South Sudan Safety Net Project GBV Data Analysis Palak Rawal (Last updated on 28 February 2023) Overview of research sample Research tools and sample size Research tool Target group/Participants Number of participants Household Survey Part 1 Men and Women SSSNP Beneficiaries 202 Household Survey Part 2 Men and Women SSSNP Beneficiaries 199 1.1. Men Only 8 Focus Group Discussions Part 1 1.2. Women Only 8 1.3. Women Only 11 (Men and Women SSSNP Beneficiaries) 1.4. Men Only 15 1.5. Women Only 12 2.1. Women Only 8 Focus Group Discussions Part 2 2.2. Women Only 11 2.3. Men Only 8 (Men and Women SSSNP Beneficiaries) 2.4. Women Only 10 2.5. Women Only 12 KII with Media Media stakeholders: journalists, reporters, editors, and presenters 6 KII with Formal Institutions Manager of the local and international institutions working on GBV education and awareness 3 KII with Informal Institutions Community level stakeholders: community leader, religious leader, women’s association 3 Total research participants 516 Missing Data Points / Gaps Please note that this is not a nationally representative data collection exercise, instead it is an attempt to understand GBV from sample target groups. Specific gaps include the following: Household Survey Part 1 • Data on the sex of the respondent is missing • One could assume male headed HHs had men respondents and female headed HHs had women respondents, but it may not be valid as seen in the other survey. Therefore, this limited gender-wise analysis for the dataset. Household Survey Part 2 • Difficulty understanding subjective responses due to: � Lack of direct answer to questions � Incomprehensible sentences or words � Common explanation for multiple questions • Similar difficulties in certain subjective responses for qualitative research (FGDs, KIIs) Profile of survey respondents Household Survey Part 1 Household Survey Part 2 County Boma County Boma Hai Jansuk, Matar, Jansuk, Hai 50 52 50 Matar, 49 Melut, Melut, Yei, 100 Yei, 100 102 99 Hai Agok, Yei, 50 50 Yei, 50 Hai Agok, Melut Yei Melut Yei 50 Household Type Respondents by sex Household Type Male Male headed respondents 33% 28% Male Female Headed Headed Female HH HH Female respondents 49% 51% headed 72% 67% Profile of FGD Participants FGD PART 1 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. County Melut Yei Melut Melut Yei Boma Hai- Matar Hai Matar Hai Agok Hai-Agok Yei FGD Type Men Only Women Only Women Only Men Only Women Only Total number of participants 8 8 11 15 12 FGD PART 2 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. County Melut Melut Melut Yei Yei Boma Hai Matar Hai Agok Hai Matar - Jansuk FGD Type Women Only Women Only Men Only Women Only Women Only Total number of participants 8 11 8 10 12 Profile of KII Participants KII with Media KII with Formal Institutions KII with Informal Institutions 1. Managing Editor, The Insider 1. Protection Manager, HDC (Humanitarian 1. Community Leader Development Consortium) 2. Reporter, UN Radio Miraya 2. Program Manager, Voice for Change 2. Religious Leader 3. Reporter, Equatoria Broadcasting 3. GBV Focal Person 3. Women Association/ Self-Help Group Corporation Leader 4. Editor, Juba Monitor 5. Freelance journalist 6. Reporter and Presenter, Radio bakhita Flow of Analysis Current situation, trends and challenges: Recommendations/Opportunities: • Understanding/knowledge of GBV • Summary • Gender attitudes • Community awareness, sensitization, and behavior change • Prevalence and causes of GBV • Training specific groups • Current responses to GBV • Engaging and sensitizing men • GBV information and communication • Creating safe spaces for women and girls • Improving gender reporting and shaping perceptions Each section starts with summary findings and opportunities, • Suggestions for Safety Net Projects followed by detailed analysis. • Annexes • Good Practices • Recommendations from data beyond the scope of safety net project Guidelines to better understand the analysis • Each section starts with summary findings and opportunities, followed by detailed analysis. • Every page of analysis mentions the source on the top left of the slide. • All quotes from research participants are in “italics�. • Throughout the presentation, where there is a list given in the content, the ones in bold are the most common responses given by participants, in order. Those that are not in bold, are the remaining answers that received a similar number of responses. Example below: Representatives cited in Suggestions in order, with the order, with the first three top three being most suggested, being the most mentioned followed by others (equally in data suggested) • Red squares or circles (like this) have been used at multiple points through the presentation to highlight stark findings, such as the differences in views held by men and women, the most highly cited views by participants, and other such points that explain the analysis. Understanding/ knowledge of GBV Summary: Understanding/knowledge of GBV • Majority people are aware of the term GBV. • Maximum beneficiaries understand GBV as rape, forced marriage, physical and sexual assault. • However, there is a gap in how men and women understand GBV: o Both men and women understand GBV as a harmful act, entailing use of force, domestic violence, and denial of opportunities. o Fewer men than women understand GBV as rape, forced marriage and sexual assault. o Fewer men present knowledge of GBV specifically as sexual coercion by husband, forced marriage of girls, and rape against vulnerable women and girls (such as those who reject forced marriage). • Lack of adequate understanding of GBV among the community leaders and women’s association, with vague responses being provided. Opportunity to increase targeted awareness and training among men on the forms of GBV and what constitutes as violence, especially on forced early marriage and intimate partner violence. Opportunity to increase outreach and awareness among informal institutions, such as community leaders, religious leaders, and associations. Opportunity within safety nets to leverage the community engagement component to: (1) engage with community leaders and (2) engage men, potentially through cash plus sessions. Household Survey Part 1 Knowledge of Gender-Based Violence Have you heard of the term GBV What do the words GBV mean to you? before? No Don't know 0 11% Other, specify 1 Psychological and emotional abuse 76 Denial of resources, opportunities/services 76 Sexual Assault 92 Physical Assault 101 Yes 89% Forced Marriage 122 Rape 129 Household Survey Part 1 Difference between male and female headed HHs What do the words Gender-Based Violence mean to you? Fewer male headed households compared to female headed 25.4% Psychologial and emotional abuse 25.9% households (<10 percentage point difference) understand GBV as: Denial of resources, • Sexual Assault 23.9% opportunities/services 31.9% • Physical Assault • Denial of opportunities/ services 37.3% Forced Marriage 54.1% Significantly fewer male headed households compared to female headed 29.9% households (>10 percentage point Physical Assault 34.8% difference) understand GBV as: • Forced Marriage 32.8% • Rape Sexual Assault 39.3% 56.7% Rape 67.4% % of Male Headed HH % of Female Headed HH FGD Part 1 Subjective understanding of GBV Understanding of GBV: • Violence inflicted by means of force “Most women are the one who go to the garden to the farm and after that she also go to the • Drunk individuals beating their partners bush to get firewood for cooking and sale some then at the end, she feel very tired in the o Income diverted into drinking activities evening and the husband will not understand she is tired he will force her in bed and if she o Leaving the family members hungry Men refuse, he will beat her and take her by force.� • Any harmful act perpetrated against a “Girls also suffer because they are being forced to be married and if she also refuses person’s will based on gender because of her studies, they will beat her and take her by force and also if the girl reject • Denial of education and forced to work him, he will wait her at any corner and rape her and if she get pregnant, she will not continue with her studies and the child will not have father, she will suffer in her life she will not have a good reputation in the community.� • Harmful act perpetrated against a person’s will based on gender “Our husbands don't do anything at home they just stay in the market chatting with people and in the evening, they just come home and ask for food and if there is no food, he will beat • Lack of rights for women the wife and also if she become tired in the evening the husband will not understand you • Beating by husband are tired, he will try to force you in bed.� • Sexually forced by husband Women “If women go to the bush to look for firewood, they also find strangers and rape them and • Forced marriage they can just keep quiet because if she say it or go to the hospital people will know it and she will have a bad reputation.� • Rape when girls reject forced marriage • Rape when women go to collect firewood *Text in red represents the difference in understanding between men & women Gender Attitudes Summary: Gender attitudes There is significant inequality in gender attitudes with respect to gender roles, household decision-making, and cultural beliefs. Gender roles: • Majority of the participants believe a woman’s role is inside the household, while the man’s role is outside the home as breadwinner. • Men are recognized for income generating activities by both genders, while women’s income generating activities are only recognized by women. • Men are believed to undertake activities that require physical strength, while women lack that, also making them vulnerable to GBV. • Such division of labor is guided by cultural beliefs, which are passed on inter-generationally. • Men believe both genders are satisfied with this division of labor, while women recognize the highly unequal division and burden. Household decision-making: • 45% of all household decisions on the use of income are taken by men alone, especially skewed for girls’ education. • 36% of the total participants think their spouse will react strongly (shout at them, beat them, be upset or not let them do their job) if they spent their income on the household/children’s needs without their spouse’s consent. • Opportunity to bridge information gaps on GBV Beliefs: within the community through community • 70% of the total respondents think that a woman should tolerate violence to keep her family together. engagement, cash plus sessions, etc. • 45% of the total respondents think in some cases, rape is deserved. • Opportunity to work with men, women, and norm holders on: • 42% of the total respondents think investing in boy’s education is more worthy investment. • Building shared objectives • Other cultural beliefs also exist, such as young girls considered to be sources of wealth, leading to • Recognizing women’s labor and contribution early marriages. • Promoting equal division of labor • Changing cultural beliefs, such as normalization of violence, investment in girls’ education FGD Part 1 Perception of roles Women’s role: Men’s role: • Raise children • Head of the household • Cook and provide nutritious food • Breadwinner Provide for • Fetch water Household responsibilities: • Provide for family needs: school fee, food, clothes, bills the family: • Provide safe water for drinking views held by all men and Views held • Monitor how woman spends the money by all men • Dispose of children’s feces some women • Plant nutritious plants and some • Collect firewood women • Drain off stagnant water • Wash clothes • Construct sanitation facilities • Clean and sweep compound • Install water points • Cut grass to build their house Some productive income Activities activities recognized by men • Farming: harvest and bring food that require • Generate small income through activities • Cut firewood for sale physical strength • Go to work ‘while men do nothing’ • Rear animals • Responsible to look for food • Dig graves, garden, vineyards Income generating • Collect firewood to pay for treatment and school fees activities only recognized • Make mandazi, tea and paper food for business by women • Nothing because jobless Views held by • Earn money for food, medicine and school fees • Drinking ‘most of them are drunkards’ most women FGD Part 1 Quotes on the perception of roles • “The women are custodian of household activities.� • “The men are head of households all family members are totally depended on them for provision of money to cater their household’s needs.� Men • “They culturally believe that there are specific duties of women whereby under any circumstances they can’t allow the boy child to perform the duties for example cooking.� • “Women are the one who go to look for food and take the responsibility of the family because men are jobless.� • “Some men of these days are not like our old fathers. They are doing nothing and their wives are suffering now women are the one struggling to look for food and the money they get is not enough for all the needy.� • “Most men have nothing to do because they are jobless.� • “In fact South Sudan situation is not helping because some one can have a certificate but no chance for getting job, or he is a drunkard, or he has 3 or 5 wives at the end women are the one who suffer struggling to look for food to feed their children and solve all the problem at home.� Women • “Nowadays women are the ones who look for food while men are doing nothing. At the end they come home drunk and start asking for food. If they don't have any food to give, then he will beat the wife.� • “These roles given to us as women are actually too many compared to the men roles which leaves no time to rest as seen in different household women are the first to get up and the last to go to bed but they are trying to do so in order to fulfill their duties given to them.� These less popular • “Our belief is that men should not waste time with household activities so that he is alert in case of any insecurity he can defend the family.� perceptions are held by some • “Provides family basic need such as paying school fee, food, clothes, treatment bills since women are not allowed to work or do business to women in Yei balance in some of the family cares and needs.� boma FGD Part 1 Reasons for unequal division of labor What guides division of labor? Beliefs around: • Heaviness and lightness of tasks: men undertake heavy duties (like cultivation and fishing) • Cultural beliefs of women’s role within the house (budgeting for money brought by men, taking care of children) and men’s role outside the house (fishing, charcoal burning, community defense from attacks) • These beliefs are passed on inter-generationally Views on division of labor: • Men believe that both men and women are satisfied with it • Women recognize the highly unequal division of labor, but consider it their duty to fulfil these responsibilities • Women see some changes with the introduction of SSSNP and UNOPS support, especially by bringing income to the household Challenges: • Many women take on the dual role of providing for the family and catering to household work • Women struggle with men’s lack of contribution, joblessness, drinking and multiple marriages • Women recognize the challenges, while men do not acknowledge the unequal division of labor Household Survey Part 1 Household Decisions Who mostly decides on the use of the income in the household Men and Women jointly mostly deciding on the use of income in the household (finance)? Female-Headed HH, 42.9% Male-Headed Men and Women jointly 24.3% HH, 57.1% Women mostly deciding on the use of income in the household Male-Headed HH, 9.5% Women 31.2% Female- Headed HH, Men mostly deciding on the use of income in the 90.5% household Men 44.6% Male-Headed HH, 36.7% Female-Headed HH, 63.3% Household Survey Part 1 Intra-household Decisions (I) (If Married) What would happen if you used your income (including the transfer you are getting from SSSNP) on the household and/or children's needs without your spouse consent? Percentage of total respondents (N=153) Percentage of respondents by household type (N for female headed HH=93, N for male headed HH=60) 51.0% 55.0% 48.4% 13.1% 12.4% 15.1% 14.0% 13.3% 9.2% 8.5% 10.0% 10.0% 10.8% 5.9% 6.5% 5.4% 6.7% 5.0% Nothing will My spouse will My spouse will My spouse will My spouse will My spouse will Nothing will My spouse will My spouse will My spouse will My spouse will be My spouse will happen request that I shout at me beat me be upset not allow me to happen request that I shout at me beat me upset not allow me to consult him/her do my job consult him/her do my job next time next time 36% of HHs think their spouse will shout at Female Headed HH Male Headed HH them, beat them, be upset or not let them do their job. *Need gender wise data, instead of HH type to analyze differences Household Survey Part 1 Intra-household Decisions (II) (If Married) How would you react if your spouse used your income (including the transfer you are getting from SSSNP) on the household and/or children’s needs without your consent? Percentage of total respondents (N=202) 62.7% Percentage of respondents by HH type 57.9% 55.6% (N for female headed HH=135, N for male headed HH=67) 14.9% 16.3% 11.9% 9.9% 9.6% 10.4% 6.9% 6.4% 7.4% 6.7% 7.5% 4.0% 4.4% 3.0% 4.5% Nothing will My spouse will I will shout at I will never let I will be upset I will beat my Nothing will My spouse will I will shout at my I will beat my I will be upset I will never let happen request that I my spouse my spouse to spouse happen request that I spouse spouse my spouse to consult him/her work consult him/her work next time next time Female Headed HH Male Headed HH 27.2% of HHs think they will shout at their spouse, beat them, be upset or not let them do their job. *Need gender wise data, instead of HH type to analyze differences Household Survey Part 1 and FGD Part 1 Who makes the most decisions in your household? Men Women Men and Women Jointly • Men alone make more decisions on girls’ education 38.6% 37.6% o This is also seen through the high prevalence 35.1% 34.2% 35.1% of forced early marriage, where fathers and 32.2% brothers force young girls to marry early. 30.7% 29.2% 27.2% • Women alone make more decisions on food and nutrition. o It is considered women’s responsibility to ensure cooked food, whether or not there is money to buy the ingredients. • They share maximum joint responsibility for decisions on food and nutrition. • They share least joint responsibility on girls’ education. On girl's education On access to health service On access to food and nutrition Household Survey Part 1 and FGD Part 1 Beliefs Investing in boy’s education is more worthy investment When a woman is raped, she is usually to blame Key findings: than investing in girl’s education for putting herself in that situation • 70% of respondents believe a woman 56% 67% should tolerate violence to keep her 42% family together 29% • 45% of respondents believe that in some cases, a rape is deserved. 1% 3% o If a woman is raped at a night club Agree or Stronly Agree Disagree or Strongly Unsure or bar, they blame her Disagree Disagree or Strongly Disagree Agree or Stronly Agree Unsure o If she was dressed indecently, they blame her A woman should tolerate violence in order to keep Rape is never deserved, even if girls dress badly or • 42% respondents believe investing in her family together misbehave towards boys boy’s education is more worthy 70% 52% investment than girls’ education 45% o They believe the girl will go away after marriage 28% • 29% respondents believe a woman is to 3% 2% blame when she is raped Agree or Strongly Agree Disagree or Strongly Unsure o Depending on where it happened Agree or Stronly Agree Disagree or Strongly Unsure Disagree Disagree and how she was dressed Prevalence and causes of GBV Summary: Prevalence and causes of GBV What? • The most prevalent forms of GBV are forced early marriage, rape, domestic violence, and denial of education to girls. Opportunities within safety nets to: Where? • Transform gender norms through community • GBV occurs most in the community, at home, and on the road. engagement, trainings, sessions, activities and mobilization • There are other risk points as well, such as in the forest while collecting firewood, at night clubs/bars, and outside liquor stores. • Start male engagement groups to discuss GBV issues and practices Who is affected? • Specifically engage influential members, such • School girls are at maximum risk of GBV, as they are forced into early marriage and raped/beaten if they as community leaders and religious leaders say no. • Engage with response providers, such as • Other common victims of GBV are women who work and walk home in late hours; widows and single police and hospitals women; and women who go to the forest to collect firewood. • Sensitize parents to support school girls Why? through continued education and prevention of early marriages • Poverty is the biggest cause behind GBV, as recognized in FGDs as well as KIIs. • Ensure safety of all, particularly vulnerable • Other main causes of GBV are alcoholism; existing cultural practices; and traditional beliefs. groups within project sites, such as payment Who can change this? points and public works program locations • Elders, parents and community leaders hold traditional beliefs. • Different community stakeholders can contribute to changing these practices, mainly community leaders, religious leaders, teachers, women leaders, youth, humanitarian actors, and government authorities. FGD Part 1 and KIIs Prevalence of GBV Forms of GBV that occur the most in the community: “One of the women testify that she says alone with her children, and she face a lot of • Forced early marriage problem men tend to walk in her room any time including even some boys below 18 • Rape to ask her for sex but she ever do report any case of such to the area chief so it’s truth that they at risk any time� (Single women households) • Domestic violence • Denial of girls’ education and other resources “Girls also suffer because they are being forced to be married and if she also refuses because of her studies, they will beat her and take her by force and also if the girl reject him, he will wait her at any Conner and rape her and if she get pregnant, she will not continue with her studies and the child will not have father, she will suffer in Groups most at risk: her life she will not have a good reputation in the community.� • School girls (aged 9-17) at maximum risk: o Forced for early marriage “By selling tea in the market, they can easily be raped on their way back home.� o If they reject marriage, they are raped o They have no option to say no, even if they want to study Cultural beliefs around rape: • Women who work and walk home in late hours • If a man rapes a girl, she can be given to him as wife • Those who sell alcohol and tea • If he rapes a woman, he will be asked by the law to pay 6 cattle for the crime • Single women and widows (female headed households) • Women who go for firewood collection “We culturally believe that if man rapes a girl, she can be given to him as wife • Sex workers and if he rapes a woman, he will be demanded by the law to pay six (6) cattle for the crime committed.� • Women and girls with disability • School boys who cannot give consent to adult, also orphans Household Survey Part 1 and FGD Part 1 Where does GBV occur? Where does violence usually happen? Other areas of violence (in order of weighted responses): • Forest when women go to collect firewood 147 in the bushes 137 138 • Night parties at disco and local bars • Local liquor stores • Market place and borehole • Water points • On the way to overnight funerals 61 • Around the park 17 16 17 “The usual drinking of their partners leads to violence at home especially beating up women and sometimes demand for food when they have not left money for Home Workplace Community On the Road At project- At communal Other buying food leaving the family members go hungry.� organized latrines/shower gatherings facilities “Night parties and bushes, the perpetrators are always boys and men who are usually under influence of alcohol and due to the lonely places, that give them • Beaten when there is not advantage to do what their hearts desire.� enough food and family • When women go to collect Perpetrators are men and members go hungry firewood, they are raped by boys, especially under the “The domestic violence always take place in our • Beaten when young girls men who are charcoal are forced to marry, and burners in the bushes influence of alcohol households; it is brought by the lack of men’s support to their families financially and instead of spending money they reject the proposal on drinking alcohol leaving them go hungry.� FGD Part 1 and KIIs Causes of GBV 1. Poverty (most common): Adds stress to the household; men abuse women if 5. Low levels of education they are unable to fulfil their duties of providing for the family. 6. Abuse of power (rich abuse the poor) 7. Abuse by armed personnel 2. Alcoholism: Men under the influence of alcohol abuse women and girls. 8. Exposure to media 9. Insecurity 3. Existing cultural practices 10. Bad peer group influence • Forced early marriage occurs because girls are considered a source of wealth and ready to be married early. They are abused if they reject this. 11. Hatred passed on by family members (such as between co-wives to children) • Girls are denied education because they believe girls will go away after marriage, and therefore, there is no need for their education. “Emotional violence happens in the families; women are most affected because men have neglected their duties for example providing the food for the families� – Manager, NGO • Women are denied inheritance of property, even if the husband dies. “Presence of armed elements on the way to rural areas or crop fields of the displaced persons causing threats to the women.� – Manager, NGO 4. Traditional beliefs • Men are considered strong, and women considered weak, putting women at “Belief that a woman is weak, and men is strong put the women at risk of being abused the risk of being abused. since they are weaker� – FGD participant • Head of household is always a man. “Men think women are supposed to cook food so by that even if they have not left money • Women are expected to have cooked food, even if there is no money at home. home, they still expect to get food. if women fail to get what to cook, they are beaten up • Cannot allow boys to perform household duties, like cooking. by their husbands.� – FGD participant • Women should not talk in front of men or the public. “The women are only to raise the children, and denial of girls’ right to education for • Girls should not go to school because they may become prostitutes. example only boys are considered to be capable of going to school, which causes early child marriage and forced marriage for the girls.� – Religious leader KIIs with formal institutions Change in beliefs Are beliefs changing? Who maintains these beliefs? Yes: Elders, parents, chief • Girls being sent to school Who can change these beliefs? • Women are eating food more freely • Community leader, chief • Women now own business and work in offices • Religious leader • People are now reporting GBV cases and seeking help • Women leaders • Teachers • Youth Steps to further change beliefs: • Humanitarian actors • Education for all • Legal actors • Government authorities (like education department • Raising awareness on GBV and women’s rights (also in schools) enforcing mandatory schooling for all) • Men and boys' engagement group • Partners (like UNOPS) • Livelihood support for women and school dropout girls Often those that can change these beliefs also play a • Capacity building and training of norm holders role in upholding them. Therefore, it is important • At the community level, this includes the chief, community leaders, to identify sensitized community champions for change. religious leaders, and other influential persons • At the household level, this includes men and boys, and other elders who upload traditional beliefs • Adapting GBV awareness messages for the disabled Current Responses to GBV Summary: Current Responses to GBV • Majority of the respondents think survivors seek help when they experience violence. Challenges in seeking help on GBV: • Fear of stigma is the biggest reason that prevents women and girls from speaking up. Opportunities to: • Other major barriers for women to seek help are threat to safety; fear of speaking up in public/in front of men; • Work with the community to overcome traditional beliefs including normalization of violence; fear of husbands and community members; lack of confidentiality barriers that prevent women from of information and lack of awareness/training. seeking help, through recognition of • Barriers that prevent women from seeking care include lack of follow-up on reported cases; lack of available services or violence, the need for redressal and a the awareness of them; lack of affordable access to services; and negative attitudes of service providers in certain cases. survivor-centric approach. Response mechanisms for GBV: • Work with the community members to • Majority of respondents consider informal institutions i.e., local leaders/elders/chief to be the main community increase reliance on formal institutions, response when GBV occurs. such as hospital, police, and helpline. • Most people are aware of the hospital and police as services to help GBV survivors, but they reach out to the local chief • Work with informal channels i.e., local and community members/friends/relatives when GBV occurs, therefore, a high reliance on informal mechanisms. leaders, elders and chief on their • This is followed by the police and health facilities. Often if the case is beyond the control of the community leaders, then response and role in GBV. it is reported to the police. • Work with NGO partners to increase • Only 30% of respondents reach out to the GBV focal person or call a helpline. awareness among men and boys. Community response to protecting/preventing: • Engage with existing NGOs (like World • The community response to protecting survivors is mainly limited to advising and preaching, on how to dress and how to Vision and HDC) that have worked on behave. In some cases, they publicly shame the perpetrator to send a message. GBV, to learn from their work • Most women believe that no substantial measures are taken by the community. • Many respondents consider the support services from NGOs as part of the community response to GBV. • 70% of awareness raising activities only target women and girls, with only 30% targeted to men and boys. Household Survey Part 1 Do survivors seek help? Do survivors of GBV in your community look for help when If no, why? they experience violence? 23 21 21 Do not know 17 6% 15 No 17% 1 0 Yes Fear of Would be seen Fear for their Lack of Lack of services Don’t know Other 77% discrimination as disrespectful safety awareness to the family or other cultural reasons Household Survey Part 2 Limitations for women to seek help on GBV Do you think there are limitations for women to speak up and seek help on GBV at the community level? Breaking up families Lack of support LACK OF: • Training Discrimination Possible areas • Awareness Fear of community and friends of intervention • Confidentiality of for safety nets information Lack of confidentiality of information • Support Lack of training/awareness FEAR OF: Fear for safety • Stigma Fear of husbands • Speaking up in public • Husbands Traditional beliefs/cultural norms • Safety • Traditional beliefs Fear of speaking in public or in front of men • Community and friends Fear of stigma 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 FGD Part 1 Barriers for women Barriers in reporting: Barriers in seeking care: 1. Fear of intimidation and stigma against them (most common) 1. Lack of follow up on reported cases • Specially to report to the police and block leaders, when no GBV focal • No existing GBV referral pathways and lack of coordination persons existed before • Specifically, cases like rape are highly stigmatized 2. Fear of stigma against survivors • Stigma due to the long process from home up to court 2. Acceptance of violence and punishment for reporting • Women express fear of losing their dignity by reporting “Sometimes our culture doesn’t allow reporting of intimate partner especially • Men do not recognize the stigma faced by women when a woman report her husband for raping her in bed, she may be charged to pay a fine of a goat for exposing house affairs� (women FGD) 3. Lack of availability of services 3. Normalization of violence, especially domestic violence “Culturally the women regard the beating or slapping done by their husbands as 4. Lack of awareness of GBV in the community part responsibilities of ruling over them.� (Men FGD) 5. Lack of transport access: 4. Fear of being denied by the spouse if they learn that their wife is raped • Most services are centralized, there is lack of transportation in some by another man villages, high cost of traveling and many cannot afford • “So, when rape happens in deep bushes travelling cost on transport is 5. Lack of follow up any issue they don’t afford� Highlighted points: Potential areas of 6. Lack of awareness on available and suitable services intervention for safety 6. Negative attitudes of service providers in most government facilities: net programs • Lack of motivation among staff, fear among survivors to go to facility Household Survey Part 1 and FGD Part 1 Response to GBV • Majority respondents consider the local leaders, elders, or chief as the main community response for GBV • If beyond the control of the community leaders, then taken to the police (FGD) • Followed by the police and health facility • ~30% cases are handled through the traditional court systems • Only 14% of cases are taken to the institution that supports women and girls • FGDs also mention telling the GBV Focal Person in some cases Household Survey Part 2 Who do you reach out to? • Majority of respondents reach out to informal channels: local Who do you reach out to if you encounter GBV in your community? chief, friend, relative or (Mark in order of priority the 3 most preferred choices) community member: potentially 112 breaching confidentiality of information and increasing fear 94 of stigma for survivors 84 79 • Followed by the health worker, legal help or police 60 52 • Only 30% of the respondents 46 40 reach out to the GBV focal person or call a helpline 16 8 6 Speak to local Talk to a Talk to a Seek legal Speak to GBV Call a Helpline Committee Faith Based Self-help Other Don’t do chief friend/relative Community help or police Focal Person member from Organization groups anything or community Health the (Church, member Worker community Mosque) Others: Women and girl friendly spaces; mother; religious leaders; UNOPS beneficiaries Household Survey Part 1 Support services • Majority of respondents know hospitals and police units are facilities for helping survivors, yet majority reach out to local chief, community member, friend or relative on encountering GBV • Barriers faced by women are the same across both surveys: fear of stigma being the most cited. FGD Part 1 What does the community do to protect people from GBV? Advise and awareness: • Advise boys and girls to dress decently and avoid exposing clothes • Community chief advises members to live Available services peacefully • Community leaders carry out GBV awareness • Most women believe that Respondents consider the services from NGOs as part • Religious institutions preach about peaceful co- no substantial measures are of the community response to GBV: existence taken by the community Punishment: • Awareness, coping, and counseling by UNOPS • The measures are very (GBV focal person) • Authorities have the power to arrest the generic, mostly limited to perpetrators • Counseling, referral and treatment support from advising • Perpetrators are punished publicly, to develop World Vision. fear among men who beat their wives • Awareness by Voice for Change and Plan • The community needs to • Perpetrators are asked to pay a fine (six cows) if International. take more ownership of they rape a woman addressing this issue, with • Non-food items to survivors by UNHCR. concrete measures Services: (More information on NGOs’ role in communication • Report GBV cases for support services and information can be found under the next section) Partner-driven support: • Work with UNOPS to address the issue Nothing (most women) Household Survey Part 1 Support organizations In the community where you live, are you aware of the existence of any organizations or community networks/groups that address GBV? If Yes, how do the organizations of community networks/groups Don't know, 7% address GBV? No, 17% 78 39 Yes, 76% 20 Who in your community tends to receive the 9 6 most awareness raising on GBV issues? 1 Men, 16% Awareness Support through Health services Engage in Legal services Rotational Women, 32% Far less focus on Boys, 14% raising counselling technical/ savings support boys currently. livelihood advice Programs should or support target them more. Girls, 38% FGD Part 1 How to respond and engage? Most important thing to do after they experience sexual violence, especially From whom can women and girls seek assistance in case of a security rape? or safety problem? • Report to parents, then the GBV focal person and police station (for form 8 • Police (most cited) i.e. the format used to report GBV cases to the police) • GBV focal person • Seek further treatment in the hospital • Case management, counseling and trauma healing by GBV focal persons • Community/block leaders “To report to hospital to get helped within 72 hours� What would be the role of men in preventing and mitigating GBV? • They should be educated on GBV Are there places for survivors of GBV to go to when their life is in danger? • Community should be engaged • Police station (most cited) • Educated on the below topics. • Support from Boma/block leaders Topics: • Support from GBV focal persons for protection • Importance of girls’ education to stop forced early marriages • Women’s rights • Treat wife and children with respect and care GBV Information and Communication Summary: GBV Information and Communication • Majority of respondents express awareness on GBV, however, KIIs quote a general low level of awareness in the community. Opportunities to: • Awareness on GBV includes the forms of violence, rights of women, and moral conduct for men and women. However, further information is need to understand the difference in awareness levels. • Leverage effective channels of communication, such as printed Information channels: material, specifically posters, • Members rely largely on informal channels for information on GBV i.e., committee members, friends and family. banners, and pocket guides. • Radio is a consistently preferred mode of communication on GBV, as suggested across research groups. • Expand GBV communication • Communication challenges on GBV include misunderstanding between communicator and audience; lack of trust on the through radio as it is a consistent information; inappropriate medium; and lack of accessible communication. suggestion across groups. • Community leaders, police, religious leaders, and GBV focal persons are identified as champions to bridge such information gaps. • Provide targeted awareness on Access to information: specific topics and to specific • More than 1/3rd of the respondents have faced an issue in accessing GBV information. These issues include fear and stigma, threat groups (like informal institutions), to safety, mistrust, and lack of affordable services. to increase understanding of GBV. • More than 90% of the respondents have access to mobile phones for GBV information. • Identify GBV champions in the • 72% of the respondents have received printed material on GBV. NGOs have a wide reach for this. community to bridge information • Majority of the respondents found the material to be helpful, especially posters as they were quick and easy to access. gaps. Awareness and sensitization sessions: • Increase awareness on referral • Only 45% of the respondents have participated (or remember participating) in an awareness session on GBV. services. • They found the sessions helpful: it primarily increased their knowledge of GBV and reporting mechanisms; increased their ability • Engage with the police to respond to speak up and report a case; and provide support to other community members. effectively to GBV cases • UNOPS, HDC and World Vision are the three NGOs that women, girls, men and boys turn to for information. • Use mobile phones to disseminate Referral services: information as majority • Only 2/3rd of the respondents are aware of referral services. They know through awareness by NGOs and community meetings. respondents have access FGD Part 1 Awareness in the community on GBV • Majority of respondents in FGD think that there is awareness in the community on GBV • However, representatives from informal institutions think the level of awareness is very low in the community (although changing with interventions by NGOs) • There might be gaps in the awareness between men and • Following is the information that the community has: women (not captured clearly). • Different forms of GBV (domestic violence, rape, early and forced marriage) • There are gaps in • Rights of a woman understanding of GBV as sexual coercion and denial of • Treating women with respect and love opportunities. • GBV referral pathways (More is captured in the earlier sections on understanding/knowledge of GBV) • The understanding of GBV prevention, in terms of preferred behavior, needs • Further awareness on GBV is explained by participants from the lens of how men and women should behave, such as: further discussion. • Men have learnt how to handle issues and treat women • Women have learnt to respect themselves and their husbands • Women have learnt to deal with cases • Men and women now have a space to discuss their issues without fear (with support from the GBV focal person) Household Survey Part 2 Information on GBV Where does your information on GBV come from? (N=199) 82 79 75 67 56 49 34 32 30 18 5 Committee Family and Radio Local GBV Focal Chief Influential Faith Based Print material Self-help groups Any Other member Friends NGO/INGO/UN Person member of the Organization Agency community Radio is a repeatedly preferred • Respondents rely more on informal channels (committee members, family and friends) mode of communication. • Radio is a critical means of communication Participants suggest a radio drama • Local NGOs, GBV focal person and Chief have a reach among 25 - 35% of the respondents based on GBV, to highlight the problem and protective measures (covered in more detail later) FGD Part 2 and KIIs with formal institutions Information and Communication Gaps and Challenges Information gaps on GBV recognized in FGDs: • Inadequate awareness on existing information sources • Inadequate information on referral pathways • Absence of a radio station in the community to access GBV information For the community, the following representatives can bridge • Lack of any awareness raising done in Yei since 2018 information gaps and act as GBV champions: Communication challenges in carrying out mobilization and awareness on GBV: • Misunderstanding of information on GBV • Community leaders • Misunderstanding between the survivor and communicator • Police • Lack of trust on information/in services • GBV focal person • Inappropriate medium to convey information, such as megaphones, which should not be used for information • Religious leaders on sensitive issues like rape and domestic violence • Women’s groups • Lack of translated GBV information for persons with disability • Men’s groups • Youth representatives Challenges in designing or implementing behavior change interventions: • Service providers • Change in outcomes is gradual • Limited funding/resources, to implement and to support survivors • Awareness generation is general, not targeted Household Survey Part 2 Access to GBV support information If yes, what is the nature of the issue? Have you faced any issue when trying to seek information on available GBV support? Yes 37% No 63% Most cited issues: Other issues cited: 38% of women and 34% of men have faced issues when • Fear and stigma from the community • Rape trying to seek information on available GBV support • Fear from perpetrators attacking again • Physical violence • People don’t believe you • Forced marriage • Safety of the survivor • Fighting • Expensive to access • Beating and misbehaving • Discrimination and denial of resources • Sexual assault Household Survey Part 2 GBV information through mobile phone Do you own a mobile phone? If no, do you have access to another mobile phone from which you can access info and guidance on GBV? No 23% • More than 90% of the respondents have access to mobile phone (77% No, 17 own a mobile phone and 14% can access another phone) Yes, 28 Yes • Only 9% of the 77% respondents do not have access to any mobile phone • 27% of female respondents and • 9% of total respondents do not 13% of male respondents do not have access to any mobile phone own a mobile phone • Most of them are women Household Survey Part 2 GBV information through printed material Did you receive any printed material on GBV? Others: Yes • Hospitals 28% • Local NGO • NPA • SSUHA • Women association • Trainers on GBV • IRC Uganda No • Community 72% members • Majority respondents have not received any printed material on GBV NGOs with the maximum reach on GBV (seen in both survey responses): • World Vision • Plan International • UNOPS • MSF • Women for Women • Goal • HDC Household Survey Part 2 and FGD Part 1 & 2 GBV information – use of printed material What was it? Was it helpful? FGD participants: Other, 2 48 Pamphlet, 10 • Leaflets and posters are effective in communicating information • Posters are quick to access • Posters with pictures and drawings are easily understood • Other printed material like banners, short handbooks, and 6 pocket referral cards can also Poster, 43 help increase awareness on GBV (Part of recommendations) Yes No If not, why? • 4 respondents cannot read • 2 respondents did not find it helpful Household Survey Part 2 GBV sensitization and awareness session Have you ever participated in a GBV If yes, by whom? sensitization and awareness session? War Child International Radio • 43% of female respondents Youth Association have participated Local NGO • 48% of male respondents IRC Yes have participated Voice for change 45% Local Hospital No Humanity and Inclusion (HI) 55% Plan International Health Link GBV Focal Person UNOPS 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Did you find it helpful? How? 24 14 10 9 8 4 4 4 3 3 3 Increased Learn how to report Positively changed Know our rights Helped my community Avoid early/forced Protect and bring Freedom to speak on Ability to stop/fight How to protect and Exercise our rights awareness/knowledge GBV issues people's attitudes marriage peace in my family GBV issues against GBV take care of myself of GBV Household Survey Part 2 Impact of GBV information and sensitization sessions Did it increase your ability to understand GBV issues to help you to speak up, seek help or provide similar support and information to others in your peer group/community? How? Most cited: • Learn about where and how to report a case Including sharing knowledge of referral pathways • Advise/support community members about GBV • Speak about GBV issues One respondent quoted talking in the church, another about telling other women in the community who did not participate in the training • Ability/confidence to report GBV cases • Increased awareness of GBV “They have provided me with confident and skill, like to create secure space for the person faced to speak up, not to be judgmental on them� Further impact: • Improve my thinking capacity about GBV “We formed a girls open group where we discussed challenge face women and • Advise/support survivors girls in the community� • Acknowledge and value women’s rights • Form women/girls’ support groups “We formed a women group in our community to address our issues to the • Deal with fear/ fight against GBV NGOs or local authorities� • Report to women and girl friendly spaces • Knowledge of where to get support • Understand forced marriage Knowledge of Support Ability to speak • Protect myself as a woman GBV & reporting community up and report • Share resources members FGD Part 1 and 2 GBV information campaigns and change in GBV There have been positive changes over the Can you recall any information and awareness campaign on GBV that has better informed you on GBV last few years: prevention? If yes, explain what the information was and what did you like about it? • Government has arrested and punished some perpetrators • Many of them cannot recall any information campaigns on GBV • Reduction in GBV cases compared to two • Some of them recall a campaign by World Vision, however it was not effective as it wasn’t clear and not valued years ago by the community then o Through trainings by community • Some of them recall the information campaign by UNOPS leaders, NGOs, and government o Specifically, cases of domestic violence due to UNOPS Reasons for the ineffective World Vision Campaign: interventions, like cash transfers and GBV focal persons “We didn't listen to World Vision and just ignored the information they gave us as we didn't know it would help� “We only remember the discussion that World Vision did for us but the way we were trained did not satisfy us • Less blame and stigma against survivors: because the information were not clear.� Need to learn further from World Vision more support from the community • Some change in cultural beliefs, where Sources of information that women and girls turn to: men now value and support women in • UNOPS certain tasks • HDC • World Vision “This week a woman was raped while she was cutting grass in the bush to repair her house when a stranger got her raped, and a group of *The same sources of information are identified for men and boys women who went to cut grass arrested the perpetrator, tied him and brought to police� Household Survey Part 2 Understanding referral services Are you aware of the GBV referral services How do you know? available in your community? Level Channel Frequency I) AWARENESS No 34% By NGO World Vision (9) 22 UNOPS (2) Women to women (2) HDC (2) Yes Goal (2) 66% SSUHA (1) Mass (1) Plan International (1) If yes, what type? SSDO and SIDO (1) Cannot recall (1) 59 Community Level Sometimes through meetings 16 Sometimes on GBV specifically 39 By Radio Radio 10 29 Source not mentioned - 5 By influential persons Community leader / local chief 5 5 By religious organization Church 2 Legal Medical Psycho-social Shelter Household Survey Part 2 Understanding referral services How do you know? What is known? Level Channel Frequency “Because you can be treated in the hospital in case you are being II) TRAINING raped or being beaten by your husband� General - 4 At the shelter Shelter 1 “Everyone knows that when you commit such a thing you should By the psychosocial Psychosocial organization 1 be taken direct to the law� NGO IRC Uganda 1 “We told report the case to any nearest healthy facility for Youth Association - 1 medication� III) CONSULTING INFORMAL CHANNELS “I saw a young lady being taken to hospital when someone Contacting people/ friends/ neighbors/ community members 7 attempted to rape her� IV) CONSULTING FORMAL CHANNELS “If the victim got injury, they look for medical� Consulting health workers 2 “It is a raping case they refer to boma then later they took to police Consulting health center 2 and conclude by hospital� Calling hotline number to direct to health facility 3 “SSUHA told us that, when anything or rape case happen let the V) OTHERS case be reported within 72 hours to the nearest police station� Group discussion on GBV 1 “The survivor needs to be taken to the nearest health facilities� Volunteering and self group 1 Recommendations/ Opportunities for Safety Net Programs All recommendations are from participants Summary: Recommendations within Safety Net Programs No. What? Target Group How? Safety Net Intervention Point 1. Community-level awareness, sensitization and • Community and local leaders, including • Dedicated radio show/station in • Community Engagement behavior change: religious leaders and elders the local language • Project Outreach • On GBV, women’s rights, referral pathways, • Committee leaders • Door-to-door awareness gender norms, roles, cultural beliefs, resolving • Informal channels (community members) • Posters and printed material couples’ grievances • Existing groups (youth, women’s groups) • Community gatherings • At the boma, school and household level • Local authorities (police, hospital, teachers) • Phone calls and SMS-es 2. Training specific groups on: • Men and boys • Targeted training sessions • Cash Plus sessions • GBV • Women (including frontline women) • More GBV focal persons • Targeted Community • Referral pathways • Youth groups • Through NGOs and government Engagement • Conflict resolution • Local chief and community leaders • Preventive measures • Schools, both boys and girls 3. Engaging men and sensitizing them on: • Male participants • Male-only groups for discussions • Community Engagement • Girls’ education • Male community members • Select more men as GBV • Cash Plus sessions with • Women’s rights champions and/or focal persons some men-only sessions • Respectful treatment • Encouragement through and couples' sessions • Shared household objectives community and religious leaders • Dealing with negative practices like alcoholism 4. Creating safe spaces for women and girls: • Women participants • Strengthening women’s groups • Cash Plus sessions • To impart training, knowledge, skills and • Women and girls in the community • Creating safe space clubs for girls solutions • Leveraging existing channels like • Ensure confidentiality of information savings groups • Provide mental, psychosocial and financial/livelihood support 5. Improving GBV reporting and positively shaping • Key media stakeholders • Trainings and follow-up • Project Outreach perceptions • Radio talk shows • Stakeholder engagement 1. Community level awareness, sensitization and behavior change 2. Training specific groups Household Survey Part 2 Key stakeholders for GBV information What is the most preferred means for providing you with information and guidance on GBV? 85 78 77 72 71 64 42 40 37 17 1 Committee Radio Family and GBV Focal Local NGO/ Chief Influential Faith Based Print material Self-help groups Any other member friends Person INGO/ UN member of the Organization Agency community (Church, Mosque) • Radio is a critical means of communication (seen in both surveys): A dedicated show or station for GBV awareness can be very helpful • Tapping into informal information channels is also needed as respondents rely on family and friends: measures like community awareness, door to door visits, community gender champions can be important • Local NGOs, GBV focal person and Chief are a preferred means among 30-40% of the respondents Household Survey Part 1 and KII with Informal Institutions Key stakeholders to engage Who are key people or groups in your community that should be engaged to What can community/religious leaders do? increase GBV awareness, prevention and response in your community ? • Encourage group discussions on GBV • Create awareness on cultural beliefs Other 1% • Empower on GBV prevention Savings Groups/Rotating Funds 1% What can women leaders/groups do? • Have discussions on gender roles Police 22% • Support awareness Teachers 30% • Engage with youth • Provide free and safe space for women Health workers 33% and girls Local government authorities 39% What can youth groups do? • Become an example to the community Youth groups 46% • Discuss GBV issues and participate in activities Women’s groups 47% “We religious leaders, community leaders Traditional leaders 55% need empowerment on GBV preventions and to step up intensively and create awareness Religious leaders 65% on the cultural beliefs.� – Religious leader Household Survey Part 2 Suggestions to better inform and communicate on GBV (I) What are your suggestions on how we can help to better inform and communicate with you to provide relevant information and help on GBV? I) Generating awareness/educating on GBV (n=56) Other Considerations Stakeholders How (in order) *Provide awareness on 1. Community leaders should talk about GBV in community 1. Radio (most preferred means) referral pathways meetings 2. Door to door awareness and home visits to reach all • Can be supported with posters by NGOs *Addressing people’s community members 2. Awareness to women knowledge on GBV 3. Phone calls (and SMS) for information 3. With the whole community, not just at the center 4. Calling meetings *Opportunities in NGOs 4. Local chiefs and authorities should educate the community to identify GBV 5. Posters (also within the community) community workers 6. Formation of GBV community workers 7. Forming GBV clubs/groups *Awareness to transform cultural norms 8. Advertising through newspapers and events 9. Organize ceremonies, special events and dedicated days 10. Booklets and Television Household Survey Part 2 and FGD Part 2 Suggestions to better inform and communicate on GBV (II) What are your suggestions on how we can help to better inform and communicate with you to provide relevant information and help on GBV? Other II) Training on GBV (n=30) Considerations *Train men to act as Stakeholders How change agents in 1. Youth and the upcoming generation 1. Opening GBV centers for training, awareness, and homes and community communication on GBV (I.e. champions) 2. Community leaders 2. Targeted trainings for specific groups like youth 3. More GBV focal persons in the community to provide *Train women how to relevant information protect the family *Train community III) Organizing a community workshop / mobilization / dialogue members on peace IV) Forming/engaging with youth groups and women’s groups V) More facilities/ organizational support for communication and information on GBV VI) Providing advice and support VII) Protecting/ensuring survivor safety FGD Part 1 and FGD Part 2 Which measures/channels/persons can be helpful to prevent, mitigate or respond to GBV? Additional measures: Local/indigenous information channels that can be leveraged: • Awareness on GBV, referral pathways, and services • Church gatherings o Awareness by community leaders • Community meetings and occasions o Awareness by different stakeholders and organizations Community measures • Engagement by block leaders • Radio station to discuss issues concerning GBV • Group discussions • Empowering youth groups and block leaders • Meetings of women’s groups • Mental health and safety of survivors Survivor oriented • Local radio station • Financial support to the survivors Potential of community persons in community awareness on GBV: (Teachers, religious leaders, opinion leaders, community leaders) “Yes, since they are the community voice and the respect • They should be made GBV champions as: their opinions then they are to be champions on GBV prevention and protection of the survivors of GBV.� o They are the voice of the community o They are opinion leaders “Yes, since these are opinion leaders, people will a ways o Their opinions are respected by everyone adhere to them.� • They can be sensitized as they engage with a large number of people in the community (FGD Participants) Household Survey Part 2 Improving knowledge of referral services Did you ever try to access any Any suggestions on how to improve your knowledge of the available services? of these services? Considerations (in order of priority) Channel 1. Continuous community awareness and sensitization No 36% What? • Radio talk show on GBV (most preferred) • Awareness on available services • Posters/ banners/ charts to be provided (preferred) • Enable community dialogue • Information sessions by UNOPS (preferred) • Ensure all members are around • Community gatherings/ meetings/ workshops Yes How? • Government should generate more awareness 64% • Awareness at the household level through door-to- • By NGOs door visits • Form GBV clubs for awareness • Awareness at the Boma level • Awareness in schools Suggestions • Awareness for both men and women Help with medication 2.1. Training on GBV More facilities Learning spaces • Referrals and referral pathways (most cited) By NGOs or Government Provide advice • Training on togetherness (conflict resolution) Women's center for GBV • Training on preventive measures and how to respond Training specific groups to such cases (responders training) Training on GBV Remember: Community awareness • Make it regular and accessible • Option for more advanced workshops 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Household Survey Part 2 Improving knowledge of referral services Considerations (in order of priority) Channel 2.2. Training specific groups • Youth (most cited) Community leaders should be selected and trained on GBV to carry out awareness in • Community leaders the community every week • Women • All elders and chiefs • Men 3. Open women’s center for GBV • To discuss with the community about GBV (beyond the scope of Safety Net) 4. Provide advice • Advice from the community • Advice with GBV focus 5. Learning spaces • More spaces to discuss GBV Focus on women’s groups, events, specific committees 6. More facilities • Financial assistance for small businesses (beyond the scope of Safety Net) • Training center to impart skills and make women independent • Adult school in the community • GBV desk or police protection unit 7. Help with drugs/medication (beyond the scope of Safety Net) FGD Part 2 Preferred Printing Material Did you receive any printed What type of communication materials do you prefer to material on GBV? receive messages on GBV? Yes 1. Posters 28% • In common public spaces • With pictures and drawings 2. Leaflet 3. Banners 4. Pocket guide on referral pathways 5. Short handbooks No 72% *Strong visual stories for less literature and poorer participants, especially in being used as training aid Majority respondents have not received any printed material on GBV Household Survey Part 2 Overall suggestions on improving access to information on GBV Any other suggestion on how we can improve access to information on GBV for you? Activity Considerations Activity MOST PREFERRED (in order of frequency) LESS CITED 1. Open radio station/show • In local language Train selected community members to engage with the larger community on GBV • Ensure it reaches villages Concerts, entertainment events 2. Awareness on GBV • Especially for young men Through the phone • UNOPS should continue awareness Advertise news/issues on TV 3. More trainings on GBV • Involve chiefs, men, women, boys, girls More awareness and support for women • UNOPS should conduct more trainings Create and direct women to clear referral pathways and spread 4. Community gatherings/meetings • With men and women awareness about them through leaflets Women's association/league 5. Engage youth on GBV • Organize functions to address youth Workshop • Train them on GBV cases Include GBV as a topic during lessons session 6. Door to door awareness/ home visits • To reach all Create more jobs for women • Deal with the fear of not speaking in public Chief to organize meeting with the community 7. More posters/banners on GBV • Displayed within the community as well Annual GBV Day Offer learning spaces Social media awareness 3. Engaging and sensitizing men Household Survey Part 1 Best way to engage men What do you think would be the best way to engage men to raise awareness on GBV (select all that apply)? • Emphasis on directly involving men in training and awareness activities on GBV • Involve community leaders for encouragement 128 and engagement 113 115 109 • Involve religious leaders • Target youth groups 67 Measures: • Engage with only groups of men than mixed sessions 4 • Use existing channels in the community, like youth Through groups like Through Through By directly involving Through schools, Other groups, associations, religious leaders Youth Groups encouragement by encouragement by them in training or i.e. PTA religious leaders community leaders other activities that raise awareness on • Targeted training activities, such as role plays, GBV interactive theatre, men as champions to cascade messages to other men in the community FGD Part 2 Sensitizing men How can we sensitize men to act as change agents for GBV survivors? What are the communication barriers in doing so? What are the best ways to involve men? 1. Training: “Men have to be involved in the creation of awareness • Train men on GBV awareness and help in changing on cultural beliefs that hinders the community progress.� (Men FGD) • Train men to give women their rights and respect • Workshop on GBV prevention and response “Raping and early child marriage needs serious awareness by initiating many focal group discussions on GBV issues. The initiative should include youths and men 2. Focal persons: to air their views on GBV issues.� – Religious leader • Select some men as GBV focal persons, not just women “The involvement of men and youths in the discussion of issues pertaining of GBV would be the best and most 3. Men-only focused groups to discuss GBV issues: efficient way to tackle the GBV preventions.� – Male • Issues affecting their partners and girls in the community religious leader • Engage with these groups to raise awareness on GBV • Change cultural beliefs *Involve men in all group discussions and trainings on GBV 4. Creating safe environments for women and girls Household Survey Part 2 What needs to be done to ensure a more safe, secure and listening environment for women to speak up and seek help on GBV? (I) What needs to be done? Considerations 1. Community awareness (n=25) • Door to door awareness and home visits (also to deal with the fear of speaking out in public) • On GBV and women’s rights • Community gatherings to talk about GBV and women’s rights (across different cultures) • On the dangers of GBV for men and women • Engage through local chiefs and faith-based organizations • Use of radio • Special awareness days; use of local TV • Regular visits to women in an isolated environment; more female interviewers 2. Create a safe space for women to speak about GBV • Encouraged to speak up though activities or groups (n=14) • Build a safe space for survivors • Ensure confidentiality of information 3. Training on GBV (n=12) • Men and women • Youth (mobilize youth to come together) • Local chief • Frontline women • Schools 4. Specific awareness and training for women (n=8) Build the confidence to speak up • On GBV • On referral pathways 5. Mobilize youth to come together (n=3) Conduct workshops with them 6. Create women’s groups/committees (n=2) Link with existing NGOs *Display referral pathways in public places FGD Part 1 What can improve support for women? Activities: Are men supportive to GBV survivors for reporting and seeking care? • All believe yes 1. AWARENESS: • The case is taken to the police, an arrest warrant is issued, and • Educating people on GBV as a serious issue survivor is taken to the hospital for treatment • GBV awareness in the community • Police takes action based on the magnitude of the reported case • Involving men, women, community groups, church leaders, youth • Police, GBV focal person, community leaders and parents follow up • Some men also help in transporting the survivor to access services 2. ENGAGEMENT OF WOMEN: • Micro financing/village loan for small businesses “Men now changing the attitude of blaming their wives for being • Women centers and girl friendly spaces abused. Before some used to end marriage agreement upon hearing that their wife were raped� (women FGD) 3. SUPPORT GROUPS: • GBV focal persons in the community How effective are the channels for reporting GBV? o Support through case management and trauma healing • Police, GBV focal person, community leaders and parents • Police to report the case immediately follow up to solve the issue • Hospital for treatment • GBV focal persons ensure timely and well managed feedback 5. Improving GBV Reporting and Shaping Perceptions KIIs with Media Representatives Media as a key stakeholder (I) Background Suggestions • All media persons believe media has a critical role in creating awareness on • To break the barriers faced to report GBV: GBV prevention and shaping perceptions through: o Reliable justice system that punishes perpetrators of GBV o Talk shows: involving men in conversations and discussing the damage o Encourage sharing of GBV information through awareness caused by prevailing customary laws o Avoid blaming and shaming of victims o Publishing and broadcasting messages to counter acts of GBV o Promote pathways for GBV where victims can seek justice and • To prioritize survivor’s safety, right to dignity and confidentiality: perpetrators can be prosecuted o Confidentiality: Do not display the full name of the survivors or o Radio talk shows and dramas on GBV in local languages publish their or their relatives’ photographs o Provide referral to counselors for survivors to deal with trauma • Media persons report on GBV: o Occasionally when reported by survivors, but thrice a week by radio • Media can better support awareness on GBV referral services: journalist o Provide details on referral services (e.g., hospitals, legal processes) o Most commonly on rape, physical assault, forced marriage and sexual o Provide information on reporting (e.g., hotlines) harassment o Cover stories on the role of support services (shelters, crisis centers) o Sources of information are individual witnesses, NGOs, law enforcement agencies, partners working on GBV, and community phone calls “Reporters now know it’s one of our editorial policies to report stories while minding to be gender- sensitive. They now ensure they interview female experts for their stories and also ensures they • They have all received training on GBV from NGOs/UN: don’t victimize women in their stories. Names and others forms of identities of survivors are hidden o The training has helped them in gender-sensitive reporting, such as or given pseudo names to protect them and help preserve their dignity.� involving female experts in stories, avoiding victimizing/stigmatizing the “We underwent sensitivity during GBV reporting, we learnt suitable terminologist used while survivors, ensuring confidentiality of identity, using suitable reporting on GBV to avoid stigmatizing the survivors or even avoiding any un-predetermined terminology, and focusing on facts. violence on the suspect.� KIIs with Media Representatives Media as a key stakeholder (II) Media can better support awareness on GBV prevention: What key messages need to be communicated through media to prevent • Highlight positive stories of resilience and empowerment GBV? • Challenge GBV myths and discuss GBV issues • Highlight legal and social consequences for GBV perpetrators • Punishment of perpetrators • Encourage GBV survivors to report cases Type of media effective in creating awareness on GBV prevention among poor, • Defining GBV less literate, and marginalized communities in South Sudan: • Justice to survivors • Radio: • Consequences to the perpetrators o State/National Radio o FM Radio • Cover incidents where perpetrator was punished by law o Community Radio • Law guidelines o Broadcast radio in local languages • Warning by prominent police or law enforcement officers • National/State Television Network • Involve men to advocate against GBV • Social Media • Encourage gender equality Most effective formats: • Radio talk shows “GBV IS A CRIME and must be reported�’ • Public service announcements • Paid advertisements (Newspapers would collect money to place it on front page) • Stories of survival and resilience • Feature stories • Documentaries • News coverage Suggestions for Safety Net Projects Household Survey Part 2 Most useful stage to talk about GBV Please explain why At which time during the SSSNP project do you think it would be most useful and/or Community Engagement and Sensitization Payments (second most preferred) appropriate to talk about GBV? (most preferred) 1. Everyone will be present for payments 1. All beneficiaries will be present 73 2. Easier to gather people in one place 2. Easier/appropriate to discuss issues in a community gathering Monitoring (third most preferred) 3. Better in the community to include 1. Helpful/good for them others not registered 2. Get many people 43 4. Not working, helpful to get information 3. Ensure door to door visit for awareness 5. Ensure door-to-door communication 26 6. It is one of the big days in any community Targeting and registration 22 16 1. Not working, so people can get help Cash Plus Sessions and awareness 7 1. All beneficiaries will be there at the 2. Gathering people in one place working unit – gather in one place Community Payments Monitoring Cash Plus Targeting LIPW 2. Number of beneficiaries is manageable LIPW engagement Sessions and and registration Everyone is together in LIPW sensitization KIIs with formal institutions and FGD Part 2 Other suggestions for Social Safety Net Programs What can social safety net programs do to improve Do you think there are specific information and What type of sensitization and engagement activities awareness on GBV? communication needs that we need to sensitize need to be undertaken by a Social Safety Net Program • Support women with livelihood skills the cash transfer recipient households in order to to prevent unnecessary triggers leading to GBV risks for prevent GBV related to use of cash? beneficiaries? • Disseminate information on GBV prevention, response, referral during LIPW activities • Sensitize on good use of transfers • Sensitize the beneficiaries on how to conduct • Plan together as married couple on how to themselves, when they receive cash by not exposing • Target the most vulnerable groups for LIPW themselves spend the transfers • Increase the number of beneficiaries in hard-to- • Carrying out awareness messages on GBV before reach areas o Such as reduced spending on drinking, which leads to physical assault payments • Train the community on planning and budgeting • Sensitization about peace building to avoid conflict over money • Educate both men and women on GBV prevention • Focus group discussions with different groups (Men, • Print translated banners and posters women and youths) • Sensitize beneficiaries on: o The use of transfers with shared objectives o Household planning and budgeting o Peace building and conflict resolution • Support women and girls with: o Livelihood skills training o Friendly and safe spaces • Awareness on: o GBV prevention, response, and referral Annexes Good Practices KIIs with Formal Institutions Interventions by other players in South Sudan No. Organization Relevant Intervention Details Implementation Details 1. HDC • Awareness raising focusing on GBV response in the community • Conducted twice a month using IEC materials on GBV • Delivered in local language and Arabic 2. Voice for • Awareness raising focusing on: • Target group: Women, men, adolescent girls and boys, change Creating peaceful community service providers, government officers, and community Breaking silence on GBV chiefs Addressing root causes of GBV • Conducted quarterly using the CCP toolkit (explained on the Measuring change in beliefs next slide) Building skills on livelihood for women and girls • Delivered in Arabic or local language • Topics covered: • Intervention is tested in M&E: proven effective GBV basic concepts and definitions; Forms of GBV, causes, consequences and reporting of GBV incidences for care/ support; Social norms concepts use power; Self-awareness, personal hygiene practices; Child rights and roles and responsibility; and Livelihood training materials 3. World Vision • Referrals and counselling services (The campaign was not considered effective. We should find out • Awareness raising and information campaigns more about this) 4. UNOPS • Awareness and information campaigns • Through local leaders • Counselling services • GBV focal persons 5. Plan • Awareness raising International 6. UNHCR • Provide non-food items to GBV survivors KIIs with Formal Institutions Learning from other players in South Sudan Strengths of organizations working on GBV: Good practices to replicate: • They provide humanitarian support, such as refreshments during awareness generation 1. Use of the community care programming (CCP) toolkit to • They are trained on GBV prevention, response and reporting address root causes of GBV 2. Capacity building of service providers on GBV Strategies used: 3. Activities that create women and girl friendly spaces • Community discussion groups on social norms 4. Awareness on GBV in schools • Outreach and meetings in the community 5. Community outreach on GBV • Drama, debates, radio talk shows in schools 6. Include needs assessment • Women and girl's friendly space: weekly sessions • Capacity building of service providers • Assessment to evaluate change in beliefs Example: Voice for Change • Specific topics of CCP toolkit: Strengths of strategies used: GBV basic concepts and definitions; Forms of GBV, causes, • Proper toolkits to guide the strategy consequences and reporting of GBV incidences for care/ • Trained implementing staff support; Social norms concepts use power; Self-awareness, • Use of IEC material in community dialogues personal hygiene practices; Child rights and roles and • Engage both men and women responsibility; and Livelihood training materials • Content delivered in Arabic or local language through Weaknesses of strategies used: meetings, workshops, home visits, radio and posters • Community discussion groups take long (fifteen weeks) • Frequency: Quarterly • Long-term plan (takes a year to complete sessions) • Intervention is tested in M&E: proven effective Additional research Learning from other regional projects S. No. World Bank Project Relevant Intervention 1. Cameroon Safety Net Project • Radio intervention for community awareness and sensitization on GBV • Training of local influencers 2. SAHEL ASP • Husbands and Fathers Schools • Community Sensitization 3. Mozambique Harnessing the Demographic • GBV awareness Dividend Project • Safe space clubs for adolescent girls • Community level action plans and SBCC • Mapping and training of influential leaders • School of partners/parents to engage on GBV and other issues (positive relationships, conflict management, gender equality) 4. SWEDD • Regional and national communication strategies with gender sensitive messages through social media, radio, television, newspapers, community media, online • Safe spaces for women and girls • Engaging with traditional and religious leaders 5. Gambia Social Safety Net Project • SBCC messages on GBV • Male engagement in household responsibilities, recognition of care work (shifted to radio messaging during the pandemic) 5. Zambia GEWEL Project • Community level champions and community dialogue sessions to promote norms change • Engaging men – husbands invited to participate in orientation and family vision sessions Recommendations from data beyond the scope of social safety nets Other recommendations from data – Opening GBV Centers What are your suggestions on how we can help to better inform and communicate with you to provide relevant information and help on GBV? Opening GBV centers (n=15) Purpose: 1. For training/teaching on GBV 2. For awareness on GBV 3. To enable communication on GBV 4. Provide safe space to discuss GBV issues and other challenges faced by women and girls 5. Engage women’s groups *Suggested in every county, including in rural areas What needs to be done to ensure a safe, secure and listening environment for women to speak up and seek help on GBV? Build centers for women and girls (n=23) • Reach all Bomas • To enable a safe, special environment • Reach rural areas • Provide training, knowledge, and skills • A center in every residential area • A space to find solutions to fight against GBV in the community Other suggestions Opportunities to increase safety and Opportunities to improve current GBV Opportunities to transform gender support for the high-risk GBV groups response mechanisms norms • Work with service providers to make services • Increase safety at high-risk points, such as in more accessible, through timely follow-up, the forest, at bars and clubs • Teaching about GBV and gender issues in awareness on services, and affordable access. • Targeted support to the most vulnerable schools to sensitize the upcoming generation • Work with high reliance response systems, group (school girls) through continued • Work with government authorities to bring such as police and hospitals on effective education and prevention of early marriages reforms, such as continued education for girls response and follow-up to GBV cases • Increase safety for other vulnerable groups, (high risk group) • Advocate for special GBV units within the like single women, widows, working women, police and strengthen the police response to women with disability GBV cases