the project is considered high. 3.1.3.3.5 Emissions inventory: Road traffic The emissions due to road traffic have been calculated from the road traffic data provided on the roads shown in the map below. Figure 14: Roads included in the emissions inventory The number of vehicles multiplied but the number of km driven are presented in the table below. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 47/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table 3-8: Pollutants emissions per day due to road traffic all the roads included Vehicles * Km driven Current situation 2023 166871 The emissions are calculated thanks to TREFIC 5.2.1 with the fleet IFSTTAR (until 2050), based on the emissions factors from COPERT V. The emissions calculated are presented in the tables below: Table 3-9: Pollutants emissions per day due to road traffic Emissions of all CO NOx NMVOC SO2 PM10 PM2.5 benzene Benzo(a)pyrene Nickel Arsenic the roads included g/day g/day Unit kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day g/day Year 2023 Current situation 32,5 77,1 1,8 0,4 6,4 4,2 0,0 0,2 62,4 12,8 Table 3-10: Greehouse gas emissions per day due to road traffic Emissions of all the roads included CO2 N2O CH4 Unit T/day kg/day kg/day Year 2023 Current situation 34,2 1,8 0,6 The spatial distribution of the NOx emissions for the current situation (2023) is presented in the following map. Figure 15: Spatial distribution of the NOx emissions – Current situation 2023 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 48/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality The NOx emissions near the airport at “Route de l’autonomie”, are low compared to the other roads, with less than 1 kg/day of NOx emitted in the current situation 2023. 3.1.3.3.6 Modeled air ambient concentrations : road traffic The software ARIA Impact 1.8 is used to model the concentrations from the emissions calculated in the previous section and from the weather conditions. Weather station Figure 16 : Wind Rose used in the calculations – based on the three-hourly wind direction and velocity furnished by numtech between the 01/01/2022 and the 31/12/2022 – Station SYNOP of Plaine Corail at Rodrigues The pollutants modeled are the nitrogen dioxide and the particles PM10 and PM2.5. A background concentration is included in the calculation to approach the most representative result of the real concentrations. Due to the lack of bibliography on concentrations in Rodrigues Island, the data measured during the 15th to 16th of March 2023 at Pointe Palmiste (a site distant from road sources) has been used as background concentration. It should be noted that this assumption is overrated: The annual mean concentrations are usually lower than the daily concentrations. Table 3-11: Background concentrations included in the calculations of the modeled concentrations WHO annual Background Air Quality Pollutant concentration Source Comment / Remark Guideline used µg/m³ 2021 Lack of bibliography at Rodrigues NO2 9.4 10 Island Background concentrations used are Measurements between the daily concentrations -> overrating the 15th and the 16th march 2023 PM10 19.5 15 annual mean at Pointe Palmiste The annual Air Quality Guideline (measuring point number 1) (WHO 2021) are already exceeded by PM2.5 10.2 10 these background concentrations for the particles PM10 and PM2.5 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 49/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.3.3.6.1 Results in the 500 meters around the road Table 3-12: Statistics of the modelled concentrations in the area of 500 m around the roads Statistics in the area of 500 m around the roads - Unit : µg/m³ Nitrogen dioxide Particles PM10 Particles PM2.5 Maximum : 9.9 19.6 10.2 Percentile 90 : 9.6 19.5 10.2 Mean : 9.5 19.5 10.2 Median : 9.5 19.5 10.2 Percentile 25 : 9.4 19.5 10.2 Minimum : 9.4 19.5 10.2 Standard deviation : 0.1 0.01 0.01 The concentrations modeled in the area of 500 meters around the roads are superior to the WHO Annual Air Quality Guidelines for the particles: Indeed, the background concentrations included in the calculation are already superior to those guidelines. For the nitrogen dioxide, the WHO Annual Air Quality Guideline is respected in all the area. These statistics are also shown in the maps presenting the spatial distribution of the concentrations in the following sections. 3.1.3.3.6.1.1 Nitrogen dioxide Figure 17 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Current situation 2023 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 50/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality No specific spatial distribution is observed in the map above: the concentrations are close to one another, with a very low standard deviation of 0.07 µg/m³. The concentrations modeled are close to the background concentration included in the calculations (9.4 µg/m³). 3.1.3.3.6.1.2 Particles PM10 Figure 18 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Current situation 2023 No specific spatial distribution is observed in the map above: the concentrations are close to one another, with a very low standard deviation of 0.01 µg/m³. The concentrations modeled are close to the background concentration included in the calculations (19.5 µg/m³). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 51/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.3.3.6.1.3 Particles PM2.5 Figure 19 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Current situation 2023 No specific spatial distribution is observed in the map above: the concentrations are close to one another, with a very low standard deviation of 0.01 µg/m³. The concentrations modeled are close to the background concentration included in the calculations (10.2 µg/m³). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 52/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.3.3.7 Indicator Pollution-Population (IPP) : road traffic The Indicator Pollution Population (IPP) is calculated by multiplying the number of inhabitants of each zone by the mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide of the zone. It allows to discriminate the areas with higher population and/or higher concentrations. Table 3-13: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone Mean concentration of NO2 Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 Zone Number of inhabitants - 2023 For the current situation 2023 For the current situation 2023 1 1904 9.48 18046 2 1465 9.51 13933 3 1417 9.52 13487 4 3417 9.55 32644 5 7810 9.52 74361 6 1112 9.44 10493 7 2712 9.47 25689 8 5014 9.52 47724 9 4819 9.54 45989 10 3781 9.52 36014 11 3731 9.46 35279 12 3811 9.45 36019 13 3579 9.42 33698 14 2561 9.41 24106 Figure 20 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Current situation 2023 The higher IPP is located in the zone 5: it’s the zone with the higher number of inhabitants. The zone 11 where the airport is located, has a low IPP compared to the zones 5, 8, 9 and 12. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 53/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.4 Noise 3.1.4.1 General information about noise Sound is a wave that travels through the air and makes it vibrate, from the sound source to the receiver: the ears. The vibration of air molecules causes a vibration of the eardrums, which results in an auditory sensation. Noise is used to describe the generally unpleasant perception associated with an unbalanced set of sounds. A noise can be characterized by several objective criteria, such as level (or volume: low, high), frequency (or pitch: low, high) and duration of occurrence. The usual scale for measuring noise is a logarithmic scale, which reflects the sensitivity of the human ear to pressure variations associated with the vibration of air molecules. Noise levels are thus expressed in decibels (dB). As low and high frequencies are not perceived in the same way by the human ear, a filter is applied to the decibel value to take this feature into account. This is referred to as "A" decibels, noted dB(A). The diagram below shows some examples of sound levels associated with everyday noise and the associated auditory sensation. Figure 21: Diagram of sound levels The propagation of noise in a given site depends on the conditions of the surrounding environment and in particular on the distance travelled, the ground effect (reflection or absorption of sound), the presence of obstacles and meteorology (temperature, wind, and/or humidity). 3.1.4.1.1 Noise indicators 3.1.4.1.1.1 LAeq: equivalent sound pressure level (A-weighted) Noise is an essentially fluctuating phenomenon. It is the accumulation of sound energy received by an individual that is the most representative indicator of the effects of noise on humans. This accumulation is reflected by the equivalent energy level noted LAeq. The LAeq is expressed in dB(A) and is defined as follows: "the equivalent LAeq level of a variable noise is equal to the level of a constant noise that would have been produced with the same energy as the noise perceived during the same period. It represents the average acoustic energy perceived during the observation period”. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 54/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality The following diagram illustrates this definition. Figure 22: Illustration of the definition of the LAeq 3.1.4.1.1.2 DNL “Day Night Level” This noise indicator is a LAeq noise level with a 10 dB weighting for the night-time period (22:00 to 7:00). This means a penalty of 10 dB is taken into account for noise caused by any aircraft movement at night (considered more annoying than during day-time). 3.1.4.1.1.3 Lden “Level Day Evening Night” This noise indicator is a LAeq noise level with a 5 dB weighting for the evening period (18:00 to 22:00) and a 10 dB weighting for the night-time period (22:00 to 7:00). This means a penalty of 5 dB is taken into account for noise caused by any aircraft movement in the evening and 10 dB at night (movements during these periods are considered more annoying than during day- time). 3.1.4.1.1.4 LAmax “Level Day Evening Night” The noise indicator LAmax is the maximal LAeq noise level reached during the flight operations (dB(A)) with a representative traffic. 3.1.4.1.1.5 NA62 (LAmax) “Number of event with LAmax ≥ 62dB(A)” The noise indicator NA62 is the number of event with LAmax ≥ 62dB(A) per day with a representative traffic. 3.1.4.1.1.6 NA65 (LAmax) “Number of event with LAmax ≥ 65dB(A)” The noise indicator NA62 is the number of event with LAmax ≥ 65dB(A) per day with a representative traffic. 3.1.4.1.2 Noise contours A noise contour is a line on a map that represents equal levels of noise exposure. The contours for airport noise are usually shown in 5-decibel increments, for noise values from 45 to 80 and more. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 55/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 23: Example of noise contours – French aerodrome Aix Les Milles 3.1.4.2 Noise guidelines The environmental noise standards in Rodrigues are described in the Environment Protection Act. The regulations are: Noise exposure limits to industrial noise 07.00 – 21.00 hrs 60 dB(A) LAeq 21.00 – 07.00 hrs 55 dB(A) LAeq Noise exposure limits to neighbourhood noise 07.00 – 18.00 hrs 60 dB(A) LAeq 18.00 – 21.00 hrs 55 dB(A) LAeq 21.00 – 07.00 hrs 50 dB(A) LAeq No specific regulation applies to airport noise. In the “Environmental noise guidelines for the European Region”, published in 2018, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends limiting the exposure value to road and airborne noise in order to avoid health impacts: - Airborne noise: Lden 45 dB (40 dB for night-time noise), - Road noise: Lden 53 dB (45 dB for night-time noise). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 56/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.4.3 Ambient noise around Plaine Corail Airport Noise sources around Plaine Corail Airport are mainly:  Road traffic,  Air traffic, and  Airport activities. As the local road network is sparsely used, except to serve the airport and the houses nearby, the ambient noise is mostly due to the activity of Plaine Corail Airport: aircraft movements, ground support vehicles and heavy vehicles used to transport goods and supplies. 3.1.4.4 Noise measurements campaign 3.1.4.4.1 Measurement protocol The acoustic measurement campaign was carried out from 14/03/2023 to 16/03/2023. 3.1.4.4.1.1 Location In total, 4 long-term measurements over 24 hours points were distributed over the study area. They are located on the map shown below (see § results). 3.1.4.4.1.2 Typology The positions of the long term measurement points were defined from the 4 existing residential areas to the east, north and west of the airport. These are the most immediate sectors on which the project can potentially have an impact. The short-term measurements are positioned to characterize the sound environment at the level of the houses around Mont Travers with a view to its future exploitation (quarry), linked to the project. Noise measurements were performed with Class 1 equipment in accordance with French standard NFS 31-009 for precision sound level meters. Each measuring instrument was equipped with a rainproof kit and large windproof equipment to limit its effects. These measurements are used to define the regulatory indices LAeq (07.00 – 18.00 hrs), LAeq (18.00 – 21.00 hrs) and LAeq (21.00 – 07.00 hrs). 3.1.4.4.1.3 Weather conditions Weather conditions were recorded at the airport station. Table 3-14: Meteorological Data, Plaine Corail Weather conditions Day 14/03/2023 15/03/2023 16/03/2023 Wind speed m/s (2m high) 7.1 4.9 4.8 Temperature °C 26.3 27.4 27.9 Rainfall mm 0.1 0.0 0.0 These results can be interpreted as follows. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 57/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table 3-15: Interpretation of the Meteorological Data, Plaine Corail Weather conditions Day 14/03/2023 15/03/2023 16/03/2023 Wind speed m/s (2m high) Strong wind Strong wind Strong wind Wind direction East East East Temperature °C From 22.6 to 28.7 From 25.6 to 29.2 From 26.0 to 30.2 Rainfall mm Very low None None Day 1: The weather conditions were very windy, measurements were disrupted a lot. Day 2 and 3: Weather conditions were more stable, there was less wind, the impact of the weather was moderate. In this area, conditions contributed to a slight decrease in measured noise levels. It is always difficult when taking noise measurements in a windy place to ensure the validity of the measured data. Therefore, the microphones have been positioned close to the facades in order to avoid the effects of gusts which could disrupt measurements. 3.1.4.4.1.4 Aircraft overflights The table below shows the aircraft movements recorded during the air quality measurement campaign. All aircraft are Air Mauritius ATR-72 or Air Austral ATR-72. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 58/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table 3-16: aircraft movements recorded during the air quality measurement Aircraft movement at Plaine Corail Airport for the period 14-16 march 2023 Date 14/03/2023 15/03/2023 16/03/2023 Flight Arrival Time Arrival Time Arrival Time MK120 9:35 a.m. 9:35 a.m. 9:35 a.m. MK121 10:15 a.m. 10:15 a.m. 10:15 a.m. MK126 10:10 am 10:10 am 10:10 am MK127 10:50 am 10:50 am 10:50 am MK130 2:05 pm 2:05 pm 2:05 pm MK131 2:45 pm 2:45 pm 2:45 pm MK136 2:40 pm - 2:40 pm MK137 3:20 pm - 3:20 pm MK140 6:35 pm 6:35 pm 6:35 pm MK141 7:15 pm 7:15 pm 7:15 pm MK144 7:10 pm - - MK145 7:50 pm - - UU751 - 5 :20 pm - 3.1.4.4.1 Results The table and map below show the overall noise levels measured by regulatory period. Note: it should be noted that the passages of planes are mainly distributed over the period 07- 18h (3 or 4 planes), only 1 or 2 planes circulate on the period 18h-21h and none during the night period. The planes land and take off systematically facing the wind, either on Rodrigues Island, from West to East. Each measurement was treated separately in order to highlight the contribution of each aircraft to the overall level measured. This contribution is not always detectable depending on the specific environment at each point: ambient noise, wind gust, rain... 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 59/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 24 Noise measurements - location and results 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality60/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.4.4.1.1 Analysis The detailed results of the noise measurements are shown below:  The measured noise levels (LAeq and L50);  The location (Name, Address, Location...);  The noise level;  A photo showing the position of the microphone on the front panel;  A photo showing the vision from the microphone;  The equipment used;  The temporal evolution of the recorded signal;  The main and secondary noise sources recorded;  The impact of meteorology. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 61/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality62/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality63/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality64/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality65/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality66/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality67/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.4.4.1.2 Conclusion The noise measurements present the pre-existing sound environment. In each of the sectors studied, there is a strong impact of the elements (wind) on the "sound" feeling of the site as well as significant human activity. The measurements highlight more clearly a greater impact due to aircraft take-offs (on the east side of the airport) while landings are less noticeable to the west of the site (the proximity of the building to the airport in the east also explains this perception). However, the measurements show that the permissible thresholds for neighbourhood noise are not exceeded by considering the contribution of airport flights alone: overall, air traffic generates noise levels that are nearly between 12 dB(A) to 30 dB(A) lower than the permissible thresholds during the day and night ( exceptional at night because there is no overflight). 3.1.4.5 Aircraft noise emissions The baseline noise levels are assessed with the calculation tool “IMPACT” compliant with ICAO recommendations. This online software is provided by Eurocontrol, a pan-European Organisation dedicated to supporting European aviation. The calculations take into account:  Aircraft movements,  Aircraft types,  Flight paths,  Runway alignment;  Annual average weather conditions.  Other noise sources from airport activities are assumed to be limited compared to aircraft noise. IMPACT uses the most recent aircraft databases BADA 3 and 4 of Eurocontrol wich include model specifications for nearly 100% of aircraft types in the ECAC area. BADA enables to reproduce the geometric, kinematic and kinectic aspects of the aircrafts over the entire operation flights envelope. The resulting noise contours around the airport are represented on the maps below indicating the presence of population with the buildings, thus, this maps illustrate the exposure of populations to current aircraft noise The ratio between the number of building and the number of buildings in the zone 11 give an approximation of the impacted population. The scale representing sound levels range from  Lden 45 dB(A) (very low noise exposure) to 70 dB(A) (high noise exposure). The noise indicator Lden, used in European noise directives and French noise exposure plans, has been chosen because it takes into account the nuisances felt during evening and night periods ;  LAmax 60 dB(A) (medium noise exposure) to 100 dB(A) (very high noise exposure). It indicates the daily maximum LAeq reached. The noise indicator LAmax used in French noise exposure plans has been chosen to see the maximum noise level exposure; 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 68/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality  NA62 : 2 to 12 (low number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A)). The NA62 indicator is hepful to contextualize the LAmax indicator. While LAmax indicates the daily maximum LAeq , NA62 indicates the daily number of events with maximum LAeq > 62 dB(A) ;  NA65 : 2 to 10 (low number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A)). The NA65 indicator is hepful to contextualize the LAmax indicator. While LAmax indicates the daily maximum LAeq , NA65 indicates the daily number of events with maximum LAeq > 65 dB(A) 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 69/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 25 : Lden noise contour and population exposure - initial configuration – Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality70/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 26 : LAmax noise contour and population exposure - initial configuration – Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality71/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 27 : Number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A) contour and population exposure - initial configuration – Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality72/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 28 : Number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A) contour and population exposure - initial configuration – Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality73/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality As few airplanes land on Plaine Corail Airport, and they are quite quiet, the noise curves of Lden indicator are small. No dwelling or noise-sensitive building has been identified in the footprint of the lowest noise curves that define noise exposure down to 45 dB. This confirms that populations are currently almost not exposed to airport noise. However, it should be noted that the sensitive building pre-primary school Le Caneton is exposed to LAmax = 70dB(A) two times a day (NA65 = 2). 3.1.4.6 Aircraft noise Issues The noise issue is due to the presence of sensitive populations living nearby and of the pre- primary school Le Caneton. The aircraft traffic growth will lead to a significant increase in noise; thus, the receptor sensitivity to the project is considered high. 3.1.4.7 Road noise emissions The noise emitted by the roads around the airport is studied in order to establish the acoustic impact on the population. The project does not foresee any modification on the road infrastructures, but an increase of the airport attendance will lead to an increase of traffic in Plaine Corail. The WHO (World Health Organization) published in 2018 recommendations for average exposure to road traffic noise based on the European Lden and Ln indicators. Maximum noise Indicator Effect level Noise levels above this value are associated with adverse health Lden 53 dB effects Nighttime noise levels above this value are associated with Ln 45 dB adverse effects on sleep. 3.1.4.7.1 Input data The traffic data used for the present study was taken from the traffic study conducted by ITMD. The map and table below summarizes the different traffic routes used for the study and the acoustic simulation of the project during the current situation. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 74/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 29: Roads included in the noise emissions Table 3-17: Road traffic in the current situation Initial configuration – 2023 Road AADT* All types of vehicles AADT* Heavy vehicles 1 1331 231 2 1791 193 3 2369 193 4 947 103 *:AADT: Average Annual Daily Draffic Note: traffic data are only given for the main roads, secondary roads are not taken into account. In order to determine the road impact on the population, we must identify the latter in the studied area. The data provided according to the administrative division of the island of Rodrigues are shown in the map and the table below. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 75/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 30: administrative breakdown Note: The population zones used for the calculations are zones n°2, n°10 and n°11. Table 3-18: Administrative division by area N° Administrative Division 2023 1 Piments-Baie Topaze 1904 2 La Ferme 1465 3 Baie Malgache 1417 4 Baie-aux-Huîtres 3417 5 Port Mathurin 7810 6 Grand Baie-Montagne Goyaves 1112 7 Roche Bon Dieu-Trèfles 2712 8 Lataniers-Mont Lubin 5014 9 Petit Gabriel 4819 10 Mangues-Quatre Vents 3781 11 Plaine Corail-La Fouche Corail 3731 12 Rivière Cocos 3811 13 Port Sud-Est 3579 14 Coromandel-Graviers 2561 TOTAL 47133 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 76/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.4.7.2 Acoustic simulation of the initial state From the topographic files provided, the studied site has been modeled in 3 dimensions with the Mithra SIG V5 software. The right-of-way and its geometrical characteristics were taken into account. 3.1.4.7.2.1 Calculation in initial situation Acoustic calculations were performed on the entire studied area without the project to characterize the impact of noise pollution due to existing road traffic on the population. The following calculation parameters were used:  Calculation method : NMPB 08;  Meteorological effects: 100% favorable;  The pavement surface considered is an R2 10-year type pavement (medium asphalt type).  Traffic and speed: o AADT 2023 (traffic study – 3.1.4.7.1 Input data), o Speeds were considered to be regulatory (50 km/h). Results are presented in the form of result maps, which can be broken down as follows:  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters - Lden (noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)),  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters - Ln ((noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 77/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality78/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality79/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Interpretation: The use of noise maps at a height of 4 m allows us to estimate the noise exposure of the population in the studied area. The methodology used takes into account the exposure of the residents on the most exposed façade at a height of 4 meters. This calculation method leads to an overestimation of the noise exposure of the population. The number of inhabitants is brought back to the habitable surface of this perimeter, thus a number of persons is attributed to each building. The table below presents a summary of the results for the dwellings exposed in the current situation. Table 3-19: Population noise exposure Initial configuration - 2023 - existing buildings Intervals (dB) Lden Ln Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants < 45 1486 72% 2532 53% 1849 89% 3872 80% [45 - 50[ 230 11% 929 19% 180 9% 715 15% [50 - 55[ 148 7% 457 9% 45 2% 233 5% [55 - 60[ 171 8% 689 14% 0 0% 0 0% [60 - 65[ 39 2% 213 4% 0 0% 0 0% [65 - 70[ 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% [70 - 75[ 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% > 75 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% > Lden* 53 dB 260 13% 1079 22% > Ln* 45 dB 225 11% 948 20% Total 2074 100% 4820 100% 2074 100% 4820 100% * WHO Recommendation Interpretation: It is noted that 20 % of the population is currently exposed to noise levels above the WHO thresholds. Note: As the secondary roads are not very frequented, only the main road network has been considered, which may lead to a slight underestimation of the population exceeding the WHO thresholds. 3.1.4.7.2.2 Calculation in future situation A following report will present these data for the years 2046 with and without project, with a study of the impact of the project. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 80/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 3.1.5 Summary: air and noise sensitivity The area around the airport is sparsely populated, yet it should be noted that a school is located to the east of the airport and requires special attention. In the south of the island, ambient air quality and sound environment are directly link ed to the airport’s activities and to road traffic. Table 3-20: Air and noise sensitivity Theme Sub-theme Receptor Sensitivity Air quality Population exposed High Air quality and noise Noise Population exposed High 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality81/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 4 Conclusion: current state 2023 This report addresses the current situation 2023. A following report will present the results for the years 2026 and 2046 with and without project, with a study of the impact of the project. 4.1 Air quality 4.1.1 Atmospheric pollutants measured Despite unfavourable conditions (absence of rain) the measures still allow positive conclusions to be drawn about air quality on Rodrigues Island. No measurements exceed regulatory thresholds which apply to PM10, PM2.5 and NO2. The concentrations measured are globally low, reflecting very good air quality on Rodrigues Island. Concerning aircraft overflight, no influence is observed on concentrations for the current 4 daily overflights. 4.1.2 Road traffic: emissions of pollutants and modeled atmospheric concentrations The NOx emissions near the airport at “Route de l’autonomie”, are low compared to the other roads, with less than 1 kg/day of NOx emitted in the current situation 2023. The concentrations modeled in the area of 500 meters around the roads are superior to the WHO Annual Air Quality Guidelines for the particles: Indeed, the background concentrations included in the calculation are already superior to those guidelines. For the nitrogen dioxide, the WHO Annual Air Quality Guideline is respected in all the area. The concentrations modeled are close to the background concentration included in the calculations (low standard deviation). The Indicator Pollution Population (IPP) is calculated by multiplying the number of inhabitants of each zone by the mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide of the zone. The higher IPP is located in the zone 5: it’s the zone with the higher number of inhabitants. The zone 11 where the airport is located, has a low IPP compared to the zones 5, 8, 9 and 12. 4.1.3 Air traffic It should be noted that air traffic is the most important emission’s source of pollutant. With 274 289 kg/year of fuel consumption, for example the emission of NOX is equal to 1361 kg/year. However the airplanes emissions are considerably higher in the atmosphere than the road traffic emission. The plane emissions are easily dispersed in the atmosphere (between 0 and 1000 meters): the population is less impacted by plane emissions than by ground level’s emissions. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 82/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality The project will increase the emissions of pollutants/aiplane because of the turbo-reactor type of the future aircrafts. However the higher capacities of the future planes will allow to reduce the number of flights. 4.2 Noise 4.2.1 Road noise The road impact on the studied area shows that 20% of the population is currently exposed to noise levels above the WHO thresholds. 4.2.2 Air traffic As few airplanes land on Plaine Corail Airport, and they are quite quiet, the noise curves of Lden indicator are small. No dwelling or noise-sensitive building has been identified in the footprint of the lowest noise curves that define noise exposure down to 45 dB. This confirms that populations are currently almost not exposed to airport noise. However, it should be noted that the sensitive building pre-primary school Le Caneton is exposed to LAmax = 70dB(A) two times a day (NA65 = 2). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 83/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5 Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts 5.1 Methodology 5.1.1 Air quality and noise 5.1.1.1 Aircraft study 5.1.1.1.1 Input DATA - To be coherent with the road studies, 2046 long-term air traffic is studied (commissioning horizon + 20 years) - Because of missing information about air traffic, the commissioning horizon 2026 is not studied - The 2046 estimated traffic is based on the following hypothesis: o Annual passengers arrivals and annual growth : “Air traffic forecast annual passengers arrivals (or departures) are estimated as 159 684 by 2037 (4% annual growth) rising to 172 500 by 2045 (1% growth from 2037)” (PCA – Phase 1 – Terminal Capacity Assessment); o Without project, the Aircraft type is estimated as :  Commercial : 100 % ATR72-500 assumed to be operating at 85% capacity;  Governmental : 100% Dornier 228 with the same traffic as 2022; o The hourly breakdown is estimated the same as 2022; o The “runway in use” breakdown (30 or 12) is estimated the same as 2022; The following table and graphics describe the 2046 aircraft traffic at the Rodrigues Airport without project: 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 84/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table 5-1: 2046 Airport traffic’s statistics (initial configuration) – Plaine Corail Runway Aircraft Type Path Day 6h-18h Evening 18h-22h Night 22h-06h Total IMR/Visual 32,76% 12,97% 0,12% 45,85% Arrival ATR72-500 NDB 1,72% 0,68% 0,01% 2,41% Departure Direct 34,48% 13,65% 0,12% 48,26% 12 IMR/Visual 0,66% 0,26% 0,00% 0,93% Arrival Dornier 228 NDB 0,03% 0,01% 0,00% 0,05% Departure Direct 0,70% 0,28% 0,00% 0,98% IMR/Visual 0,51% 0,20% 0,00% 0,71% Arrival ATR72-500 NDB 0,03% 0,01% 0,00% 0,04% Departure Direct 0,54% 0,21% 0,00% 0,75% 30 IMR/Visual 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% Arrival Dornier 228 NDB 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% Departure Direct 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,02% 5090 TOTAL 71,45% 28,29% 0,26% OPERATIONS Figure 31: 2046 Airport traffic’s statistics (initial configuration) – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality85/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality o With project, the Aircraft type is estimated as :  Commercial : 80 % A321-neo assumed to be operating at 85% capacity;  Commercial : 20 % B739-900Max assumed to be operating at 85% capacity;  Governmental : 100% Dornier 228 with the same traffic as 2022; The following table and graphics describe the 2046 aircraft traffic at the Rodrigues Airport with project: 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 86/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table 5-2: 2046 Airport traffic’s statistics (project configuration) – Plaine Corail Runway Aircraft Type Path Day 6h-18h Evening 18h-22h Night 22h-06h Total IMR/Visual 25,79% 10,21% 0,09% 36,09% Arrival A321Neo NDB 1,36% 0,54% 0,00% 1,90% Departure Direct 27,15% 10,75% 0,10% 37,99% IMR/Visual 6,17% 2,44% 0,02% 8,63% Arrival 12 B373-900M NDB 0,32% 0,13% 0,00% 0,45% Departure Direct 6,49% 2,57% 0,02% 9,09% IMR/Visual 1,46% 0,58% 0,01% 2,05% Dornier Arrival NDB 0,08% 0,03% 0,00% 0,11% 228 Departure Direct 1,54% 0,61% 0,01% 2,15% IMR/Visual 0,40% 0,16% 0,00% 0,56% Arrival A321Neo NDB 0,02% 0,01% 0,00% 0,03% Departure Direct 0,42% 0,17% 0,00% 0,59% IMR/Visual 0,10% 0,04% 0,00% 0,13% Arrival 30 B373-900M NDB 0,01% 0,00% 0,00% 0,01% Departure Direct 0,10% 0,04% 0,00% 0,14% IMR/Visual 0,02% 0,01% 0,00% 0,03% Dornier Arrival NDB 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 228 Departure Direct 0,02% 0,01% 0,00% 0,03% TOTAL 71,45% 28,29% 0,26% 2306 OPERATIONS Figure 32: 2046 Airport traffic’s statistics (project configuration) – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality87/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality - Average meteorological data : Temperature : 29,9°C ; Pressure (hypothetical) : 1013 HPa ; Humidity (hypothetical) : 77% ; Headwind (hypothetical) : 13,0 Kt; - Technical information about the airport : Elevation : 93 ft ; distance and localisation of the runways (initial and project configuration); - Statistical data about population (annual rate of population growth: +2,5%): Figure 33: Population’s data – administrative division Table 5-3: Population’s data N° Administrative Division 2000 2021 2023 2046 1 Piments-Baie Topaze 1445 1794 1904 3360 2 La Ferme 1112 1381 1465 2585 3 Baie Malgache 1076 1336 1417 2500 4 Baie-aux-Huîtres 2594 3221 3417 6030 5 Port Mathurin 5929 7362 7810 13782 6 Grand Baie-Montagne Goyaves 844 1048 1112 1962 7 Roche Bon Dieu-Trèfles 2059 2557 2712 4786 8 Lataniers-Mont Lubin 3806 4726 5014 8848 9 Petit Gabriel 3658 4542 4819 8504 10 Mangues-Quatre Vents 2870 3564 3781 6672 11 Plaine Corail-La Fouche Corail 2832 3517 3731 6584 12 Rivière Cocos 2893 3592 3811 6725 13 Port Sud-Est 2717 3374 3579 6316 14 Coromandel-Graviers 1944 2414 2561 4519 TOTAL 35779 44427 47133 83171 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 88/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality - The approach path (NDB 5%, IMR 90%, Visual 5%) or take-off path (because of the missing information about the take-off path, it is considered as a straight line) provided by the department of civil aviation of the Republic of Mauritius. o Initial configuration : The same path as 2022; o Project configuration: The same path as 2022 with a rotation angle to match with the planned new runway. The following figures present the different paths with the project configuration: (Note: It is hypothetically considered that the visual approach is the same path that IMR approach). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 89/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 34: IMR approach path– Runway 12 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality90/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 35: NDB approach path– Runway 12 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality91/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 36: Take-off path hypothesis– Runway 12 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality92/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 37: IMR approach path– Runway 30 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality93/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 38: NDB approach path– Runway 30 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality94/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 39: Take-off path hypothesis– Runway 30 – Project configuration – Plaine Corail 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality95/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.1.1.1.2 Air quality An emissions inventory is based on the theoretical calculation of the pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. A simplified method that helps to establish orders of magnitude of polluting emissions consists of calculating the product of the activity and the emission factors: E (X), emissions of pollutant X (kg) N (cycle LTO) aeronef Y, the number of LTO cycles for the aircraft type Y FEX the emission factor, for the pollutant X, by LTO cycle. This method is compliant with the French guide “Guide de calcul des émissions dues aux aéronefs” (DGAC - STAC, 2015). It does not directly estimate the concentration of pollutants in the air, which requires a complex dispersion model, yet an emissions inventory is a useful tool for managing air quality and its impact, and for informing the public. Based on the results of an emissions inventory, the gain from an emissions reduction policy can be assessed, and air quality modelling tools (concentrations) can be fed. 5.1.1.1.2.1 Inputs The calculations take into account the overall annual commercial aircraft traffic (year 2022) and the type of aircraft. 5.1.1.1.2.2 Study area and pollutants investigated Calculations are based on a standard "Landing-Take-Off" (LTO) cycle per aircraft, as defined by OACI vol II, appendix 16. This cycle includes all aircraft operations from the ground to a height of 3000 feet, as only emissions below this height have a direct impact on local air quality. Aircraft engine emissions are calculated from the emission factors established for the "ICAO" LTO cycle. An ICAO database lists fuel consumption and emission factors for the four phases of movement in the atmospheric layer between 0 and 3000 ft: taxi, take-off, cruise and approach. Each phase is associated with an engine speed and its duration (see table and image below taken here by default). Table 5-4: Duration and engine speed associated with the different phases of LTO cycle Phases of the LTO cycle Duration Engine speed (%) (minutes) Approach 4 30 Taxi 26 7 Takeoff 0,7 100 Climb-out 2,2 85 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 96/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 40: LTO cycle (Source: Acnusa) The calculation tool IMPACT provided by Eurocontrol, a pan-European Organisation dedicated to supporting European aviation is used. The calculations take into account:  Aircraft movements,  Aircraft types,  Flight paths,  Runway alignment;  Annual average weather conditions.  Other emission sources from airport activities are assumed to be limited compared to aircraft emissions.  Limit of height: 1000m IMPACT uses the OACI database of EEDB aircraft motor emissions (AEM DATA – 254 – ICAO EDDB25/FOCA), compliant with the DGAC french methodological guide of impact study for air traffic. However it should be noted that the database doesn’t provide all combination of aircraft/class/motor. In this way, some aircraft can be substituted with another aircraft compliant with the same technical specifications:  Take-off mass;  The aircraft and engine manufacturer;  The engine: number, type (turbojet, turboprop, piston engine), dilution rate, engine position…  The performance: power-to-weight ratio. Using this tool, calculations were made for Plaine Corail Airport, for emissions of 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 97/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality  nitrogen oxides  carbon dioxide;  sulphur oxides;  dihydrogen oxide;  carbon monoxide  unburned hydrocarbons;  acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and propianaldehyde;  acrolein;  16 PAH;  7 PAH;  styrene, 1.3-butadiene, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene;  PM total and volatile. 5.1.1.1.3 Noise The baseline noise levels are assessed with the calculation tool “IMPACT” compliant with ICAO recommendations. This online software is provided by Eurocontrol, a pan-European Organisation dedicated to supporting European aviation. The calculations take into account:  Aircraft movements,  Aircraft types,  Flight paths,  Runway alignment;  Annual average weather conditions.  Other noise sources from airport activities are assumed to be limited compared to aircraft noise. IMPACT uses the most recent aircraft databases BADA 3 and 4 of Eurocontrol wich include model specifications for nearly 100% of aircraft types in the ECAC area. BADA enables to reproduce the geometric, kinematic and kinectic aspects of the aircrafts over the entire operation flights envelope. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 98/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.1.1.2 Air quality study: road traffic The study has been looked for these scenarios : - Commissioning horizon (2026) o Without the project (initial configuration) and with the project (project configuration) - Commissioning horizon + 20 years (2046) o Without the project (initial configuration) and with the project (project configuration) 5.1.1.2.1 Emission of pollutants : road traffic The emissions are calculated thanks to TREFIC 5.2.1 with the fleet IFSTTAR (until 2050), based on the emissions factors from COPERT V. The road traffic has be provided by Lux Consult. 5.1.1.2.2 Concentration modelled The software ARIA Impact 1.8 is used to model the concentrations from the emissions calculated in the previous section and from the weather conditions. Weather station Figure 41 : Wind Rose used in the calculations – based on the three-hourly wind direction and velocity furnished by numtech between the 01/01/2022 and the 31/12/2022 – Station SYNOP of Plaine Corail at Rodrigues The pollutants modeled are the nitrogen dioxide and the particles PM10 and PM2.5. A background concentration is included in the calculation to approach the most representative result of the real concentrations. The same methodology as the one used for the current state has been used. To remember, the table below shows the background concentrations included in the model. Table 5-5: Background concentrations included in the calculations of the modeled concentrations WHO annual Background Air Quality Pollutant concentration Source Comment / Remark Guideline used µg/m³ 2021 Measurements between the Lack of bibliography at Rodrigues NO2 9.4 10 15th and the 16th march 2023 Island 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 99/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality at Pointe Palmiste Background concentrations used are PM10 19.5 (measuring point number 1) 15 daily concentrations -> overrating the annual mean The annual Air Quality Guideline (WHO 2021) are already exceeded by PM2.5 10.2 10 these background concentrations for the particles PM10 and PM2.5 5.1.1.3 Noise The noise emitted by the roads around the airport is studied in order to establish the acoustic impact on the population. The project does not foresee any modification on the road infrastructures, but an increase of the airport attendance will lead to an increase of traffic in Plaine Corail. The WHO (World Health Organization) published in 2018 recommendations for average exposure to road traffic noise based on the European Lden and Ln indicators. Maximum noise Indicator Effect level Noise levels above this value are associated with adverse health Lden 53 dB effects Nighttime noise levels above this value are associated with Ln 45 dB adverse effects on sleep. The phases without project and with project at the horizon 2026 and 2046 will be studied. The objective is to compare the two variants in order to determine the impact of the project in terms of road noise pollution on the population. 5.1.1.3.1 Input data The traffic data used for the present study was taken from the traffic study conducted by ITMD. The map and table below summarizes the different traffic routes used for the study and the acoustic simulation of the project during the future situation, with and without the project in 2026 and 2046. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 100/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 42: Roads included in the noise emissions Table 5-6: Road traffic in the future situation Initial configuration – Project configuration – Initial configuration – Project configuration – 2026 2026 2046 2046 Road AADT* All AADT* AADT* All AADT* AADT* All AADT* AADT* All AADT* types of Heavy types of Heavy types of Heavy types of Heavy vehicles vehicles vehicles vehicles vehicles vehicles vehicles vehicles 1 1435 225 1459 229 2592 405 2630 413 2 2261 555 2266 556 4078 1002 4087 1004 3 3489 893 3501 895 6295 1613 6315 1618 4 1079 179 1081 179 1954 323 1958 323 *:AADT: Average Annual Daily Traffic Note: traffic data are only given for the main roads, secondary roads are not taken into account. In order to determine the road impact on the population, we must identify the latter in the studied area. The data provided according to the administrative division of the island of Rodrigues are shown in the map and the table below. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 101/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 43: administrative breakdown Note: The population zones used for the calculations are zones n°2, n°10 and n°11. Table 5-7: Administrative division by area N° Administrative Division 2026 2046 1 Piments-Baie Topaze 2050 3360 2 La Ferme 1578 2585 3 Baie Malgache 1526 2500 4 Baie-aux-Huîtres 3680 6030 5 Port Mathurin 8411 13782 6 Grand Baie-Montagne Goyaves 1198 1962 7 Roche Bon Dieu-Trèfles 2921 4786 8 Lataniers-Mont Lubin 5400 8848 9 Petit Gabriel 5190 8504 10 Mangues-Quatre Vents 4072 6672 11 Plaine Corail-La Fouche Corail 4018 6584 12 Rivière Cocos 4104 6725 13 Port Sud-Est 3854 6316 14 Coromandel-Graviers 2758 4519 TOTAL 50757 83171 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 102/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.2 Temporary Impacts during Construction 5.2.1 Air quality and noise 5.2.1.1 Aircraft study None 5.2.1.2 Air quality  Alteration of air quality due to construction activities  Impact before mitigation The construction phase of the airport project could potentially generate dust and air pollution due to earthworks, infrastructure construction, and demolition activities. The transportation of supplies by road could also contribute to increased emissions. The sensitivity to dust and air pollution in the area is high, with several households located within 1000 m of the work area. The impact on air quality cannot be quantified at this stage, but it is expected to result in increased levels of pollutants such as CO, HC, NOx, and particulate matter, as well as reduced visibility in the immediate vicinity of the construction site. As these effects will be of limited duration, the impact severity is assessed to be medium. The impact severity is medium. Considering the receptor sensitivity assessed as high, the impact magnitude is medium. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 103/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.2.1.3 Noise During the construction phase, the project plans to create a quarry at Mont Travers to transport materials for the future runway. In addition to the noise from the quarry, trucks will be used to transport the materials. The houses in the surrounding area are likely to be impacted. Exposed dwellings PR6 PR5 Approximate area of Mont Travers Figure 44: Approximate area of the future quarry Short-term measurements were carried out in March 2023 to determine the current noise environment (see 3.1.4.4.1 - Results):  PR5: LAeq 30min= 61.0 dB(A); L50= 50.5 dB(A).  PR6: LAeq 30 min= 50.5 dB(A); L50 =45.0 dB(A). Due to the meteorological conditions (strong and gusty wind), the L50 is more representative of the actual noise level. Currently, the main sources of noise are aircraft arrivals and departures and the environment. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 104/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality The expected heavy vehicle traffic is not known, so we were not able to model the impact of the construction site on the surrounding dwellings. The Rodrigues noise regulations indicate the thresholds that should not be exceeded:  07.00 - 18.00 hrs : 60 dB(A) LAeq  18.00 - 21.00 hrs : 55 dB(A) LAeq  21.00 - 07.00 hrs : 50 dB(A) LAeq These levels must not be exceeded at the houses during works. It is recommended that measurements be taken during the works to check that these levels are respected. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 105/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.3 Permanent and irreversible impacts during Construction Phase 5.3.1 Air quality and noise 5.3.1.1 Air quality None 5.3.1.2 Noise None 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 106/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4 Impacts during operation phase 5.4.1 Air quality and noise 5.4.1.1 Air quality 5.4.1.1.1 Emissions of pollutant: aircrafts The aim of the project is to increase the airport's capacity in terms of aircraft type. The platform currently accommodates small ATR72 aircraft; in the long term, A321 NEOs and B737-900Max will land. It should be noted that A321 NEO and B737-900Max are aircraft with lower fuel consumption compared to aircraft of the same type. As a result, their polluting emissions are reduced. The consequence is a low decrease in pollutant emissions (except for NOx because of the engine type) due to air traffic compared to ATR72-500 equivalent traffic (more than twice number of operations). An increase in road traffic serving the airport is also to be expected, although it is not quantified at this stage. The impact of operations is assessed by quantifying the polluting emissions of flights through the emissions inventory. The methodology is the same as that used for the baseline assessment. The inventory does not provide direct information on atmospheric concentration, but indicates a lower degradation in air quality at the airport with the project (except for NOx). Table 5-8: Gas emissions and fuel consumption per year: baseline 2022, initial configuration 2046, project configuration 2046 ACETA Emission ACROL Fuel NOX CO2 SOX H20 CO HC LDEHY 16 PAH 7 PAH s EIN consumption (kg/year) emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted DE emitted emitted emitted (kg/year) emitted Baseline 2022 1661 1044640 278 408930 344436 5271 262 150 <1 <1 330582 Initial configura 3034 1907365 507 746649 628932 9625 478 274 1 <1 603596 tion -2046 Project configura tion - 7604 1741838 463 681852 5840 104 5 3 <1 <1 551215 2046 1.3 ETHYLB FORMA PROPIA Emission STYREN BENZE TOLUE XYLEN PM PM BUTADI ENZEN LDEHY NALDE s E NE NE E Total Volatile (kg/year)- ENE E DE HYDE emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted emitted Baseline 2022 19 103 103 11 754 45 39 27 42 0 - Initial configura 35 189 188 19 1376 81 72 50 76 0 tion -2046 Project configura tion - <1 2 2 <1 15 1 1 1 38 2 2046 The graphics below present the evolution of the gass emissions per year (kg/year and %) in 2022 (baseline), 2046 (initial configuration) and 2046 (project configuration). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 107/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Fuel burnt Air traffic Nox emission Air traffic CO2 emission Air traffic SOX emission Air traffic H20 emission 700000 8000 2500000 600 -9% 800000 -9% -9% 7000 -9% 700000 600000 NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) 500 Fuel burnt (Kg/year) 2000000 + 83% 83% +83% 6000 + 151% 600000 500000 + 83% 400 5000 1500000 500000 400000 4000 +83% 300 400000 300000 3000 1000000 300000 200 200000 2000 200000 500000 100 100000 1000 100000 0 0 0 0 0 2022 2046 (initial) 2046 2022 2046 (initial) 2046 2022 2046 (initial) 2046 2022 2046 (initial) 2046 (project) 2022 2046 (initial) 2046 (baseline) (project) (baseline) (project) (baseline) (project) (baseline) (baseline) (project) Air traffic CO emission Air traffic HC emission Air traffic ACETALDEHYDE emission Air traffic ACROLEIN emission Air traffic 16-PAH emission 700000 12000 600 300 1 600000 1 NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) + 83% NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) 10000 500 250 + 83% 83% -99% 83% 500000 1 8000 400 +83% -99% 200 -99% 1 -99% 400000 -99% 6000 300 150 0 300000 4000 0 200 100 200000 0 100000 2000 100 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 2022 2046 (initial) 2046 2022 2046 (initial) 2046 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 (baseline) (project) (baseline) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) Air traffic 7-PAH emission Air traffic STYRENE emission Air traffic 1.3 BUTADIENE Air traffic BENZENE emission Air traffic ETHYLBENZENE emission emission 0,090 40 200 200 25 0,080 35 180 180 + 83% + 83% NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) 0,070 -99% + 83% 160 160 20 + 83% 30 - 99% 140 140 + 83% 0,060 - 99% 25 -99% 120 120 15 0,050 20 100 100 - 99% 0,040 15 80 80 10 0,030 60 60 0,020 10 40 40 5 0,010 5 20 20 0,000 0 0 0 0 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) Air traffic FORMALDEHYDE emission Air traffic PROPIANALDEHYDE Air traffic TOLUENE emission Air traffic XYLENE emission Air traffic PM TOTAL emission emission 1600 90 80 60 80 1400 80 70 70 + 83% NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) NOX Emission (Kg/year) + 83% + 83% 50 - 50% 1200 + 83% 70 60 + 83% 60 60 - 99% - 99% 40 1000 50 - 99% 50 - 99% 50 800 40 30 40 40 600 30 30 30 20 400 20 20 20 10 200 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 2022 2046 2046 (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) (baseline) (initial) (project) Figure 45: Graphics of gas emissions and fuel consumption per year : Initial configuration 2022 and 2046 ; Project configuration 2046 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality108/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4.1.1.2 Emissions of pollutants : road traffic The emissions due to road traffic have been calculated from the road traffic data provided on the roads shown in the map below. The emissions have been calculated for these scenarios : - Commissioning horizon (2026) o Without the project (initial configuration) and with the project (project configuration) - Commissioning horizon + 20 years (2046) o Without the project (initial configuration) and with the project (project configuration) Figure 46: Roads included in the emissions inventory The number of vehicles multiplied but the number of km driven are presented in the table below. Table 5-9: Pollutants emissions per day due to road traffic all the roads included Vehicles * Km driven Impact Year 2023 - 166 871 Current state Year 2026 26.3 % / current state 210 823 Reference Year 2026 0.1% / reference 211 121 Project Year 2046 128.6 % / current state 381 529 Reference Year 2046 0.1% / reference 382 024 Projet 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 109/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality The road traffic is not increasing that much. We can observe an increase of the vehicules.km driven of 0.1% on 2026 and 2046. The emissions calculated are presented in the tables below: Table 5-10: Pollutants emissions per day due to road traffic Emissions of all the roads CO NOx NMVOC SO2 PM10 PM2.5 benzene Benzo(a)pyrene Nickel Arsenic included g/day g/day Unit kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day kg/day g/day Year 2023 Current state 32.51 77.13 1.84 0.35 6.43 4.18 0.04 0.19 62.42 12.81 Year 2026 25.83 61.24 1.78 0.33 6.13 3.84 0.02 0.15 62.67 12.81 Initial config Impact / - - -3.1% -7.7% -4.6% -8.3% -51.3% -18.2% 0.4% -0% current state 20.6% 20.6% Year 2026 25.87 61.34 1.78 0.33 6.14 3.84 0.02 0.15 62.68 12.81 Project Impact of the 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.00% project config Year 2046 31.64 41.77 4.19 0.66 9.91 5.79 0.02 0.19 63.69 12.82 Initial config Impact / - -2.7% 127.7% 85.9% 54.2% 38.4% -57.6% 0.9% 2.0% 0.01% current state 45.8% Year 2046 31.69 41.84 4.19 0.66 9.93 5.80 0.02 0.19 63.69 12.82 Projet config Impact of the 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.00% project There is an increase of pollutant emissions of 0.2% for all pollutants except for the benzene, nickel and arsenic for which no change is noted. The project has no significant impact on air quality emissions. Table 5-11: Greenhouse gas emissions per day due to road traffic Emissions of all the roads included CO2 N2O CH4 Unit T/day kg/day kg/day Year 2023 Current situation 34.22 1.81 0.59 Year 2026 Initial configuration 35.38 1.87 0.46 Impact / current state 3.4% 3.4% -22.3% Year 2026 Project configuration 35.44 1.87 0.46 Impact of the project 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% Year 2046 Initial configuration 61.47 2.97 0.64 Impact / current state 79.6% 64.6% 8.9% Year 2046 Project configuration 61.57 2.98 0.64 Impact of the project 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 110/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4.1.1.3 Modeled air ambient concentrations 5.4.1.1.3.1 Results in the 500 meters around the road 5.4.1.1.3.1.1 Nitrogen dioxide The table below shows the statistics for the different cases studied: Table 5-12: Statistics of the modelled concentrations in the area of 500 m around the roads – Nitrogen dioxide 2023 2026 2046 Statistics in the area of 500 m Current Initial Project Project Initial Project Project around the situation configuration configuration impact configuration configuration impact roads - Unit : µg/m³ Maximum : 9.9 10 10 0.0200 9.8 9.8 0.01 Percentile 9.6 9.6 9.6 0.0020 9.5 9.5 0.002 90 : Mean : 9.5 9.5 9.5 0.0010 9.5 9.5 0.0007 Median : 9.5 9.4 9.4 0.0004 9.4 9.4 0.0003 Percentile 9.4 9.4 9.4 0.0001 9.4 9.4 0.0001 25 : Minimum : 9.4 9.4 9.4 -0.0001 9.4 9.4 0.0000 Standard 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.002 0.1 0.1 0.001 deviation : For the nitrogen dioxide, the WHO Annual Air Quality Guideline is respected in all the area and for all the different cases. These statistics are also shown in the maps presenting the spatial distribution of the concentrations in the following sections. No specific spatial distribution is observed in the maps below: the concentrations are close to one another, with a very low standard deviation of 0.07 µg/m³. The concentrations modeled are close to the background concentration included in the calculations (9.4 µg/m³). The impact of the project is an increase of 0.02 µg/m³ on the maximum concentration in 2026 and about 0.01 µg/m³ in 2046. We can easily say that the project has no impact on the concentration of nitrogen dioxide. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 111/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 47 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2026 Figure 48 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2026 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 112/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 49: Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2026 Figure 50 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2046 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 113/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 51 : Map of the modeled nitrogen dioxide’s concentrations at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2046 Figure 52: Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2046 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 114/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4.1.1.3.1.2 Particles PM10 Table 5-13: Statistics of the modelled concentrations in the area of 500 m around the roads – Nitrogen dioxide 2023 2026 2046 Statistics in the area of 500 m Current Initial Project Project Initial Project Project around the situation configuration configuration impact configuration configuration impact roads - Unit : µg/m³ Maximum : 19.6 19.6 19.6 0.001 19.6 19.6 0.002 Percentile 19.5 19.5 19.5 0.0002 19.5 19.5 0.0003 90 : Mean : 19.5 19.5102 19.5 0.0001 19.5 19.5164 0.0001 Median : 19.5 19.50 19.5 0.00003 19.5 19.50 0.00004 Percentile 19.5 19.5 19.5 0.00001 19.5 19.5 0.00001 25 : Minimum : 19.5 19.5 19.5 -0.00001 19.5 19.5 0.000000 Standard 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0001 0.01 0.02 0.0002 deviation : The concentrations modeled in the area of 500 meters around the roads are superior to the WHO Annual Air Quality Guidelines for the particles: Indeed, the background concentrations included in the calculation are already superior to those guidelines. No specific spatial distribution is observed in the map below : the concentrations are close to one another, with a very low standard deviation of 0.01 µg/m³. The concentrations modeled are close to the background concentration included in the calculations (19.5 µg/m³). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 115/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 53 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2026 Figure 54 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2026 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 116/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 55 : Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2026 Figure 56 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2046 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 117/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 57 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM10 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2046 Figure 58 : Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2046 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 118/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4.1.1.3.1.3 Particles PM2.5 Table 5-14: Statistics of the modelled concentrations in the area of 500 m around the roads – Nitrogen dioxide 2023 2026 2046 Statistics in the area of 500 m Current Initial Project Project Initial Project Project around the situation configuration configuration impact configuration configuration impact roads - Unit : µg/m³ Maximum : 10.2 10.3 10.3 0.001000 10.3 10.3 0.002 Percentile 90 : 10.2 10.2 10.2 0.000200 10.2 10.2 0.0003 Mean : 10.2 10.2064 10.2 0.000100 10.2096 10.2 0.0001 Median : 10.2 10.20 10.2 0.000030 10.20 10.2 0.00005 Percentile 25 : 10.2 10.2 10.2 0.000010 10.2 10.2 0.00001 - Minimum : 10.2 10.2 10.2 0.000010 10.2 10.2 0.0000 Standard deviation : 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0001 0.01 0.01 0.0002 No specific spatial distribution is observed in the map below: the concentrations are close to one another, with a very low standard deviation of 0.005 µg/m³. The concentrations modeled are close to the background concentration included in the calculations (10.2 µg/m³). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 119/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 59 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2026 Figure 60 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2026 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 120/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 61 : Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2026 Figure 62 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2046 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 121/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 63 : Map of the modeled concentrations of PM2.5 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2046 Figure 64 : Map of the impact of the project on the concentrations – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2046 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 122/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4.1.1.4 Indicator Pollution-Population (IPP) The Indicator Pollution Population (IPP) is calculated by multiplying the number of inhabitants of each zone by the mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide of the zone. It allows to discriminate the areas with higher population and/or higher concentrations. 5.4.1.1.4.1 Situation in 2026 Table 5-15: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone in 2026 – Initial configuration Mean concentration of NO2 Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 Zone Number of inhabitants - 2026 Initial configuration in 2026 Initial configuration in 2026 1 2050 9.47 19419 2 1578 9.50 14991 3 1526 9.50 14499 4 3680 9.53 35081 5 8411 9.49 79775 6 1198 9.41 11270 7 2921 9.43 27539 8 5400 9.52 51414 9 5190 9.52 49399 10 4072 9.52 38744 11 4018 9.44 37920 12 4104 9.42 38675 13 3854 9.41 36257 14 2758 9.41 25953 Figure 65 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2026 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 123/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Table 5-16: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone in 2026 – Project configuration Mean concentration of NO2 Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 Zone Number of inhabitants - 2026 Project configuration in 2026 Project configuration in 2026 1 2050 9.47 19419 2 1578 9.50 14991 3 1526 9.50 14499 4 3680 9.53 35081 5 8411 9.49 79776 6 1198 9.41 11270 7 2921 9.43 27539 8 5400 9.52 51414 9 5190 9.52 49400 10 4072 9.52 38744 11 4018 9.44 37921 12 4104 9.42 38675 13 3854 9.41 36257 14 2758 9.41 25953 Figure 66 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2026 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 124/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 67 : Map of the impact of the project on the Indicator Pollution Population – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2026 For both situation, in 2026, the higher IPP is located in the zone 5: it’s the zone with the higher number of inhabitants. The zone 11 where the airport is located, has a low IPP compared to the zones 5, 8, 9 and 12. As we can see on the map, the project has no impact on the population. 5.4.1.1.4.2 Situation in 2046 Table 5-17: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone in 2046 – Initial configuration Mean concentration of NO2 Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 Zone Number of inhabitants - 2026 Initial configuration in 2046 Initial configuration in 2046 1 2050 9.45 31746 2 1578 9.47 24481 3 1526 9.47 23677 4 3680 9.49 57223 5 8411 9.46 130344 6 1198 9.41 18460 7 2921 9.42 45080 8 5400 9.48 83909 9 5190 9.48 80644 10 4072 9.48 63248 11 4018 9.43 62059 12 4104 9.42 63322 13 3854 9.40 59397 14 2758 9.41 42512 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 125/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 68 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Initial configuration in 2046 Table 5-18: Number of inhabitants by area, mean concentration in each area and Indicator Pollution Population calculated in each zone in 2046 – Project configuration Mean concentration of NO2 Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 Zone Number of inhabitants - 2046 Project configuration in 2046 Project configuration in 2046 1 3360 9.45 31746 2 2585 9.47 24482 3 2500 9.47 23677 4 6030 9.49 57223 5 13782 9.46 130344 6 1962 9.41 18460 7 4786 9.42 45080 8 8848 9.48 83909 9 8504 9.48 80644 10 6672 9.48 63249 11 6584 9.43 62059 12 6725 9.42 63322 13 6316 9.40 59397 14 4519 9.41 42512 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 126/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 69 : Map of the Indicator Pollution Population of NO2 at Rodrigues – Project configuration in 2046 Figure 70 : Map of the impact of the project on the Indicator Pollution Population – Compared with the Initial configuration in 2046 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 127/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality For both situations, in 2046, the higher IPP is located in the zone 5: it’s the zone with the higher number of inhabitants. The zone 11 where the airport is located, has a low IPP compared to the zones 5, 8, 9 and 12. As we can see on the map, the project has no impact on the population. 60 000 50 000 Number of inhabitants 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 9,4-9,45 9,45-9,5 9,5-9,55 9,55-9,6 Population exposure : Concentration range (µg/m³) Current state 2023 Initial configuration - 2026 Project configuration - 2026 Initial configuration - 2046 Project configuration - 2046 Figure 71 : Histogram showing the number of inhabitants exposed to the different concentrations The histogram above shows the number of inhabitants exposed to the different concentration. We can see that there no change between the initial configuration and the project configuration, in 2026 and 2046. The project as described will not have impact on the health of population, linked to the emissions of the road traffic. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 128/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4.1.2 Noise 5.4.1.2.1 Aircraft noise emissions The 2046 noise levels are assessed with the baseline’s methodology using the calculation tool “Impact”. Two configurations are studied: the initial configuration and the project configuration. Both are based on the same annual passengers arrivals (or departures) by 2046. However each one take into account different:  Aircraft movements;  Aircraft types  Flight paths;  Runway alignment; 5.4.1.2.1.1 Initial configuration – year 2046 A passenger’s annual increase of 4% by 2037 and 1% from 2037 is estimated. Without project, the air traffic must proportionally increases. So the population’s noise level exposure also increases by 2046. As few airplanes land on Plaine Corail Airport, and they are quite quiet, the noise curves of Lden indicator are small. No dwelling or noise-sensitive building has been identified in the footprint of the lowest noise curves that define noise exposure down to 45 dB. This confirms that populations are currently almost not exposed to airport noise. However, it should be noted that the sensitive building pre-primary school Le Caneton is exposed to LAmax = 70dB(A) six times a day (NA65 = 6) at most. The resulting noise contours around the airport are represented on the maps below indicating the presence of population with the buildings, thus, this maps illustrate the exposure of populations to 2046 aircraft noise with initial configuration. The ratio between the number of building and the number of buildings in the zones 11 and 1 give an approximation of the impacted population. The scale representing sound levels range from  Lden 45 dB(A) (very low noise exposure) to 70 dB(A) (high noise exposure). The noise indicator Lden, used in European noise directives and French noise exposure plans, has been chosen because it takes into account the nuisances felt during evening and night periods ;  LAmax 65 dB(A) (medium noise exposure) to 100 dB(A) (very high noise exposure). It indicates the daily maximum LAeq reached. The noise indicator LAmax used in French noise exposure plans has been chosen to see the maximum noise level exposure;  NA62 : 2 to 12 (low number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A)). The NA62 indicator is hepful to contextualize the LAmax indicator. While LAmax indicates the daily maximum LAeq , NA62 indicates the daily number of events with maximum LAeq > 62 dB(A) ;  NA65 : 2 to 10 (low number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A)). The NA65 indicator is hepful to contextualize the LAmax indicator. While LAmax indicates the daily maximum LAeq , NA65 indicates the daily number of events with maximum LAeq > 65 dB(A) 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 129/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 72 : Lden noise contour and population exposure - initial configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality130/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 73 : LAmax noise contour and population exposure - initial configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality131/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 74 : Number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A) contour and population exposure - initial configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality132/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 75 : Number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A) contour and population exposure - initial configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality133/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4.1.2.1.2 Project configuration – year 2046 The aim of the project is to increase the airport's capacity, both in terms of traffic and aircraft type. The platform accommodates small ATR72 aircraft with 2545 operations in 2046; in the long term, A321 NEOs and B737-900Ms will land, with approximately 1153 operations in 2046. The A321 NEOs and B737-900Ms capacities are more than two times superior to ATR72 aircraft, therefore the project configuration enables the air traffic to be reduced. However the turbojet engine increase the noise emission. It should be noted that the new runway’s angle impacts the approaches and departures paths, which enable a significant reduction of the noise level population’s exposure. In summary, with the project configuration, higher but less frequent noise levels are estimated. Moreover, the population’s exposure is reduced because of new runway’s angle. The sensitive building pre-primary school Le Caneton is less exposed to aircraft noise in this configuration with LAmax < 65 dB(A). The resulting noise contours around the airport are represented on the maps below indicating the presence of population with the buildings, thus, this maps illustrate the exposure of populations to 2046 aircraft noise with the project configuration. The ratio between the number of building and the number of buildings in the zones 11 and 1 give an approximation of the impacted population. The scale representing sound levels range from  Lden 45 dB(A) (very low noise exposure) to 70 dB(A) (high noise exposure). The noise indicator Lden, used in European noise directives and French noise exposure plans, has been chosen because it takes into account the nuisances felt during evening and night periods ;  LAmax 65 dB(A) (medium noise exposure) to 100 dB(A) (very high noise exposure). It indicates the daily maximum LAeq reached. The noise indicator LAmax used in French noise exposure plans has been chosen to see the maximum noise level exposure;  NA62 : 2 to 6 (low number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A)). The NA62 indicator is helpful to contextualize the LAmax indicator. While LAmax indicates the daily maximum LAeq , NA62 indicates the daily number of events with maximum LAeq > 62 dB(A) ;  NA65 : 2 to 6 (low number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A)). The NA65 indicator is helpful to contextualize the LAmax indicator. While LAmax indicates the daily maximum LAeq , NA65 indicates the daily number of events with maximum LAeq > 65 dB(A) 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 134/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality . Figure 76 : Lden noise contour and population exposure - project configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality135/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 77 : LAmax noise contour and population exposure - project configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality136/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 78 : Number of events LAmax > 62 dB(A) contour and population exposure – project configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality137/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 79 : Number of events LAmax > 65 dB(A) contour and population exposure - project configuration – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality138/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality The LDEN difference between project and initial configuration by 2046 is represented on the maps below indicating the presence of population with the buildings, thus, this maps illustrate the project’s impact on exposure of populations to aircraft noise T he ratio between the number of building and the number of buildings in the zones 11 and 1 give an approximation of the number of inhabitants. The project enables a reduction of the LDEN population’s exposure. However it should be noted that the marine environment south of the airport is more exposed to aircraft noise. Figure 80 : Lden difference between project and initial configuration and population exposure – 2046 - Plaine Corail Airport 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality139/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 5.4.1.2.2 Road traffic : Calculation in future situation From the topographic files provided, the studied site has been modeled in 3 dimensions with the Mithra SIG V5 software. The right-of-way and its geometrical characteristics were taken into account. As the project does not entail any modifications to the road infrastructure, the modelling of the variants in the future situation (with and without project) are identical to the initial state. Only the road traffic changes. 5.4.1.2.2.1 Calculation in 2026 Acoustic calculations were performed on the entire studied area with and without the project to characterize the impact of noise pollution due to existing road traffic on the population, in 2026. The following calculation parameters were used:  Calculation method : NMPB 08;  Meteorological effects: 100% favorable;  The pavement surface considered is an R2 10-year type pavement (medium asphalt type).  Traffic and speed: o AADT 2026 (traffic study – 5.1.1.3.1 Input data), o Speeds were considered to be regulatory (50 km/h). Results are presented in the form of result maps, which can be broken down as follows:  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters – Initial configuration - Lden (noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)),  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters – Initial configuration - Ln ((noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)).  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters – Project configuration - Lden (noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)),  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters – Project configuration - Ln ((noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 140/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality141/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality142/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality143/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality144/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Interpretation: The use of noise maps at a height of 4 m allows us to estimate the noise exposure of the population in the studied area. The methodology used takes into account the exposure of the residents on the most exposed façade at a height of 4 meters. This calculation method leads to an overestimation of the noise exposure of the population. The number of inhabitants is brought back to the habitable surface of this perimeter, thus a number of persons is attributed to each building. The tables below present a summary of the results for the dwellings exposed in the baseline situation and the situation with the project in 2026. Table 5-19: Population noise exposure in 2026, without project Initial configuration - 2026 - existing buildings Intervals (dB) Lden Ln Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants < 45 1371 66% 2227 43% 1798 87% 3917 75% [45 - 50[ 275 13% 957 18% 183 9% 735 14% [50 - 55[ 175 8% 816 16% 65 3% 338 7% [55 - 60[ 181 9% 761 15% 28 1% 201 4% [60 - 65[ 50 2% 274 5% 0 0% 0 0% [65 - 70[ 22 1% 156 3% 0 0% 0 0% [70 - 75[ 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% > 75 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% > Lden* 53 dB 311 15% 1387 27% > Ln* 45 dB 276 13% 1274 25% Total 2074 100% 5191 100% 2074 100% 5191 100% * WHO Recommendation Table 5-20: Population noise exposure in 2026, with project Project configuration - 2026 - existing buildings Intervals (dB) Lden Ln Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants < 45 1371 66% 2227 43% 1797 87% 3910 75% [45 - 50[ 273 13% 953 18% 182 9% 736 14% [50 - 55[ 177 9% 820 16% 67 3% 344 7% [55 - 60[ 181 9% 761 15% 28 1% 201 4% [60 - 65[ 50 2% 274 5% 0 0% 0 0% [65 - 70[ 22 1% 156 3% 0 0% 0 0% [70 - 75[ 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% > 75 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% > Lden* 53 dB 312 15% 1394 27% > Ln* 45 dB 277 13% 1280 25% Total 2074 100% 5191 100% 2074 100% 5191 100% * WHO Recommendation 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 145/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Interpretation: It is noted that 27% of the population will be exposed to noise levels above the WHO thresholds in both configurations. The project does not cause any additional noise nuisance compared to a baseline situation by 2026 Note: As the secondary roads are not very frequented, only the main road network has been considered, which may lead to a slight underestimation of the population exceeding the WHO thresholds. 5.4.1.2.2.2 Calculation in 2046 Acoustic calculations were performed on the entire studied area with and without the project to characterize the impact of noise pollution due to existing road traffic on the population, in 2046. The following calculation parameters were used:  Calculation method : NMPB 08;  Meteorological effects: 100% favorable;  The pavement surface considered is an R2 10-year type pavement (medium asphalt type).  Traffic and speed: o AADT 2046 (traffic study – 5.1.1.3.1 Input data), o Speeds were considered to be regulatory (50 km/h). Results are presented in the form of result maps, which can be broken down as follows:  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters – Initial configuration - Lden (noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)),  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters – Initial configuration - Ln ((noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)).  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters – Project configuration - Lden (noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)),  Horizontal noise map at 4 meters – Project configuration - Ln ((noise level between 45 to 75 dB(A)). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 146/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality147/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality148/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality149/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality150/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Interpretation: The use of noise maps at a height of 4 m allows us to estimate the noise exposure of the population in the studied area. The methodology used takes into account the exposure of the residents on the most exposed façade at a height of 4 meters. This calculation method leads to an overestimation of the noise exposure of the population. The number of inhabitants is brought back to the habitable surface of this perimeter, thus a number of persons is attributed to each building. The tables below present a summary of the results for the dwellings exposed in the baseline situation and the situation with the project in 2046. Table 5-21: Population noise exposure in 2046, without project Initial configuration - 2046 - existing buildings Intervals (dB) Lden Ln Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants < 45 1180 57% 2765 33% 1724 83% 5972 70% [45 - 50[ 346 17% 1655 19% 161 8% 1004 12% [50 - 55[ 223 11% 1717 20% 136 7% 946 11% [55 - 60[ 170 8% 1044 12% 42 2% 450 5% [60 - 65[ 114 5% 895 11% 11 1% 135 2% [65 - 70[ 35 2% 353 4% 0 0% 0 0% [70 - 75[ 6 0% 78 1% 0 0% 0 0% > 75 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% > Lden* 53 dB 403 19% 2925 34% > Ln* 45 dB 350 17% 2535 30% Total 2074 100% 8507 100% 2074 100% 8507 100% * WHO Recommendation Table 5-22: Population noise exposure in 2046, with project Project configuration - 2046 - existing buildings Intervals (dB) Lden Ln Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants Nb of homes Nb of inhabitants < 45 1177 57% 2753 32% 1724 83% 5972 70% [45 - 50[ 348 17% 1662 20% 160 8% 1000 12% [50 - 55[ 224 11% 1722 20% 137 7% 949 11% [55 - 60[ 170 8% 1045 12% 42 2% 451 5% [60 - 65[ 113 5% 890 10% 11 1% 135 2% [65 - 70[ 36 2% 357 4% 0 0% 0 0% [70 - 75[ 6 0% 78 1% 0 0% 0 0% > 75 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% > Lden* 53 dB 405 20% 2936 35% > Ln* 45 dB 350 17% 2535 30% Total 2074 100% 8507 100% 2074 100% 8507 100% * WHO Recommendation 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 151/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Interpretation: It is noted that 35% of the population will be exposed to noise levels above the WHO thresholds in both configurations. The project does not cause any additional noise nuisance compared to a baseline situation by 2046 Note: As the secondary roads are not very frequented, only the main road network has been considered, which may lead to a slight underestimation of the population exceeding the WHO thresholds. 5.4.1.2.3 Conclusion on the impact of the project on local residents The project will have no impact on residents in terms of road noise emissions compared to a baseline situation. This is due to a very small increase in traffic (less than 50 vehicles/day) in 2026 and 2046. The increase in noise pollution on the population compared to the current situation is therefore explained by the increase in the number of vehicles in the future situation, and not because of the project, as shown in the histograms below: Figure 81: Population exposure to road noise - Lden 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 152/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Figure 82: Population exposure to road noise - Ln 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 153/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 6 Mitigation Measures 6.1.1 Air quality and noise 6.1.1.1 aircraft study The air traffic noise and pollutant emissions mainly depend on the aircraft type, the number of operation (arrival and departure) and the meteorological conditions. It is however possible to implement certain measures to limit the population’s exposure:  Noise and pollutants exposure : Adjust approaches and departures path to avoid inhabited areas ;  Noise exposure : Maximize operations in daily period (6h-18h) and restrict operations in night period (22h-6h) ;  Noise exposure: It may be possible to acoustically isolate the most exposed buildings, and limit or forbid constructions in most exposed zones;  Pollutants exposure: Replace the use of Auxiliary Power Unit during stopover of the aircraft with alternative means. 6.1.1.2 Air quality The impact of the project being negligible, no mitigation measures are required. Herefore, measurements could be carried out during the construction phase and at commissioning to verify compliance with air quality standards. 6.1.1.3 Noise The impact of the project being negligible, no mitigation measures are required. Herefore, measurements could be carried out during the construction phase and at commissioning to verify compliance with acoustic standards. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 154/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 7 Conclusion: Impact of the project 7.1 Air quality 7.1.1 Road traffic: emissions of pollutants and modeled atmospheric concentrations The concentrations modeled in the area of 500 meters around the roads are superior to the WHO Annual Air Quality Guidelines for the particles: Indeed, the background concentrations included in the calculation are already superior to those guidelines. For the nitrogen dioxide, the WHO Annual Air Quality Guideline is respected in all the area. The concentrations modeled are close to the background concentration included in the calculations (low standard deviation). The impact of the project is not significant because the traffic on the roads is not changing that much. The Indicator Pollution Population (IPP) is calculated by multiplying the number of inhabitants of each zone by the mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide of the zone. The higher IPP is located in the zone 5: it’s the zone with the higher number of inhabitants. The zone 11 where the airport is located, has a low IPP compared to the zones 5, 8, 9 and 12. The impact of the project for the inhabitants is not significant. There won’t be any change for their health due to the expansion of Rodrigues Airport, as the traffic on the road is not increasing that much. 7.1.2 Air traffic The project allows the establishment of higher capacity aircraft but the number of visitors remains the same. Thus, for most pollutants, there is a reduction in emissions. However, there is a significant increase in NOx emissions. It should be noted that A321 NEO and B737-900Max are aircraft with lower fuel consumption compared to aircraft of the same type. As a result, their polluting emissions are reduced. 7.2 Noise 7.2.1 Road noise The project will have no impact on residents in terms of road noise emissions compared to a baseline situation. This is due to a very small increase in traffic (less than 50 vehicles/day) in 2026 and 2046. The increase in noise pollution on the population compared to the current situation is therefore explained by the increase in the number of vehicles in the future situation, and not because of the project. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 155/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 7.2.2 Air traffic The A321 NEOs and B737-900Ms capacities are more than two times superior to ATR72 aircraft, therefore the project configuration enables the air traffic to be reduced. However the turbojet engine increase the noise emission. It should be noted that the new runway’s angle impacts the approaches and departures paths, which enable a significant reduction of the noise level population’s exposure. In summary, with the project configuration, higher but less frequent noise levels are estimated Moreover, the population’s exposure is reduced because of new runway’s angle. The sensitive building pre-primary school Le Caneton is less exposed to aircraft noise in this configuration with LAmax < 65 dB(A). 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 156/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 8 Annexes 8.1 Annex: Results of the measurements 8.1.1 air pollutants 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality157/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality158/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality159/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 8.1.2 Acoustics data processing Global measured noise level – pf1 Global measured noise level – pf2 Global measured noise level – pf3 Global measured noise level – pf4 Fichier PF1 Fichier PF2 Fichier PF3 Fichier PF4 Lieu *** *** Lieu *** *** Lieu *** *** Lieu *** *** Type de données Leq Type de données Leq Type de données Leq Type de données Leq Pondération A Pondération A Pondération A Pondération A Unité dB Unité dB Unité dB Unité dB Début 15/03/2023 14:00:00 Début 15/03/2023 15:00:00 Début 14/03/2023 11:00:00 Début 14/03/2023 12:00:00 Fin 16/03/2023 14:00:00 Fin 16/03/2023 15:00:00 Fin 15/03/2023 11:00:00 Fin 15/03/2023 11:55:00 Période Rodrigues Jour Période Rodrigues Jour Période Rodrigues Jour (Ld) Période Rodrigues Jour (Ld) Tranches horaires Rodrigues Jour 07:00 18:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Jour 07:00 18:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Jour 07:00 18:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Jour 07:00 18:00 K = 0 dBA Ld L50 Ld L50 Ld L50 Ld L50 dB dB dB dB Source dB dB Source dB dB Niveau 55,8 51,3 Niveau 63,8 54,5 Résiduel 55,2 42,6 Résiduel 56,2 48,7 Période Rodrigues soirée (Soir) Période Rodrigues soirée (Soir) Période Rodrigues soirée Période Rodrigues soirée Tranches horaires Rodrigues soirée 18:00 21:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues soirée 18:00 21:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues soirée 18:00 21:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues soirée 18:00 21:00 K = 0 dBA Soir L50 Soir L50 dB dB dB dB Soir L50 Soir L50 Niveau 50,6 46,3 Niveau 58,4 52,8 Source dB dB Source dB dB Période Rodrigues Nuit (Ln) Période Rodrigues Nuit (Ln) Résiduel 51,8 43,1 Résiduel 51,7 44,3 Tranches horaires Rodrigues Nuit 21:00 07:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Nuit 21:00 07:00 K = 0 dBA Période Rodrigues Nuit Période Rodrigues Nuit Ln L50 Ln L50 Tranches horaires Rodrigues Nuit 21:00 07:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Nuit 21:00 07:00 K = 0 dBA dB dB dB dB Niveau 48,1 42,6 Niveau 56,1 49,3 Ln L50 Ln L50 Source dB dB Source dB dB Résiduel 50,6 45,9 Résiduel 49,0 43,0 Measured flight-over contribution – pf1 Measured flight-over contribution – pf3 Measured flight-over contribution – pf4 Fichier PF1 Fichier PF4 Fichier PF3 Lieu *** *** Lieu *** *** Lieu *** *** Type de données Leq Type de données Leq Type de données Leq Pondération A Pondération A Pondération A Unité dB Unité dB Unité dB Début 15/03/2023 14:00:00 Début 14/03/2023 12:00:00 Début 14/03/2023 11:00:00 Fin 16/03/2023 14:00:00 Fin 15/03/2023 11:55:00 Fin 15/03/2023 11:00:00 Période Rodrigues Jour Période Rodrigues Jour Période Rodrigues Jour Tranches horaires Rodrigues Jour 07:00 18:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Jour 07:00 18:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Jour 07:00 18:00 K = 0 dBA Leq Leq Leq Ld (partiel) Nb L50 Ld (partiel) Nb L50 Ld (partiel) Nb L50 Source dB dB dB Source dB dB dB Source dB dB dB Avion 55,7 30,1 3 53,5 Avion 67,2 43,4 4 60,3 Avion 67,8 44,7 4 58,6 Période Rodrigues soirée Période Rodrigues soirée Période Rodrigues soirée Tranches horaires Rodrigues soirée 18:00 21:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues soirée 18:00 21:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues soirée 18:00 21:00 K = 0 dBA Leq Leq Leq Soir (partiel) Nb L50 Soir (partiel) Nb L50 Soir (partiel) Nb L50 Source dB dB dB Source dB dB dB Source dB dB dB Avion 0 Avion 0 Avion 0 Période Rodrigues Nuit Période Rodrigues Nuit Période Rodrigues Nuit Tranches horaires Rodrigues Nuit 21:00 07:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Nuit 21:00 07:00 K = 0 dBA Tranches horaires Rodrigues Nuit 21:00 07:00 K = 0 dBA Leq Leq Leq Ln (partiel) Nb L50 Ln (partiel) Nb L50 Ln (partiel) Nb L50 Source dB dB dB Source dB dB dB Source dB dB dB Avion 0 Avion 66,8 37,6 1 59,4 Avion 64,2 35,8 1 55,2 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 160/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Fichier PF1 Fichier PF2 Périodes 1h Périodes 1h Début 15/03/2023 14:00:00 Début 15/03/2023 15:00:00 Fin 16/03/2023 14:00:00 Fin 16/03/2023 15:00:00 Lieu *** *** Lieu *** *** Pondération A Pondération A Type de données Leq Type de données Leq Unité dB Unité dB Début période Leq L90 L50 L10 L5 L1 Début période Leq L90 L50 L10 L5 L1 15/03/2023 14:00:00 48,6 39,7 42,7 47,4 49,7 57,7 15/03/2023 15:00:00 79,4 46,5 54,7 65,6 70,0 94,6 15/03/2023 15:00:00 59,6 41,2 51,9 64,3 65,9 68,3 15/03/2023 16:00:00 63,1 43,2 50,7 61,6 64,9 75,8 15/03/2023 16:00:00 59,9 42,8 54,3 63,9 65,7 68,8 15/03/2023 17:00:00 56,3 42,2 48,1 58,3 61,4 69,1 15/03/2023 17:00:00 48,6 38,8 42,5 49,3 52,1 60,8 15/03/2023 18:00:00 52,6 37,7 47,0 56,4 58,3 62,6 15/03/2023 18:00:00 51,8 36,0 43,2 53,9 56,7 62,8 15/03/2023 19:00:00 52,7 37,3 48,6 56,4 57,9 60,6 15/03/2023 19:00:00 49,3 36,5 40,8 44,0 44,9 50,9 15/03/2023 20:00:00 48,6 33,9 38,7 52,7 55,6 60,1 15/03/2023 20:00:00 53,4 40,6 44,6 46,5 47,0 68,3 15/03/2023 21:00:00 47,9 31,1 42,9 51,1 52,8 59,0 15/03/2023 21:00:00 45,1 40,2 45,0 46,9 48,8 50,0 15/03/2023 22:00:00 45,5 42,0 42,8 45,1 49,0 56,6 15/03/2023 22:00:00 45,5 41,2 45,1 47,2 47,8 50,2 15/03/2023 23:00:00 47,2 42,0 42,7 46,4 51,1 59,5 15/03/2023 23:00:00 46,4 42,1 46,7 47,9 48,2 48,7 16/03/2023 00:00:00 47,4 34,5 44,8 47,3 51,0 57,3 16/03/2023 00:00:00 51,6 45,4 46,4 51,2 51,5 53,4 16/03/2023 01:00:00 43,9 41,4 42,6 43,2 43,9 53,4 16/03/2023 01:00:00 49,7 48,9 49,6 50,2 50,5 51,0 16/03/2023 02:00:00 45,9 42,4 42,9 46,4 49,8 56,8 16/03/2023 02:00:00 50,0 48,7 50,1 50,6 50,8 51,2 16/03/2023 03:00:00 43,9 41,8 42,8 44,1 45,3 53,0 16/03/2023 03:00:00 44,6 36,9 45,1 45,8 46,0 46,8 16/03/2023 04:00:00 46,1 42,9 43,6 46,7 51,9 56,0 16/03/2023 04:00:00 42,5 40,3 42,3 43,6 44,5 46,5 16/03/2023 05:00:00 51,7 35,2 45,7 56,0 57,5 61,3 16/03/2023 05:00:00 52,1 40,4 46,0 52,8 56,0 62,2 16/03/2023 06:00:00 55,4 42,2 48,7 57,4 60,4 67,5 16/03/2023 06:00:00 57,0 38,9 44,5 59,9 62,9 67,2 16/03/2023 07:00:00 56,4 43,0 49,6 59,2 62,2 67,4 16/03/2023 07:00:00 52,0 37,7 41,1 47,0 50,1 62,3 16/03/2023 08:00:00 54,4 42,2 49,1 57,7 60,2 64,8 16/03/2023 08:00:00 53,4 37,9 42,0 57,7 60,1 62,5 16/03/2023 09:00:00 53,9 42,0 48,8 57,8 59,7 63,7 16/03/2023 09:00:00 56,1 39,4 49,2 59,2 61,3 65,4 16/03/2023 10:00:00 56,1 42,1 48,9 58,6 61,5 68,4 16/03/2023 10:00:00 49,1 37,7 42,1 50,5 53,1 58,2 16/03/2023 11:00:00 54,1 39,8 46,5 57,5 59,6 65,5 16/03/2023 11:00:00 58,1 38,2 42,2 49,8 57,6 69,1 16/03/2023 12:00:00 50,5 39,6 44,4 53,4 56,4 61,6 16/03/2023 12:00:00 43,9 35,2 39,5 45,2 48,9 55,1 16/03/2023 13:00:00 56,4 40,1 46,8 57,0 60,1 70,0 16/03/2023 13:00:00 49,9 35,9 39,4 44,9 49,2 62,4 16/03/2023 14:00:00 55,5 42,9 50,2 58,6 60,7 65,4 Période totale 53,4 38,4 44,4 52,6 58,4 65,2 Période totale 65,9 39,8 45,1 56,5 59,4 66,3 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality161/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Fichier PF3 Fichier PF4 Périodes 1h Périodes 1h Début 14/03/2023 11:00:00 Début 14/03/2023 12:00:00 Fin 15/03/2023 11:00:00 Fin 15/03/2023 12:00:00 Lieu *** *** Lieu *** *** Pondération A Pondération A Type de données Leq Type de données Leq Unité dB Unité dB Début période Leq L90 L50 L10 L5 L1 Début période Leq L90 L50 L10 L5 L1 14/03/2023 11:00:00 52,6 48,0 51,4 55,2 56,4 58,8 14/03/2023 12:00:00 62,1 51,1 54,5 66,4 68,6 72,2 14/03/2023 12:00:00 54,9 48,8 53,1 57,7 59,0 63,2 14/03/2023 13:00:00 61,5 50,6 55,2 64,4 66,4 71,7 14/03/2023 13:00:00 52,1 47,0 50,2 53,7 55,3 58,4 14/03/2023 14:00:00 59,5 51,1 53,7 61,0 64,4 70,1 14/03/2023 14:00:00 53,4 48,1 51,2 55,9 57,9 61,6 14/03/2023 15:00:00 64,2 52,5 55,7 65,9 69,6 77,4 14/03/2023 15:00:00 56,2 48,4 51,5 56,5 59,7 65,7 14/03/2023 16:00:00 70,9 53,1 58,5 75,8 78,9 82,1 14/03/2023 16:00:00 51,2 46,9 50,0 53,6 54,7 56,9 14/03/2023 17:00:00 58,7 52,7 55,1 61,2 63,8 68,6 14/03/2023 17:00:00 57,5 47,1 50,3 58,9 65,2 69,7 14/03/2023 18:00:00 59,1 51,8 54,0 58,9 62,6 71,9 14/03/2023 18:00:00 53,5 44,2 47,5 53,5 55,6 67,0 14/03/2023 19:00:00 60,4 51,3 53,2 55,6 57,8 75,6 14/03/2023 19:00:00 48,6 43,6 46,2 50,8 52,5 56,9 14/03/2023 20:00:00 51,9 49,6 51,3 53,2 54,0 56,1 14/03/2023 20:00:00 47,0 42,4 45,2 49,0 50,5 54,6 14/03/2023 21:00:00 53,7 49,7 51,5 53,6 54,2 58,5 14/03/2023 21:00:00 46,9 41,4 45,0 48,7 50,4 55,4 14/03/2023 22:00:00 52,5 48,1 50,4 52,7 53,4 56,1 14/03/2023 22:00:00 48,0 40,4 42,6 46,0 47,5 55,2 14/03/2023 23:00:00 55,1 48,4 50,1 52,0 52,9 69,7 14/03/2023 23:00:00 43,9 39,7 42,4 45,9 47,2 50,9 15/03/2023 00:00:00 50,4 48,4 50,0 51,8 52,3 53,3 15/03/2023 00:00:00 47,4 41,7 43,9 47,7 49,7 55,4 15/03/2023 01:00:00 48,5 45,8 47,8 50,5 51,2 52,6 15/03/2023 01:00:00 43,8 38,9 41,7 45,8 47,9 52,1 15/03/2023 02:00:00 47,2 44,9 46,9 48,8 49,3 50,2 15/03/2023 02:00:00 41,5 37,1 39,6 43,3 45,3 49,9 15/03/2023 03:00:00 48,2 45,7 47,7 49,6 50,4 52,1 15/03/2023 03:00:00 41,5 36,9 39,1 43,0 44,8 49,9 15/03/2023 04:00:00 47,4 44,0 45,8 48,1 49,3 57,0 15/03/2023 04:00:00 40,9 36,3 38,9 43,7 45,1 48,8 15/03/2023 05:00:00 60,2 45,9 49,4 62,9 67,2 71,7 15/03/2023 05:00:00 52,3 38,4 47,3 54,7 58,6 62,9 15/03/2023 06:00:00 63,0 49,3 53,3 64,8 68,1 73,6 15/03/2023 06:00:00 53,4 43,9 49,4 56,8 58,7 62,1 15/03/2023 07:00:00 60,2 48,0 52,3 61,5 64,0 71,5 15/03/2023 07:00:00 57,7 44,5 50,8 61,9 64,5 68,3 15/03/2023 08:00:00 61,2 47,8 52,9 64,9 67,0 73,4 15/03/2023 08:00:00 57,6 46,7 53,7 61,5 63,6 66,5 15/03/2023 09:00:00 61,9 49,7 55,3 65,3 67,0 72,7 15/03/2023 09:00:00 56,2 46,6 51,3 59,6 61,7 65,6 15/03/2023 10:00:00 63,2 49,2 52,8 66,7 68,7 75,8 15/03/2023 10:00:00 58,1 47,3 52,5 59,2 61,3 68,8 15/03/2023 11:00:00 68,1 48,8 52,4 63,2 65,4 70,7 Période totale 53,4 39,9 47,7 55,4 58,2 64,4 Période totale 62,0 47,0 52,0 62,0 65,9 73,6 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality162/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality Fichier PR5 Fichier PR6 Périodes 2m Périodes 1m Début 15/03/2023 09:35:00 Début 15/03/2023 10:46:00 Fin 15/03/2023 10:21:00 Fin 15/03/2023 11:00:00 Lieu *** *** Lieu *** *** Pondération A Pondération A Type de données Leq Type de données Leq Unité dB Unité dB Début période Leq L90 L50 L10 L5 L1 Début période Leq L90 L50 L10 L5 L1 15/03/2023 09:35:00 66,3 44,1 48,9 71,3 74,2 78,6 15/03/2023 10:46:00 51,1 41,2 43,3 51,4 59,5 64,2 15/03/2023 09:37:00 52,5 47,0 49,4 54,3 56,5 62,6 15/03/2023 10:47:00 54,1 43,1 44,6 55,2 59,4 69,2 15/03/2023 09:39:00 60,5 44,4 47,2 58,9 67,5 72,6 15/03/2023 10:48:00 59,1 45,3 50,3 63,1 68,4 69,1 15/03/2023 09:41:00 61,8 45,4 52,4 64,9 67,8 73,8 15/03/2023 10:49:00 45,0 41,2 43,1 45,9 49,1 56,1 15/03/2023 09:43:00 59,7 48,5 51,2 58,6 65,6 72,9 15/03/2023 10:50:00 48,6 44,0 46,7 51,2 54,8 57,4 15/03/2023 09:45:00 61,9 45,4 49,5 64,1 68,2 75,8 15/03/2023 10:51:00 46,9 44,2 45,2 48,1 49,4 57,6 15/03/2023 09:47:00 60,2 46,1 49,3 60,2 65,4 73,9 15/03/2023 10:52:00 49,0 43,2 47,2 52,1 53,5 58,2 15/03/2023 09:49:00 56,5 43,9 45,7 52,1 56,6 70,3 15/03/2023 10:53:00 47,4 44,2 45,8 50,4 51,0 54,8 15/03/2023 09:51:00 56,4 44,3 47,4 56,8 61,0 67,9 15/03/2023 10:54:00 45,9 41,9 43,7 46,5 47,8 58,7 15/03/2023 09:53:00 56,8 42,7 47,4 58,5 62,3 68,5 15/03/2023 10:55:00 47,2 41,9 45,4 48,8 50,7 56,4 15/03/2023 09:55:00 52,1 44,8 47,9 52,5 53,9 62,4 15/03/2023 10:56:00 45,4 40,7 43,1 48,5 49,2 54,1 15/03/2023 09:57:00 54,3 45,5 47,9 53,8 57,9 67,4 15/03/2023 10:57:00 46,0 41,6 43,6 49,4 51,3 53,5 15/03/2023 09:59:00 61,8 46,1 50,6 64,2 70,0 74,3 15/03/2023 10:58:00 48,1 42,6 45,5 51,0 51,5 59,5 15/03/2023 10:01:00 53,9 44,5 46,8 53,0 59,1 63,6 15/03/2023 10:59:00 46,8 42,4 44,9 50,3 51,5 52,5 15/03/2023 10:03:00 62,0 48,8 52,4 60,9 64,4 68,8 Période totale 51,0 41,9 45,0 51,0 54,1 63,2 15/03/2023 10:05:00 59,0 48,7 51,2 57,4 59,9 65,3 15/03/2023 10:07:00 56,4 50,1 51,9 58,6 62,7 68,5 15/03/2023 10:09:00 62,6 50,7 54,0 63,1 70,3 74,8 15/03/2023 10:11:00 68,5 57,6 63,0 72,3 75,5 77,4 15/03/2023 10:13:00 65,5 56,9 59,3 64,1 70,1 75,6 15/03/2023 10:15:00 53,6 50,2 52,7 56,1 56,9 58,4 15/03/2023 10:17:00 53,0 46,7 49,5 56,3 59,9 62,2 15/03/2023 10:19:00 54,3 45,8 49,2 55,2 58,9 66,1 Période totale 61,2 45,4 50,5 61,2 66,2 74,2 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality163/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 8.2 Annex: Measurement methods used in the campaign 8.2.1 Air pollutants measurements 8.2.1.1 Gaseous pollutants The nitrogen dioxide, the ozone, the sulphur dioxide and the total Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) have been sampled on radiello tubes, for a 24 hour period. The tubes are are placed in a shelter between 2 and 3 meters above the ground. Diffusive body Adsorbing cartridge Supporting plate Figure 83: Components and installation of the radiello tubes Figure 84: Working principle of the radiello tubes – Source Manuale radiello The detailed principle of sampling is explained in the user manual 2019 Radiello (https://www.restek.com/globalassets/pim-media/instruction-sheets/radiello-manual.pdf). Those samples have been sent to the laboratory TERA Environnement for analysis. Table 8-1: Method of analysis used by TERA environnement for the tubes Radiello 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 164/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 8.2.1.2 Particles: Outdoor air quality meter NEMO For ten years, Ethera has been committed to designing air quality analysing devices and putting its unique know-how in France at the service of the development of sensors dedicated to outdoor air quality, to characterize and integrate into functional and autonomous units – the NEMo range. The NEMo Outdoor station allows continuous measurement of various parameters such as:  NO2 / O3  PM1/2.5/10  NH3 Figure 85: NEMo outdoor  H2S microsensor ambient air  SO2 monitoring  CO It is designed to operate in complete autonomy on solar panel or power supply. This station is connected with several wireless means of communication: Sigfox, LoRa or LTE-M. The microsensors lack of exactitude for the gaseous pollutants compared to the measurements methods of reference. That’s why in this study, it is only used to measure the particles. This microsensor has been tested by the « AirLab Microcapteurs 2021 Challenge » and is well rated for the outdoor measurement of particles (4.5/5). Figure 86: Evaluation of the outdoor NEMo microsensor – AirLab Challenge Microcapteurs 2021 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 165/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 8.2.2 Acoustic’s measurements material  The measurements were made with Class 1 equipment in accordance with the NFS 31-009 standard for precision sound level meters. Sonometers  4 Svantek Class 1 Svan 971 sound meters (PF1, PF2, PF3 and PF4 measurements) Calibrator  Class 1 calibrator from Cirrus. Processing softwares  dBTrait from 01dB. ;  SvanPC++ from Svantek. 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality166/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 8.3 Annex: Plaine Corail airport’s approaches 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 167/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 168/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 169/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 170/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 8.4 Annex: Road traffic at Rodrigues – Light vehicles and Heavy goods vehicles 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality171/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality172/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality173/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality174/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality175/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality176/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality177/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality178/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality179/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality180/181 Proposed Expansion of Rodrigues Airport – ESIA Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality 16/05/2023 Specialist Report for Noise & Air Quality181/181