Koh Lanta Bridge Krabi Province, Thailand Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) October 2023 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 4 2 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7 3 THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................. 7 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RCIA............................................................................................ 9 5 RCIA METHODOLOGY................................................................................................. 9 5.1 Potential Valued Environmental Components (VECs) .................................................... 10 5.2 Spatial Boundaries ...................................................................................................... 13 5.3 Temporal Boundary ..................................................................................................... 13 5.4 Selection of Other Projects and Activities ..................................................................... 14 5.5 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts on VECs ................................................................. 15 5.6 Cumulative Impact Management ................................................................................. 16 6 BASELINE CONDITION OF VECS ................................................................................. 17 6.1 Land use ..................................................................................................................... 17 6.2 Coral Reefs .................................................................................................................. 18 6.3 Seagrass ...................................................................................................................... 22 6.4 Mangroves .................................................................................................................. 24 6.5 Marine Mammals ........................................................................................................ 25 6.6 Water Quality ............................................................................................................. 26 6.7 Protected Areas ........................................................................................................... 27 7 ASSESSMENT OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS .................................................................. 29 7.1 Land Use ..................................................................................................................... 29 7.2 Coral Reefs .................................................................................................................. 29 7.3 Seagrass ...................................................................................................................... 29 7.4 Mangroves .................................................................................................................. 30 7.5 Marine Mammals ........................................................................................................ 30 7.6 Water Quality ............................................................................................................. 30 7.7 Protected Areas .......................................................................................................... 31 8 CUMULATIVE IMPACT MANAGEMENT ..................................................................... 31 9 Annex 1: Stakeholder Concerns Collected from the project’s EIA’s engagement activities......................................................................................................................... 42 10 ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...................................................... 47 11 ANNEX 3: LANTA DECLARATION PRESENTATION ...................................................... 56 1 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Screening of VECs for Songkhla Bridge Cumulative Impact Assessment ............... 12 Table 2: Selection of Other Projects and Activities for Inclusion into the RCIA .................... 15 Table 3: Change of Land Use in Koh Lanta Area during 2009-2018 ..................................... 17 Table 4: Coral Reef Area of Lanta Island and Its Condition ................................................... 19 Table 5: Location and Size of Seagrass Bed in Lanta Island Area ........................................ 23 Table 6: Comparison of Mangrove Forest Area of Lanta District between 2010- 2016 .......... 24 Table 7: Marine Water Quality Index at Koh Lanta during 2018 - 2020 ................................. 27 Table 8: Cumulative Impact Management for VECs at the Project Level ............................. 31 Table 9: Cumulative Management Measures for Selected VECs Beyond the Project Level 33 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of Project Area ......................................................................................... 8 Figure 2: RCIA Logical Framework (Source: IFC, 2013) ...................................................... 10 Figure 3: Comparing EIA and CIA ....................................................................................... 10 Figure 4: VEC Screening Flow Chart .................................................................................... 11 Figure 5: Spatial boundaries of the RCIA ............................................................................ 14 Figure 6: Land Use in Lanta Island in 2009 and 2019 ........................................................... 18 Figure 7: Status of the Coral Reef of Lanta Island’s areas and others in Krabi Provinces (Source: Coral Reef Map of Krabi Province in 2021, the Department of Marine Coastal Natural Resources........................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 8: Trend of the Coral Reef of Lanta Island’s areas and others in Krabi Provinces .... 21 Figure 9: Coral reef of Koh Ha, of Koh Lanta Island. ........................................................... 22 Figure 10: Distribution of Marine Rare Species in the Andaman Sea nearby Krabi, Phuket and Trang Province. ................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 11: Legally protected areas in the vicinity of the Project provided by IBAT ............... 28 2 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge LIST OF ACRONYMS Acronym Description AO Administrative Organization AoA Area of Analysis for critical habitat assessment BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CHA Critical Habitat Assessment CIA Cumulative Impact Assessment CO Carbon Monoxide CR Critically Endangered with extinction DMCR Department of Marine and Coastal Resources DO Dissolved Oxygen DRR Department of Rural Roads E&S Environment and Social EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EN Endangered with extinction ESF Environmental and Social Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESS Environmental and Social Standards of the World Bank ESF IBAT Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature MoNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NEB National Environment Board NGO Non-governmental Organization NO₂ Nitrogen Oxide NT Near Threatened species NTS Non-Technical Summary ONEP Office of Natural Resources and Environment Policy OSH Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Act PEA Provincial Electricity Authority PM10 Dust Particulate Matter PPE Personal Protective Equipment RFD Royal Forestry Department ROW Right of Way SLIP Supplementary Lenders Information Package SS Suspended Solids TOT Thai state-owned telecommunications company TSP Total Suspended Particulates TTNHA Thung Thale Non-hunting Area VEC Valued Environmental and Social Component VU Vulnerable to extinction 3 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Koh Lanta Bridge Project financed by the World Bank, is located in Koh Lanta District, Krabi Province and crosses the Khlong Chong Laad sea channel of the Andaman Sea in southern Thailand. The 1405 m span bridge will connect the subdistricts of Koh Klang and Koh Lanta Noi and provide transportation connectivity between Koh Lanta Noi Island and the mainland attracting tourism to the area and in turn creating jobs for the local population and boosting economic growth. The Project could potentially have adverse effects on the environment and communities including cumulative impacts. Therefore, a Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) is required. The RCIA considers the potential immediate and long-term impacts of Koh Lanta Bridge project together with other ongoing projects, activities, and external factors within defined spatial and temporal boundaries. The Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) was carried out in accordance with Annex 3 of the Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management: Guidance for the Private Sector in Emerging Markets – Good Practice Handbook published by the International Finance Corporation (IFC, 2013). This guidance acknowledges that as a result of the growing importance of system-wide risk factors such as climate change, water availability, biodiversity loss, ecosystem service degradation, and socio-economic and population changes, among others, RCIA has become an indispensable framework for risk management. A six step RCIA process was adopted as per Annex 3 of the Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management Guidance of the International Finance Corporation (IFC, 2013) as follows: • Step 1: Scoping Phase I – Identify VECs and Spatial and Temporal Boundaries. • Step 2: Scoping Phase II – Identify other projects, activities and external natural and social stressors affecting the VECs. • Step 3: Establish Information on Baseline Status of VECs • Step 4: Assess Cumulative Impacts on VECs • Step 5: Assess Significance of Predicted Cumulative Impacts • Step 6: Management of Cumulative Impacts Seven valued environmental components (VECs) were identified: one social and six environmental: • Land use (social) • Coral reefs • Seagrass • Mangrove • Marine mammals • Water quality • Protected areas The spatial boundary considered the following: • Land use and water quality is represented by Koh Lanta and surrounding lesser islands • Coral reefs, seagrass, mangroves, and marine mammals comprises the coastline 4 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge of Krabi Province. The temporal boundary of the CIA encompasses the entire 30-year period of the project's operation in addition to ten years prior. Four other projects were considered in the RCIA: • High-speed rail connection between tourist destinations of Donsak, Phuket and Krabi Airports. • New 4-lane highway construction to connect Plai Phrayao District in Krabi Province to Thap Put District in Phang Nga Province. • Construction of a power generation system • Construction of jetty and park (pier) A summary of cumulative impacts on each VEC due to the project and other projects and activities is summarized below. VEC Project Impact Other Project Impact Land Use Minor changes in land use and Increased tourist activity to the islands. increase in tourism Coral reefs Some impact during construction Increased tourist activity. Impact of pier on coral reef will be significant Seagrass Some impact during construction Increased tourist activity. Impact of pier on seagrass will be significant Mangroves Some 40 mangrove trees will be Impacts to mangroves due to tourist removed influx and construction of tourist infrastructure Marine Mammals Some impact during construction Increased tourist activity can disrupt dolphin behavior and habitat through increased noise, human presence and contaminants Water Quality Impacts to water quality are Some construction impacts expected on expected to be minimal during water quality from the pier. Increased construction and operation tourist influx could impact water quality if not properly treated Protected Areas Increased human presence, traffic, Construction of the pier, highway and clearing of vegetation, and pollution railway projects are not expected to incurred by project construction will directly affect protected areas, but an have negative impacts on Thung increased influx of tourists could Thale Non-hunting area contribute to the degradation of protected areas if not managed Management of project level contribution to cumulative effects is shown in the table below. VEC Project Level Management of Cumulative Impacts Land Use Minimize land use impacts through restricting project footprint disturbance and reclaiming land not directly used by the project. Coral Reef Corals will be impacted by vibration and dispersal of sediment during project construction. Monitoring will be done by the project to assess impact post construction. Seagrass Seagrass patches are within two meters of the bridge route and will be impacted by the dispersion and settling of sediments during the construction of bridge footings. Monitoring will be done by the project to assess impact post construction. 5 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Project Level Management of Cumulative Impacts Mangrove Mangroves will be restored at 20 times the area that was cut (estimated to be 40 trees). Marine Mammals Dolphins may be impacted by noise and vibration during construction. Monitoring will be done by the project to assess impact post construction and during implementation. Water Quality Implement project mitigation for water treatment. Implement surface water and marine water quality monitoring during construction. Protected Areas The Project area is within the Thung Thale Non-hunting Area. Construction impacts include increased human presence, traffic, clearing of trees and vegetation, and potential pollution. Implementation of specific site disturbance mitigation measures and worker code of conduct. A number of regional management measures are suggested for cumulative impacts beyond the immediate project level. These will require the development of a coordinated implementation strategy under the coordination of a responsible government agency such as the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and perhaps the Ministry of Tourism and Sports. Management Measures Land Use Management Measures Management of Coral Reefs • Strengthening environmental laws • Implement sustainable fishing practices • Increase public awareness • Educate tourists and fishermen. • Involve communities in management • Temporary closure of sensitive areas that are vulnerable to impacts Management of Seagrass Management of Mangroves • Education and Awareness of Tourists • Implement alternative livelihood programs • Establishment of Protected Areas • Conduct regular mangrove monitoring and • Improve Regulations on boat navigation research Water Quality Management • Implement water conservation programs • Improve wastewater collection and treatment Protection of Marine Mammals Protected Areas Management • Promote sustainable fishing to reduce • Delineate protected area boundaries impacts to marine mammals • Improve monitoring, control and • Improve the management of marine management of protected areas protected areas • Promote ecotourism development • Develop and implement eco-tourism • Develop small-scale hospitality industry programs • Promote marine-based tourism • Conduct regular monitoring and research on • Develop sustainable agriculture practices marine mammal populations • Promote handicrafts and local products • Collaborate with local communities, NGOs, • Collaborate with local communities to and government agencies to implement promote benefits of protected areas marine mammal conservation and management plans 6 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 2 INTRODUCTION The Koh Lanta Bridge Project (the “Bridge or Project”), financed by the World Bank, is located in Koh Lanta District, Krabi Province and crosses the Khlong Chong Laad sea channel of the Andaman Sea in southern Thailand. The bridge will connect the subdistricts of Koh Klang and Koh Lanta Noi. The length of the project route is 2.53 km with a total bridge span of 1405 m (see Figure 1). The Bridge will provide transportation connectivity between Koh Lanta Noi Island and the mainland attracting tourism to the area, in turn creating jobs for the local population and boosting economic growth. It will contribute towards the vision of Krabi Province of becoming an internationally acclaimed tourist destination and to support sustainable economic development. At the same time, the Project could potentially have adverse effects on the environment and communities. These effects may vary from modifications in water quality and wildlife habitat to social and economic disturbances caused by an influx of tourists. To evaluate and manage these effects, a Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) is required. The RCIA considers the potential immediate and long-term impacts of Koh Lanta Bridge project together with ongoing projects and external factors within defined spatial and temporal boundaries. The Lanta bridge project is vital to ensure that the project is executed in a manner that reduces unfavorable impacts and maximizes favorable outcomes for the local community and environment. 3 THE PROJECT The Bridge forms part of the Thailand Resilient Transport Connectivity Project (P179727) implemented by the Department of Rural Roads (DRR) of the Ministry of Transport, with financial support from the World Bank. The project comprises the following three components: • Component 1: Lanta Island and Songkhla Lake bridges construction. • Component 2: Supporting Irrawaddy Dolphin Conservation Efforts and Capacity Building on the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). • Component 3: Institutional Development and Project Management. The Project is implemented in accordance with the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). This document refers specifically to the Koh Lanta Bridge and is compiled based on content of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and a Supplementary Lenders Information Package (SLIP). The Department of Rural Roads (DRR) of Ministry of Transport is the main Executing Agency, collaborating on specific environmental and social issues with the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR) and the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP) of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), and the Department of Fisheries of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 7 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Figure 1: Location of Project Area 8 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE RCIA The primary goal of this RCIA is to recognize and evaluate cumulative impacts of the Project in combination with other projects and activities on identified valued components. Specific objectives are as follows: • Identify Valued Environmental Components (VECs) based on the feedback received during stakeholder consultation and engagement, gaps identified from the project’s EIA review and additional information obtained from other the relevant literature. • Identify other existing and proposed projects, as well as external environmental and social drivers, that could have cumulative impacts on VECs. • Assess the condition and trends of selected VECs. • Conduct a high-level assessment of potential cumulative impacts on VECs, taking into account the project and other existing and proposed projects and external drivers in the area, and determine the project's contribution to the cumulative impacts. • Suggest a management framework for the integrated management of potential cumulative impact. 5 RCIA METHODOLOGY The Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) was carried out in accordance with Annex 3 of the Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management: Guidance for the Private Sector in Emerging Markets – Good Practice Handbook published by the International Finance Corporation (IFC, 2013). This guidance acknowledges that because of the growing importance of system-wide risk factors such as climate change, water availability, biodiversity loss, ecosystem service degradation, and socio-economic and population changes, among others, RCIA has become an indispensable framework for risk management. The six step RCIA process was adopted as follows: • Step 1: Scoping Phase I – VECs, Stressors, Spatial and Temporal Boundaries: Determine spatial and temporal boundaries and identify VECs. • Step 2: Scoping Phase II – Identify other projects, activities and external natural and social stressors affecting the VECs. • Step 3: Establish Information on Baseline Status of VECs: Determine past, present and future trend conditions of VECs. • Step 4: Assess Cumulative Impacts on VECs • Step 5: Assess Significance of Predicted Cumulative Impacts • Step 6: Management of Cumulative Impacts 9 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Figure 2: RCIA Logical Framework (Source: IFC, 2013) Unlike an EIA, which focuses on a project as a generator of impacts on various environmental and social receptors, a CIA focuses on VECs as the receptors of impacts from different projects and activities (see Figure 3 below). In a RCIA, the overall resulting cumulative impacts are assessed as to how they affect the condition of the VEC and its related viability. EIA: Project-Centered Perspective RCIA: VEC-Centered Perspective Source: IFC 2013 CIA = cumulative impact assessment; EIA = Environmental and Social Impact Assessment; VEC = valued environmental and social component Figure 3: Comparing EIA and CIA 5.1 Potential Valued Environmental Components (VECs) Before being included in a CIA, a VEC must be verified as valuable by a) an identifiable stakeholder group b) the scientific or academic community c) relevant authorities involved in research and conservation of the natural resources, and d) those who participated during several public hearing sessions during the ESIA preparation process. To achieve this objective, a social perception survey was conducted through stakeholder engagement activities and interviews within the specified boundary of the project in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study. The survey involved various stakeholder groups, such as the local community within the bridge project's route (from 50 m to 500 m), concerned regional, provincial, and local government authorities, research and educational institutions in the southern part of Thailand, non- governmental organizations and local conservation groups, public utility state enterprises, fishing folks, aquacultural groups, 10 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge and business entrepreneurs. Annex A presents the stakeholders, communities, and other participants who were consulted for the project. This includes their feedback, comments, and concerns, as well as responses from the project representative regarding any impacts related to or caused by the project's activity. The process for VEC selection is shown below in Figure 4. Figure 4: VEC Screening Flow Chart For a VEC to be considered for inclusion in the CIA, it must meet a) there is potential impact from the project and/or the project’s induced impact and b) it is reasonably expected to be impacted by other projects and/or the external drivers. Table 1 below presents the results of this analysis and identifies the seven VECs (one social and six environmental) that have been selected for inclusion in the CIA. 11 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Table 1: Screening of VECs for Songkhla Bridge Cumulative Impact Assessment VEC Rationale for Selection Land Use The Lanta Bridge project route is primarily over the ocean but it also passes through mangrove forests, rubber and oil palm plantations. The project is situated in an open land area designated for environmental protection and forest conservation. The project aims to have minimal environmental impact, although the construction of the bridge approach slabs will alter the land use for transportation purposes, which is considered to have a moderate negative impact. Coral Reefs There are live and healthy corals around Koh Pling, present within 6 meters of the bridge route between the Koh Klang side and the island. However, they will be impacted by vibration and dispersal of sediment caused by the construction of the bridge. Seagrass Sea grass in the area is limited to small, fragmented patches near Koh Lanta Noi, with the closest patch being within two meters of the bridge route. The construction of bridge footings will impact the sea grass by dispersing and settling sediments. Mangrove The proposed Lanta Bridge project will require the clearing or relocation of 40 mangrove trees located at the start and end points of the bridge. There are no threatened species among these trees, but the impact on the coastal mangrove ecosystem is still considered moderate. Dolphin The construction of bridge pier structures will create underwater noise and vibration that could affect the behavior and hearing of dolphins, and they could also be injured by boats transporting materials and equipment. However, during the implementation phase, there will be no underwater noise emissions, and the reduced boat activity due to decreased dependence on ferry services could have a positive impact. Water Quality The construction period of the project may result in wastewater impacts contained within nearby surrounding areas, assessed as having a moderate negative impact. The implementation phase will provide bathroom and toilet facilities for tourists at the parking space below the bridge structure, which could generate wastewater and solid waste. Protected Areas The construction of the project will cause negative impacts such as air pollution, noise, and vibration. The presence of workers may lead to illegal hunting or harvesting activities, 12 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Rationale for Selection creating a demand for illegally harvested products. The disturbance created by construction activities is considered moderate pre- mitigation, but protected areas are not adequately considered. However, during the implementation phase, no cutting of trees or use of forest areas is expected, The IFC's Good Practice Handbook states that cumulative impacts should be evaluated based on their potential impact on the vulnerability and/or risk to the sustainability of the VECs assessed, rather than the amount of change. This requires evaluating cumulative impacts in the context of ecological thresholds, which can be challenging to determine for biological and social VECs. In some cases, these thresholds may only become clear once they have been crossed, which can result in long recovery times and high costs, or even irreversible damage. Therefore, it is important to take a precautionary approach that considers uncertainty in ecological and sociological relationships when establishing thresholds of acceptable VEC condition. Alternatively, it is possible to identify acceptable limits of change in consultation with the scientific and affected communities. This approach involves identifying VEC conditions that stakeholders consider to be acceptable. Once these conditions have been established, the appropriate combination of use levels and management strategies needed to sustain them can be determined. This approach has the advantage of providing a clear framework for managing impacts and promoting sustainable practices. Therefore, based on the approaches suggested by IFC and the CIA limitations, the significance of cumulative impacts is evaluated not in terms of the amount of change, but in terms of the potential resulting impact to the vulnerability and/or risk to the sustainability of the VECs assessed. 5.2 Spatial Boundaries The spatial boundary of the seven identified Project VECs considered the following: • The spatial boundary for the Land Use and water quality is represented by Koh Lanta and surrounding lesser islands. • The spatial boundary for coral reefs, seagrass, mangroves and marine mammals comprises the coastline of Krabi Province (see Figure 5). 5.3 Temporal Boundary The temporal boundary of the CIA encompasses the entire 30-year period of the project's operation in addition to the past ten years. 13 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Figure 5: Spatial boundaries of the RCIA 5.4 Selection of Other Projects and Activities The search for both upcoming and ongoing projects was carried out by referring to the Provincial Development Plans B.E.2566-2570 and official institutions such as the Ministry of Transport, Royal Thai Irrigation Department, and the Department of Rural Roads. In addition, publicly available information was also consulted to identify relevant development projects in Krabi Province to ensure comprehensive coverage within the scope of the project. The Lanta Bridge's EIA report was also reviewed to compile a comprehensive list of future development projects on Lanta Island. Based on review of the Provincial Development Plan B.E. 2566-2570, the watershed development plan of the Royal Irrigation Department, the rural road development plans of Department of Rural Road and the information that publicly available, the range of projects in the affected project’s area were identified and presented in Table 2. External Stressors External stressors to be considered are due to climate change, earthquake, increased flooding and lake levels. A severe Tsunami earthquake disaster with a magnitude of 9.2 occurred on December 2004. The earthquake resulted in a tsunami with a 4-meter rise in water causing extensive damage to life and property in the six southern Andaman provinces including 14 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge communities in Koh Lanta. Thailand is located between two tropical cyclone sources, namely the Pacific Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. The probability of cyclone activity in Thailand has decreased in the past 20 years to approximately 2 to 3 tropical cyclones per year. Table 2: Selection of Other Projects and Activities for Inclusion into the RCIA No Project Institution Description Location Dates Status 1 High-speed Railway A 68 km double-track railway Koh Samui to No Feasibility rail connection Authority of network is proposed to connect Phuket and Date Study – in between Thailand Don Sak Port, a key tourist port of Krabi Airport Planning tourist entry, to Phuket airport via through Phase destinations of the area of Ban Tha Chatchai in Donsak, Phuket Province and Krabi Airport Phuket and including the districts of Thap Put, Krabi Airports. Ao Luek, and Mueang Krabi in Krabi Province. 2 New 4-lane Department This new highway will provide a Plai Phrayao 2022 Construction highway of Highways shorter travel between Krabi and District in Krabi – construction to Nga provinces, facilitating and Province to 2025 connect Plai expediting travel to other provinces Thap Put District Phrayao in the South. in Phang Nga District in Krabi Province. Province to Thap Put District in Phang Nga Province. 3 Construction Mu Ko Construction of a power generation Ngai Island 2023 Implementing of a power Lanta system with Integrated clean generation Marine energy at the National Park system National Protection Unit No. 2 (Koh Ngai) Park with a budget of 3.1 million Thai Baht (THB). 4 Construction Lanta Noi Construction of jetty and park (or Lang Sod Beach 2023 Implementing of jetty and DAO/ Office pier) at Lang Sod Beach with an - park (pier) of Public annual budget of 25 million THB 2027 Works and spanning 5 years from 2023 to Town plan, 2027. Krabi 5.5 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts on VECs In a CIA, the assessment of Project contributions is focused on the future, evaluating the difference between the expected condition of the VEC in the presence of all known stressors, and that same condition with the additional impact of the Project under review. This phase of the CIA involves an evaluation of the potential impacts on VECs, considering the effects of the Project, other projects, and external drivers. The potential impacts on VECs were determined based on the EIA study for the Project, as well as other available information. VECs were identified as potentially eligible for the CIA if the significance of potential impacts was rated as minor or higher for at least one impact associated with the Project in the EIA study. In cases where there was no impact information available for other projects, common sector-based impacts were assumed. Based on publicly available information and stakeholder interviews, cumulative impacts were prioritized using the following definitions: 15 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge • High Priority: The VEC is expected to be adversely impacted by other projects and/or external drivers and the future addition of the Project could incrementally contribute to the adverse impact. Actions should be implemented in the short term to mitigate potential adverse cumulative impacts on the VEC. • Medium Priority: The VEC could potentially be impacted by other projects and/or external drivers, and the Project could potentially contribute to the adverse impact. Actions should be implemented in the medium term to mitigate potential adverse cumulative impacts on the VEC. • Low Priority: The VEC could potentially be impacted by other projects and/or external drivers, but the Project would not be expected to contribute to the adverse impact or its contribution is expected to be negligible. No actions are required to mitigate potential adverse cumulative impacts on the VEC, due to all mitigation measures presented at both ESIAs are adequate to mitigate any potential adverse cumulative impacts on the VEC. 5.6 Cumulative Impact Management Managing cumulative impacts in accordance with international best practices involves the effective application of the mitigation hierarchy, which includes avoiding, reducing, and remedying environmental and social impacts associated with a project. It also involves making best efforts to collaborate with multiple stakeholders and leverage their expertise to implement management measures that go beyond the capacity and responsibility of individual project developers (IFC 2013). Therefore, in addition to the controls and management measures included in both the Industrial and Forestry ESIAs to mitigate the Project's specific contributions to effects on VECs, the CIA will provide recommendations for managing potential cumulative impacts on these VECs within the context of the Project. 16 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 6 BASELINE CONDITION OF VECS The information regarding the baseline status of the seven selected VECs is primarily derived from the environmental and baseline data provided in the project's EIA study and other publicly available sources. 6.1 Land use Data from the Koh Lanta of Department of Land Development from 2009-2018, shows that residential area and buildings increased greatly (224.76%), while other land uses such as, agricultural land, forest area, and watercourses decreased by 23.59%, 8.11%, 3.17%, and 0.34%, respectively as shown in Table 3 and Figure 6 below. Table 3: Change of Land Use in Koh Lanta Area during 2009-2018 (Source: the Lanta Bridge EIA Reports, Department of Rural Roads) Prevailing policy and measures to efficiently manage the land use, transportation network, and public infrastructure, to support and comply with community expansion in the future, as well as enhancing economic development considers the following activities: • Promoting and developing Koh Lanta Yai and Koh Lanta Noi to be an important tourist attraction of Southern Thailand. • Promoting and developing residential area, services, and transportation to be convenient and meeting standards, as well as developing infrastructure and utilities to comply with the expansion of communities and economic system of Koh Lanta Yai and Koh Lanta Noi. • Conserving traditional settlement concept, way of life, and traditions, which are the symbol of communities. • Conserving the beautiful environment and natural resources that are in harmonious with local cultures in accordance with sustainable development approaches. • Promoting ecotourism and supporting agriculture together with tourism development. 17 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge (Source: the Lanta Bridge EIA Reports, Department of Rural Roads Figure 6: Land Use in Lanta Island in 2009 and 2019 6.2 Coral Reefs Koh Lanta District, and Koh Phi Phi, in the Muang District, Krabi Province, are important islands renowned as some of the world's most beautiful tourist destinations. The province's coastline and islands, from Koh Hong down to Koh Lanta Yai, are home to scattered coral reefs, including important areas such as Hong Islands, Phi Phi Islands, islands in Krabi Bay, Koh Pu, and Koh Lanta Yai. Most of the coral reefs are in shallow waters with depths of no more than 10 meters and are found in water that is often quite turbid, especially near river mouths and mangrove forests. The sea floor is generally sandy and muddy, with some exceptions, such as Phi Phi Islands, Koh Ma, Koh Dam Hok-Dam Kwan, Ha Yai Islands, Hin Muang-Hin Daeng, where the seawater is clearer, and the coral forms a clear line. Krabi Province's coral reef area covers approximately 14,039 rai or 22.5 square kilometers. Coral reef surveys conducted between 2011-2014 showed that most of the reefs were damaged, with live corals covering an average area of 21.5% and dead corals covering an average area of 42.7%. The coral reef areas were categorized as follows: very good (576 rai), good (533 rai), moderately healthy (3,117 rai), damaged (5,236 rai), and severely damaged (4,577 rai) (refer to Table 22). The predominant coral species found in the area were staghorn coral (Porites lutea), slotted coral (Favites spp. ), ring coral ( Favia spp .), staghorn coral 18 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge (Acropora spp.), honeycomb coral (Goniastrea spp.), and cauliflower coral (Pocillopora spp.)1. Coral reefs can be observed in Lanta Island specifically in Lanta Yai Island (located in the south and west sides) and Por Island, covering a total area of 1,862 rai. Unfortunately, most of the coral reefs found in these areas are either damaged or severely damaged, accounting for approximately 81% and 93%, respectively, as details shown in Table 4 below: Table 4: Coral Reef Area of Lanta Island and Its Condition Location Coral Reef Coral Reef Condition Area (%) (Rai) Very Good Moderate Damaged Severely Good Damaged Lanta Yai Island Western side 860.00 0 0 6.3 0 93.8 Southern side 193.00 0 0 0 81.3 18.8 Por Island 809.00 0 0 18.2 81.8 0 Total 1,862.00 Source: Data Analysis Project for Ocean Accounting in Phang Nga Bay Pilot Area, Phang Nga Province, Phuket Province and Krabi province, Proposed by the Marine Biodiversity Research Group. Ramkhamhaeng University, 2022) The Department of Marine Coastal Resources (DMCR) provides update on the status of the coral reef of Lanta Island and the Islands of Lanta National Park as shown in Table 4 and Figure 6. The DMCR also provides the trend of the coral reef condition in Lanta Island and also other locations in Krabi Province. It indicates that the coral reef in Lanta Island’s areas experience improved conditions including those in Lanta Yai, Por, Ngai, Rok and Ma Islands as shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9. 1 Source: Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (2021b) 19 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Figure 7: Status of the Coral Reef of Lanta Island’s areas and others in Krabi Provinces (Source: Coral Reef Map of Krabi Province in 2021, the Department of Marine Coastal Natural Resources 20 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Figure 8: Trend of the Coral Reef of Lanta Island’s areas and others in Krabi Provinces (Source: Coral Reef Map of Krabi Province in 2021, the Department of Marine Coastal Natural Resources The damage to coral reefs in the mentioned areas is caused by a variety of factors including: • Tourists stepping on coral during low tide. • Dropping of anchors including entangling with the net debris/fishing lines in the Koh Ma area. • Smothering from the ship propellers around the mooring point of the cement barge 21 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge near Koh Po. • Scrap net/fishing line in the west of Koh Lanta Yai. • Additionally, debris of nets, including floating and dragnets, which cover the coral reefs are present in both Koh Rok in the east and west of the Koh Rok Nok area. • Floating nets and trawling nets in the south of Koh Ngai area are also causing problems by covering corals and dropping anchors, and • Netting and the use of fish poison are impacting the Koh Klang sub- district. Figure 9: Coral reef of Koh Ha, of Koh Lanta Island.2 6.3 Seagrass Krabi Province has categorized seagrass habitats into three groups based on their characteristics. The first group is seagrass bed located at river mouths. These areas are characterized by high sediment accumulation, with mangrove forests often found along the coast. The water is quite turbid due to the large amount of sediment on the sea floor. Seagrass can grow in areas such as Thalane Bay, Sriboya Island, Koh Pu, and Koh Lanta. The second group is seagrass sources in sandy areas. Some coastal areas in Krabi consist of sandy beaches, with certain parts being protected from wind waves. Seagrass can be found in shallow waters along sandy shores in this type of habitat, and is commonly found along the coast of Krabi Province, from Laem Hang Nak to Ao Nam Mao to Krabi Bay. The third and final group is seagrass around coral reefs. These areas are also protected from wind waves and can have seagrass growing on the sandy shores of shallow waters or mixed with coral reefs. Dam Hok Island, Dam Kwan Island, and Railay Bay are among the locations where seagrass can grow in this type of habitat3. 2https://www.thairath.co.th/lifestyle/travel/2222882 3Data Analysis Project for Ocean Accounting in Phang Nga Bay Pilot Area, Phang Nga Province, Phuket Province and Krabi province, DMCR, February 2022 22 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge (Source: Data Analysis Project for Ocean Accounting in Phang Nga Bay Pilot Area, Phang Nga Province, Phuket Province and Krabi province, DMCR, February 2022) The seagrass on Lanta Island falls under the classification of the first type, which pertains to seagrass beds situated in river mouth areas with substantial sand build-up. The seagrass bed on Lanta Island covers an area of 1,547 rai out of the total area of 27,908 rai in Krabi Province. Table 5 presented below provides information on the location and size of the seagrass bed on Lanta Island. Table 5: Location and Size of Seagrass Bed in Lanta Island Area Area Rai Lanta Island Area - Lanta Yai Isaland 147.27 - Rang Island 50.00 - Por Island 5.43 - Bo Nae Canal's mouth 1,547.14 - Ban Thung 19.00 Total 1,768.84 (Source:) According to the aforementioned DMCR report, the current seagrass on Lanta Island is in moderately good condition. The Marine and Coastal Resources Committee of Krabi Province's identifies the sources of pressures on seagrass as follows: • Through continuous monitoring of seagrass sources in Krabi Province from 2018 to present, it has been observed that seagrass beds are mainly located along the west coast and islands, such as Klong Phali - Ao Tha Lane, Ao Nang, Ko Sriboya, Ko Ka, Ko Pu, and the islands of Lanta and Pak Klong Kalase. • However, overall seagrass sources in the province show deteriorating trends compared to the previous year. This is mainly due to natural changes, such as sand sediment deposits on some seagrass beds during the monsoon season from June to September, resulting in decreased seagrass coverage. • This degradation is observed in areas such as Pak Khlong Pakli - Tha Lane Bay, Railay Bay, Krabi Bay, Dam Hok Island - Dam Kwan Island, Koh Sriboya and its vicinity, and Koh Lanta. These sandbars disappear during October and November, allowing for the restoration of seagrass beds to normal conditions. However, as the monsoon season begins in May, the condition of the area will change again. Additionally, the report indicates that navigation of boats near seagrass areas is another source of impact on Lanta Island. This activity leads to sedimentation on the seagrass beds, further damaging them. 23 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 6.4 Mangroves A 2009 survey conducted by the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources tallied 218,185.74 rai of preserved mangrove forests in Krabi Province, with 26 species and an average density of 356.36 trees per rai. The average trunk height was 10.46 cm and overall height was 7.73 m, with an average yearly increase of 0.34 cm in diameter and 0.07 m in height. Prong Daeng, Tabun Khao, and Tabun Dum had average densities of 69.73, 46.05, and 21.89 trees per rai, respectively, and the Important Value Index (IVI) found the most in mangroves at 135.41, followed by Prong Daeng, white tabun, black tabun, and white beans at 59.14, 45.95, 19.44, and 9.98, respectively (Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 2012). The 2016 survey revealed that Krabi Province had a total mangrove forest area of 202,298.62 rai, which was a decrease of 15,887.12 rai from 2009. There were 31 types of mangrove forest plants found, with little change in overall density (342.91 trees per rai), average trunk diameter at chest level (12.03 cm), and average height (10.08 m). The average density was 166.18 trees per rai, followed by Prong Daeng and Tabun Khao with 66.02 and 46.83 trees per rai, respectively. The small-leaf mangrove had the highest Important Value Index (IVI) at 123.91, followed by Prong Daeng and Taboon Khao at 56.84 and 49.58, respectively. The Shannon- Wiener diversity index (H') was 1.641, Margalef's index (d) was 2.482, and Pielou's evenness index (J') was 0.478 (Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 2018). In 2010, the Lanta District had around 51,759 rai of mangrove forest. However, based on the report by the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR), by 2016, the mangrove areas had reduced to 43,111 rai, resulting in a total reduction of approximately 8,647 rai, as indicated in Table 6 below: Table 6: Comparison of Mangrove Forest Area of Lanta District between 2010- 2016 District Mangrove Area Rai in 2010 Rai in 2016 Difference Lanta District Por Island 0 0 0 Mai Ngam Island 157.09 0 -157.09 Mai Ngam Tai Island 446.46 0 -446.46 Klang Island 16,885.65 10,000.20 -6,885.45 Lanta Noi Island 17,146.34 16,714.27 -432.07 Lanta Yai Island 757.43 777.6 20.17 Klong Yang Subdistrict 13,376.25 12,597.18 -779.07 Saladan Subdistrict 2,989.83 3,022.21 32.38 Total 51,759.05 43,111.46 -8,647.59 Source: Department of Marine and Coastal Resources 2012 (Mangrove Forest Resources Report, KrabiProvince) Department of Marine and Coastal Resources 2018 (Marine and Coastal Resources Information, Krabi Province) According to the DMCR report, the reduction in mangrove forest area is attributed to various activities that exploit the land, including housing and agricultural development, tourism, construction of piers, and the establishment of aquaculture areas such as shrimp ponds. Additionally, the cutting down of mangroves to build resorts, restaurants, and sell to construction operators, as well as for entrepreneurs to raise shrimp, operators of anchovy boiling plants, and those who purchase jellyfish, further exacerbate the issue. These also 24 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge include the exportation of mangroves wood to neighboring countries. 6.5 Marine Mammals The Marine and Coastal Resources information for Krabi Province in 2018 (Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 2018) reported the presence of dolphins and whales in their natural habitat. An aerial survey conducted simultaneously with the dugong survey revealed that dolphins are typically sighted during certain times of the year. The majority of dolphins observed are humpback dolphins, with a population of approximately 3-20 individuals, found around the mouth of the Krabi River and the Ko Siboya Waterway, representing 53.57% of the dolphin population. However, their numbers have been decreasing each year to 7.41, 34.22, and 10.63%, respectively, which can be spotted around Phi Phi Island, Rok Island, and Krabi Bay. Four species of dolphins can be observed in the area, namely bottlenose dolphins, striped dolphins, spotted dolphins, and jumping dolphins, which have the same population as those found in the west coast of Phuket and Phang Nga. Based on the statistics of stranded dolphins and whales in Krabi Province from 2006 to 2015, there were 14 cases in total, averaging 2 cases per year. The majority were jumping dolphins, smooth-backed porpoises, and striped dolphins, accounting for 49% of the cases. Other species found stranded were small sperm whales, spotted dolphins, and humpback dolphins. Most of them were found dead (93%) while only 7% were still alive. The management of stranded dolphins and whales typically involves conducting autopsies to determine the cause of death. The main cause of stranding was found to be natural illness (50%), followed by human activities (7%). Sick or weakened dolphins often come ashore or perish before rescue, especially pregnant and juvenile dolphins. Based on the 2018 Rare Marine Species Report (Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 2018), the majority of dolphins in Phuket are sighted in Krabi Bay and around Phi Phi Island. In 2017, there were approximately 44 sightings of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), with an average of 6 sightings from 6 survey flights. The stranding rate of dolphins and whales remained steady at 2 per year. Two dolphins were found beached in 2017 according to survey data, namely the finless porpoise and bottlenose dolphins (see Figure 10). The Department of Marine and Coastal Resources has created a distribution map of rare marine species discovered in the Andaman Sea. The map illustrates that most of the rare species, such as sea turtles, dugongs, dolphins, and whale sharks, were found in the coastal areas of Krabi Province and PP Island. Figure 9 below displays the distribution map of these rare marine species. According to Figure 10, humpback dolphins were observed in the Lanta area between 2019 and 2021. The sightings of humpback dolphins were recorded in three locations: 1) the north- western part of Lanta Island, near the Lat Bo Nae Channel, 2) the southern part of Lanta Island within the Mu Ko Lanta National Park's area, and 3) the western vicinity of Lanta Island, in the Ko Por area. A media report on September 16, 2019, at 10:00 a.m., stated that 4-5 humpback or pink dolphins (Sousa chinensis) were sighted in the construction area of the Ko Lanta Bridge, located in the Channel between the mainland and Lanta Noi Island. The dolphins were seen diving in the coastal sea, close to the car ferry operating between Tha Phae Ban Hua Hin and Khlong Mak in the Ko Lanta District of Krabi Province. After approximately 15 minutes, the dolphins swam away and disappeared. 25 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Figure 10: Distribution of Marine Rare Species in the Andaman Sea nearby Krabi, Phuket and Trang Province. (Source: Report on Situation of Coastal Resources and Erosion of Krabi Province in 2021, by the Committee of Natural and Coastal Resources The reasons for dolphin stranding are outlined as follows: 33% of cases involved a single stranding due to natural illness, while 67% of cases involved two dolphins, and the cause of their stranding could not be determined. Additionally, there is a case of the stranded whale in Krabi, the cause remains unidentified. 6.6 Water Quality The issue of wastewater on Koh Lanta is just as problematic as solid waste, with the dry season exacerbating the problem. Research shows that water quality is deteriorating, leading to various issues in the tourism industry. This includes unpleasant odors, hindering beach activities and swimming, and leaving tourists dissatisfied and concerned for their health. Some entrepreneurs, especially beach restaurants, have suffered income losses due to wastewater flowing into the main beaches from canals such as Klong Dao, Klong Phra Ae, and Klong Ba Kan Tiang. The root cause of this problem is hotel operators and restaurants discharging untreated wastewater directly into natural water sources. The combined wastewater treatment system is often damaged, and there is a lack of monitoring systems for water quality impacts. Furthermore, local organizations are not stringent in enforcing laws and regulations, especially in terms of environmental compliance for building permits. 26 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Changes in land use have been observed in Klong Nin Beach and Ba Kan Tiang Beach, with forests being converted into residential and building land, especially along the road that connects Klong Nin Beach and the community on one side of Koh Lanta Yai. This change may have an impact on the water quality of natural water sources, particularly if the management of wastewater from the community, residential buildings, and various shops is not properly handled. Focusing on Marine Water Quality Index (MWQI) of Ko Lanta, it was analyzed over the years 2018 to 2020, as shown in Table 7. The index measures the suitability of seawater for recreational activities and marine ecosystems based on the levels of various pollutants. The index ranges from 0 to 100, where 100 represents the best quality and 0 represents the worst quality. According to Table 7, the index score for Ko Lanta in 2018 was 80.9, which decreased to 77.2 in 2019 and further decreased to 74.3 in 2020. This suggests that the water quality in Ko Lanta has been deteriorating over the years, possibly due to increasing tourist activities and pollution. The main pollutants that affect the water quality index in Ko Lanta are total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and dissolved oxygen. The level of total coliform bacteria in the water has exceeded the standard limit of 1,000 MPN/100 mL, indicating that the water is contaminated with human or animal fecal matter. The level of dissolved oxygen in the water has been lower than the standard limit of 5 mg/L, which may affect marine life and lead to the development of hypoxic zones in the water. This may be due to the discharge of untreated wastewater and runoff from agricultural and urban areas. To improve the water quality in Ko Lanta, it is essential to implement effective measures to control and manage the sources of pollution, such as proper waste management and wastewater treatment. It is also necessary to promote public awareness and encourage responsible tourism practices to reduce the impact of human activities on the marine ecosystem (Source: http://krabi.thailocallink.com/files/com_news_develop_plan/2022- 01_71b40ca1433053c.pdf). Table 7: Marine Water Quality Index at Koh Lanta during 2018 - 2020 Sampling Point MWQI 2018 2019 2020 Baan Sala Dan Moderate Moderate Moderate Klong Dao Beach Good Good Good Baan Klong Nin Good Moderate Good Baan Bo Muang Good Good Good Source: Modified from http://krabi.thailocallink.com/files/com_news_develop_plan/2022- 01_71b40ca1433053c.pdf 6.7 Protected Areas The project route cuts through the Thung Thale Non-hunting Area (TTNHA) from chainage 0+922 to 1+369. The TTNHA covers 25.72 km² in extent (Error! Reference source not 27 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge found.), is declared under the Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act and recognized as an IUCN Management IV legally protected area. The reserve supports a diversity of wildlife species and protects Thailand’s only large expanse of Melaleuca Forest and connects between Melaleuca beach and mangrove forest. The project route between chainage 1+828 to 1+957 is additionally recognized as a mangrove forest area and part of the Pa Lang Sod National Forest/Kuan Ba Gan Koh National Forest. The TTNHA forms part of the larger Krabi Environmental Protected Area B.E. 2016 ( Error! Reference source not found.) which covers 1925 km² and extends along the Krabi coast and is recognized as an IUCN Management VI legally protected area. The Mu ko Lanta National Park (IUCN Management Category II) is a fragmented marine park east of the project route (Error! Reference source not found.) and protects coral reefs and sea grass meadows important for supporting dolphins, manatees and marine turtles. The Mu ko Lanta National Park is not directly impacted, however there may be indirect and cumulative impacts that have not been assessed. There are no internationally recognized areas of biodiversity value (such as key biodiversity areas and Ramsar wetlands) in the vicinity of the project. Figure 11: Legally protected areas in the vicinity of the Project provided by IBAT 28 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 7 ASSESSMENT OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS The following a summary of the cumulative impacts assessment results for the selected VECs. The impacts from the Project itself are discussed separately from the effects of other projects, activities and external stressors. Priority ranking for each VEC is established based on the potential cumulative impacts, as defined in Section 5.5. 7.1 Land Use Project Impacts: The project is designed to have the least possible impact on the environment but is expected to increase tourism, and the demand for commercial and residential activities is estimated to double the land conversion rate from 25% to 50% per year. Impacts of Other Projects and Activities: Tourism demand is expected to drive the expansion of hotels, restaurants, and other tourist facilities with increasing impacts on the environment and communities, such as increased traffic and noise pollution. The railway and highway infrastructure will not have a direct impact, but it has the potential to significantly boost tourism to the island. Significance: The cumulative impact on land use is estimated to be of moderate priority. 7.2 Coral Reefs Project Impacts: Live corals occur within 6 meters of the bridge route near Koh Pling Island but do not present a coral reef. These corals will be impacted by vibration and dispersal of sediment during project construction and the impact is assessed as negative with a moderate significance. Impacts of Other Projects and Activities: Increased tourist activity will increase the damage and loss of coral and will drive the expansion of tourist facilities leading to increased sedimentation, waste, and litter, further polluting the waters around Lanta Island. The adverse impact of construction of the pier on the coral reef will be significant. The implementation of railway and highway infrastructure, as with the land use VEC, will not have a direct impact on coral reefs but the increased tourism because of improved access will have an impact. Significance: Cumulative impacts on coral are assessed to be of high priority. 7.3 Seagrass Project Impacts: Sea grass patches in the project area are small and fragmented. These patches will be impacted by sediments during the construction with a negative impact of moderate significance. Impacts of Other Projects and Activities: An estimated 1.27 million tourists are expected per year over the next 30 years resulting in increased boat traffic which will impact the seagrass beds. Untreated wastewater could lead to eutrophication with negative impacts to seagrass. The construction of a pier will exacerbate these impacts. Construction of the railway and highway infrastructure will have an indirect impact as described for previous VECs. Significance: Cumulative impacts on seagrass are assessed to be of high priority. 29 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 7.4 Mangroves Project Impacts: A total of 40 mangrove trees will be removed for bridge construction which will have a negative impact on the coastal mangrove ecosystem of moderate significance. No impacts are anticipated during the operational phase. Impacts of Other Projects and Activities: Increased tourism will impact the mangroves, particularly through habitat destruction to support the growing demand for infrastructure and development. Additional impacts include physical damage from boat activity, pollutants discharged from boats, increased fishing, and demand for seafood. Construction of the pier will boost tourism and exacerbate these impacts, while the railway and highway infrastructure will have an indirect impact as described above. Significance: Cumulative impacts to mangrove are deemed to be of high priority. 7.5 Marine Mammals Project Impacts: Underwater noise and vibration from bridge construction could affect the hearing and behavior of dolphins. They could also be injured by boats from the transportation of materials and equipment. Dolphins can flee the area, but the impact is assessed as a moderate significance on a precautionary basis. No impacts to dolphins are expected during operations. Impacts of Other Projects and Activities: Increased tourist activity can disrupt dolphin behavior and habitat through increased noise, human presence and accidental discharges or spill of contaminants. Pier construction on Lanta Island is likely to increase these impacts directly, while the railway and highway infrastructure will have an indirect impact. Significance: Cumulative impacts to dolphins are considered to be of high priority. 7.6 Water Quality Mismanagement of wastewater in Koh Lanta is causing water quality to deteriorate and health concerns are already affecting the tourism industry. Wastewater treatment facilities are not functioning, while there is rampant development and a lack of enforcement results in many hotels and restaurants discharging their wastewater directly into natural water sources. The main pollutants affecting the water quality are total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and dissolved oxygen. Effective measures are needed to control and manage the sources of pollution and supported by public awareness and encouragement of responsible tourism practices. Project impacts: Impacts to water quality are expected to be minimal during construction and operation through the installation of water treatment facilities but needs to be managed appropriately. Impacts of Other Projects and Activities: The construction of the jetty may result in sedimentation from soil disturbance and erosion causing increased turbidity, while use of machinery can result in oil and chemical spills. During operations, the jetty will result in increased vehicle traffic with potential wastewater and pollutant discharges. Changes in land 30 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge use, such as converting forests to residential and building land, may also impact water quality if the current mismanagement of wastewater is not addressed. Construction of railway and highway infrastructure will increase tourism with indirect impacts as described above. Significance: The cumulative impact to water quality is expected to be of high priority. 7.7 Protected Areas Project Impacts: The Project area is within the Thung Thale Non-hunting Area which supports a diverse range of floral and faunal species. The increased human presence, transportation of materials, felling of trees and clearing of vegetation, and pollution incurred by project construction will have negative impacts. A construction workforce of 170 people may create a demand for natural resources that triggers illegal poaching and extractive activities. No impacts to terrestrial habitats are expected during the operational phase. Impacts of Other Projects and Activities: Construction of the pier, highway and railway projects are not expected to directly affect protected areas, but an increased influx of tourists will contribute to the degradation of protected areas by accelerating the encroachment of forest land for the development of tourist and associated facilities. The influx of tourists also leads to increased overcrowding, loss of natural resources, poor waste management and increased pollution of the land and marine environment. Significance: The cumulative impact on protected areas as a result is considered to be a high priority. 8 CUMULATIVE IMPACT MANAGEMENT The cumulative impact assessment conducted on the selected VECs indicates that the project and its induced pressures and other development projects and external drivers are expected to have a high impact on the land use, coral reef, mangrove, seagrass, marine mammals, water quality and protected areas of the Islands of Lanta. As a result, further mitigation measures are needed to manage the cumulative impact of each VECs. The details of mitigation measures recommended for managing cumulative impacts on the VECs at the project level and beyond the project level are provided in Table 8 below: Table 8: Cumulative Impact Management for VECs at the Project Level VEC Project Level Management of Cumulative Impacts Land Use Minimize land use impacts through restricting project footprint disturbance and reclaiming land not directly used by the project. Coral Reef Corals will be impacted by vibration and dispersal of sediment during project construction. Monitoring will be done by the project to assess impact post construction. Seagrass Seagrass patches are within two meters of the bridge route and will be impacted by the dispersion and settling of sediments during the construction of bridge footings. Monitoring will be done by the project to assess impact post construction. Mangrove Mangroves will be restored at 20 times the area that was cut (estimated to be 40 trees). Marine Mammals Dolphins may be impacted by noise and vibration during construction. Monitoring will be done by the project to assess impact post construction and during implementation. 31 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Project Level Management of Cumulative Impacts Water Quality Implement project mitigation for water treatment. Implement surface water and marine water quality monitoring during construction. Protected Areas The Project area is within the Thung Thale Non-hunting Area which supports a diverse range of floral and faunal species. Construction impacts include increased human presence, transportation of materials, clearing of trees and vegetation, and potential pollution. Implementation of specific site disturbance mitigation measures and worker code of conduct to prevent damage to forests, wildlife, and other natural resources. The cumulative impacts beyond the project level are presented in Table 9. These will require the development of a coordinated implementation strategy and cumulative impact management framework under the coordination of a responsible government agency such as the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) and perhaps the Ministry of Tourism and Sports. On 25th April 2023, 46 parties from the government agencies (including MONRE), local administrative offices, private sector, tourism sector including community tourism network in Lanta Island, local civil society organizations, academia, and media had signed a joint Declaration (Lanta Declaration) on Driving Towards Sustainable Development (Blue &Green Island) proclaiming their commitment towards supporting sustainable development in Lanta District. The Declaration targets all five sub-districts in Lanta District covering 16 targeted villages, and Thung-Thale Non-Hunting Area. Lanta Declaration consists nine sustainable development agendas4 and correspondence measures which several are consistent with measures suggested in Table 9. Lanta District also has a partnership with Thai Environmental Institute (TEI) to support implementation of waste management improvement and with the Asia Foundation to support sustainable fisheries aspect. A summary of Lanta Declaration and pilot projects are presented in Annex 3. 4 The nine sustainable development agendas included in the Lanta Declaration are (i) sustainable fisheries; (ii) marine and coastal resources conservation and restoration; (iii) development of green and supportive economy; (iv) sustainable tourism; (v) linkage of economic development and local communities; (vi) reduction of impacts from microplastic and marine debris; (vii) energy efficiency and transition to clean energy; (viii) social development and quality of life improvement; and (ix) promotion of community participation. 32 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Table 9: Cumulative Management Measures for Selected VECs Beyond the Project Level VEC Action Responsibility Land Use To control land use conversion of the Islands of Lanta, to minimize cumulative impacts on land use and to • Local support tourist expansion, the following measures can be taken: Administration Office • Land Use Planning: Develop a comprehensive land-use plan that considers the needs of both the • Lanta Island Tourism tourism industry and the environment. This plan should identify go no go areas where tourism Tri- partite Committee development can occur without adversely affecting forests, agricultural land, and other natural resources. • Krabi Provincial Public • Zoning Regulations: Enforcing zoning regulations that restrict the development of tourism facilities in Works and Town environmentally sensitive areas such as forest reserves, wetlands, and critical wildlife habitats. This can Planning Office help to prevent forest and agricultural land conversion. Regulations should be put in place to guide urban • Local development practices, such as building hotels along the beach with specific height and size limits to educational avoid obstructing views or blocking access to the beach. The distance between buildings and public institution areas, beaches, and the sea should also be regulated, as well as the creation of buffer zones between • The local the community and accommodation zones, and designated tourist activity zones. Additionally, green office of the areas should be developed to make them easy to manage. Departments • Strengthening Environmental Laws: Implementing stronger environmental laws and regulations that of Marine prevent deforestation, encourage sustainable land use practices and penalize those who violate them. and Coastal • Supporting Sustainable Tourism: Encouraging the growth of sustainable tourism that minimizes its Resources impact on natural resources and fosters economic growth in local communities. This can include promoting eco-tourism, responsible tourism, and cultural tourism. • Public Awareness Campaigns: Conducting public awareness campaigns to educate tourists and local communities about the importance of preserving forests, agricultural land, and other natural resources. This can encourage responsible behavior among tourists and help prevent the destruction of natural resources. • Involvement of Local Communities: Engaging local communities in the development and management of tourism activities can help ensure that tourism development occurs in a sustainable manner. This can involve promoting community-based tourism initiatives that foster the preservation of natural resources while generating income for local communities. Coral Reefs Cumulative impact management measures for the control and mitigation of impact on coral reefs are • The Local suggested as follows: Admiration Offices 33 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Action Responsibility • Use public relations to discourage placing traps on coral reefs and strictly inspect and remove any traps (Or Bor Tor and the that are found. Municipality of Lanta • Use public relations to encourage the collection and recovery of nets after use or when they are attached District) to coral reefs. • Lanta Island Tourism • Upgrade healthy coral reef areas outside of national park/non- hunting areas to continue protecting the Tri- partite sea. Committee • Educate and ask for cooperation from the fishing community to control boredom in fishing, and strictly • The local office of monitor its use. the Departments of Marine and Coastal • Regular patrols to supervise and arrest illegal activities, including fishing in restricted areas. Resources • Control the dumping of garbage from fishing gear and other waste from fishing boats. • The Islands of • Increase the efficiency of waste and wastewater management on the coast and also on the Islands. Carry Lanta National out waste collection in coral reefs and all marine ecosystems and implement onsite wastewater treatment Park system on the islands. • Tour operators • Determine appropriate mooring areas and install enough buoys, including regular checks and repairs to in the Lanta ensure they are ready for use. And allocate a budget for repairing, maintaining, and taking care of the Islands buoys. • Fishing • Establish navigational measures for coral reefs outside of conservation areas. community • Regular patrols to monitor, monitor and arrest anchoring in coral reefs. • Publicize, educate, and determine suitable travel times to prevent tourists from stepping on coral reefs, including providing accurate tourism knowledge. • Carry out coral planting operations to restore coral reefs. • Place artificial coral as a tourist attraction and fisheries instead of natural coral reefs. • Establish marine protected areas (MPAs): Designating certain areas of the Lanta Island as MPAs can limit or prohibit fishing and other human activities that can harm the coral reef. • Implement sustainable fishing practices: Encouraging sustainable fishing practices, such as using alternative fishing gear and implementing catch limits, can help reduce the impact of fishing on the coral reef. • Regulate tourism activities: Limiting the number of tourists and regulating their activities, such as snorkeling and diving, can help prevent damage to the coral reef caused by physical contact or pollution. • Educate tourists and fishermen: Providing education and outreach programs to tourists and fishermen can help raise awareness about the importance of protecting the coral reef and how to minimize their impact. 34 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Action Responsibility • Temporary Closure: A temporary closure of the affected coral reef area may be necessary to allow the ecosystem to recover. The duration of the closure will depend on the extent of the damage and the rate of recovery. Seagrass Cumulative impact management measures for the control and mitigation of impact on the seagrass are • The Local suggested as follows: Admiration Offices • Measures should be taken to control and prevent sediment from boat traffic that can adversely affect (Or Bor Tor and the seagrass beds, allowing them to recover naturally; Municipality of Lanta District) • The frequency of monitoring seagrass conditions in areas where the seafloor has changed should be increased to better understand spatial changes in seagrass conditions and the recovery trend of • Lanta Island Tourism seagrass; and Tri- partite Committee • Promote education, campaigns, and disseminate knowledge about seagrass to the general public. This will increase awareness of the importance of seagrass and coastal resources and create incentives for • The local office of cooperation in conservation efforts to prevent and resolve various problems and threats to keep the Departments of seagrass intact. Marine • Education and Awareness in Tourist Groups: Raising awareness among tourists about the importance of • and Coastal seagrass beds and their role in the marine ecosystem can encourage responsible behavior and reduce Resources the impact on seagrass beds. • The Islands of Lanta • Establishment of Protected Areas: Creating protected areas around seagrass beds can help prevent National Park physical damage caused by anchoring and boat traffic. • Tour operators in the • Regulations: Implementing regulations to restrict boat traffic and anchoring in areas close to seagrass Islands of Lanta beds can reduce sedimentation and physical damage to the seagrass. • Local fishing • Sustainable Tourism Practices: Promoting sustainable tourism practices, such as using environmentally community friendly boats and limiting the number of visitors, can reduce the impact of tourism on seagrass beds Mangroves Cumulative impact management measures for the control and mitigation of impact on mangroves are • The Local suggested as follows: Admiration Offices • Implement waste management measures to reduce garbage in the mangrove forest and other (Or Bor Tor and the ecosystems at the source. Municipality of Lanta District) • Enforce strict regulations on the impact of effluent/wastewater from relevant agencies. • Enforce strict regulations on effluent from shrimp pond sediments by relevant agencies. • Lanta Island Tourism Tri- partite 35 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Action Responsibility • Increase the level of community forest management or conserve mangrove forests according to Section Committee 18 of the Promotion Act 2015 to establish guidelines for sustainable use of wood. • The local office of • Enforce seizure mechanisms and forest reclamation policies, especially in areas where mangrove forests the Departments of are still encroached. Marine and Coastal Resources • Implement mechanisms according to the coastal erosion situation, such as reforestation, to prevent further erosion. • The Islands of Lanta National • Develop cooperation mechanisms and public relations on mangrove navigation to minimize the impact of Park coastal erosion. • Tour operators • Strictly enforce the law in the case of pangolin excavation and hunting. in the Islands of • Increase the level of community forest management or conserve mangrove forests according to Section 18 Lanta of the Promotion Act Marine and Coastal Resources Management Act 2015 to establish guidelines for the • Local fishing community sustainable use of wood. • Implement the establishment of community mangrove forests to involve communities in managing and using mangrove forests sustainably. • To manage and protect mangroves from the influx of tourists and local community utilization, the additional sustainable measures can be implemented as follows: o Establish protected areas: Protected areas can be established to limit access to mangroves and reduce the impact of human activities. These areas can be managed by the established tri-partite committee, and can include regulations such as restricted access, limited use of certain areas, and enforcement of existing laws. o Promote sustainable tourism: Sustainable tourism practices can be promoted to reduce the impact of tourism on mangroves. This can include educating tourists about the importance of mangroves, limiting the number of visitors to certain areas, and implementing eco-tourism activities that promote conservation and sustainable use of the ecosystem. o Implement alternative livelihood programs: Local communities can be provided with alternative livelihood programs that reduce their dependence on mangroves for food, fuel, and other resources. This can include programs that promote sustainable agriculture, eco-tourism, and alternative sources of energy o Conduct regular monitoring and research: Regular monitoring and research can help identify changes in the mangrove ecosystem and assess the effectiveness of management strategies. This can Collaborate with stakeholders: Collaboration with stakeholders, including local communities, government agencies, NGOs, and the private sector, can help to build consensus 36 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Action Responsibility and support for mangrove conservation efforts. This can include engaging in dialogue, sharing information, and building partnerships to promote sustainable management and protection of mangroves. Marine Mammals Based on the current situations of the marine mammals, the following cumulative impact management measures • The Local are suggested for the protection of marine mammals as follows: Admiration Offices • Financial support or awards for fishermen who assist rare marine animals through the establishment of a (Or Bor Tor and the fund for rare marine animal assistance. Municipality of Lanta • Establish a database of areas and times where rare marine animals are found for fishermen to plan their District) fishing activities to minimize threats to these species. • Promotion and reduction of illegal fishing gear, which is a threat to marine life, despite the difficulties faced • Lanta Island Tourism in some areas. Tri- partite • Reduce the amounts of marine debris and waste from fishing activity. Committee • Attach a microchip and identification strip to track the behavior of rare marine animals. • The local office of • Develop a news notification system and fast response unit with community participation in managing rare the Departments of sea creatures. Marine and Coastal • Prevent illegal fishing or stop the use of the fishing gear that poses a threat to rare sea creatures. Resources • Educate and encourage fishermen to participate in conservation and resource management. • The Islands of Lanta • Manage marine and coastal waste by collecting garbage from all ecosystems, installing quarantine garbage National Park bins, and managing waste at the source such as community waste, waste from rivers and canals, waste • Tour operators in the from fishing boats and tourist boats, etc. Islands of Lanta • Establish a rapid response team to assist rare marine animals, especially in difficult situations, and support coastal communities and local authorities in managing incidents and helping marine animals. • Local fishing community • Organize training and create a task force for community participation in assisting rare marine animals. • Establish a database of areas and times where rare marine animals are found for fishermen to plan their fishing activities and navigation to minimize threats to these species. • Promote community tourism to view rare marine animals to reduce the overlap between fishing and tourism activities. • However, there are some additional measures to mitigate the impacts on marine dolphins of Lanta Island from tourist and fishing activities could include: • Establish protected areas and no-fishing zones in areas where rare marine animals are found. Water Quality Cumulative impact management measures for the control and mitigation of impacts on water quality are • The Local suggested as follows: Admiration Offices 37 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Action Responsibility • Implement water-efficient practices in hotels, resorts, and other tourism-related businesses, such as low- (Or Bor Tor and the flow showerheads, faucets, and toilets, as well as water-saving laundry and kitchen equipment. Municipality of Lanta • Educate tourists about the importance of water conservation and encourage them to participate in District) conservation efforts. This can be done through signage, brochures, and other materials in hotels and tourist • Lanta Island Tourism destinations. Tri- partite • Promote the use of reusable water bottles and offer water refilling stations to reduce the use of single-use Committee plastic water bottles. • The local office of • Use treated wastewater for irrigation and other non-potable uses, such as cleaning and firefighting. the Departments of • Implement rainwater harvesting systems to capture and store rainwater for non-potable uses. Marine and Coastal • Repair leaks in water distribution systems and encourage businesses and residents to report leaks promptly. Resources • Implement water restrictions during times of drought or when water supply is limited, such as limiting outdoor watering or enforcing restrictions on water-intensive activities like golf courses or water parks. • The Islands of Lanta National Park • Work with local authorities to implement regulations and policies that encourage water conservation, such as building codes that require water-efficient fixtures and appliances in new construction. • The Provincial Office • Implement a wastewater collection and treatment system of Natural Resources • Assign the Wastewater Management Authority to construct the central wastewater treatment system on the and Environment land of the Local Office Administration and provide services or manage the wastewater treatment systems in the area of Koh Lanta This includes the management or ongoing business related to wastewater management with economic efficiency. • The construction of individual septic tanks is enforced for each building and also the residential unit; • "No build zone" shall be established along the beachfront to prevent further contamination of the island's waters. • Develop a comprehensive monitoring and surveillance system to detect and address any water quality issues promptly. • Encourage hotels and restaurants to adopt sustainable practices such as eco-friendly laundry and dishwashing, and use of biodegradable soaps and cleaning products Protected Areas Cumulative impact management measures for the control and mitigation of impact on protected areas are • The Local suggested as follows: Admiration Offices • Prepare area coordinates as evidence, survey the forest plantation plots, and show the boundary of the (Or Bor Tor and the forest area with signs to indicate the right to use and take care of the area. Municipality of Lanta • Promote public relations by disseminating information about the forest role in economic, social, and District) environmental sustainability development. This can be achieved through booklets, brochures, community • Lanta Island Tourism radio broadcasting, meetings, or appointing a public relations officer. Tri- partite • Foster a good relationship between the forest related authorities and the community by participating in Committee community activities or organizing activities. 38 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Action Responsibility • Educate the community stakeholders around the forest to understand the importance of forests in affecting • The local office of society and the environment sustainably. the Departments of • Organize regular inspections and maintenance activities in the forest area to prevent encroachment and Marine and show ownership and use of the area. Coastal Resources • Collaborate with government agencies, such as soldiers, border patrol units, and Marine Corps Forest • The Islands of Protection and Preservation Units, to prevent encroachment on the state land by patrolling the area. Lanta National • Prepare measures, guidelines, conditions, agreements, and referendums in collaboration with the people in Park each garden area. This will allow for the sustainable use of resources in the forest plantation, such as collecting forest products for food, medicine, or earning a living while preserving the environment and not • The Provincial encroaching on the forest area. Office of Natural • Raise awareness and a sense of ownership in the surrounding community to preserve, take care, and Resources and protect the forestry area from intrusion by other stakeholders who have already taken advantage of the Environment forestry area. This can be achieved by following the process of accessing resources in the forest area • Bureau of Forest correctly and sustainably. Resources • Satellite monitoring can be a powerful tool for addressing forest encroachment issues. Here are some Management Krabi recommendations on how to effectively use satellite monitoring for this purpose: • Establish baseline data: To effectively monitor changes in forest cover over time, it is important to establish baseline data using high-resolution satellite imagery. This data can be used to identify areas of forest encroachment and to track changes in forest cover over time. • Regular monitoring: Regular monitoring of forest cover changes is necessary to identify areas where encroachment is occurring and to track progress in addressing these issues. Monitoring should be conducted at least once a year and should include both high-resolution satellite imagery and ground-truthing. • Develop early warning systems: Early warning systems can help identify areas where forest encroachment is likely to occur in the future. These systems can be developed using satellite imagery, climate data, and other relevant information. • Collaborate with local communities: Local communities can provide valuable information on forest encroachment and can help identify areas that need to be monitored. Engaging with local communities and providing training on satellite monitoring can help build capacity and increase the effectiveness of monitoring efforts. • Use data to inform decision-making: The data collected through satellite monitoring should be used to inform decision-making on forest management and land-use planning. This can include identifying areas that need protection, developing strategies for restoring degraded forest areas, and identifying opportunities for sustainable land use. • Work with relevant stakeholders: Effective use of satellite monitoring requires collaboration with relevant stakeholders, including government agencies, NGOs, and other organizations working on forest conservation and management. By working together, stakeholders can develop effective strategies for 39 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Action Responsibility addressing forest encroachment issues and promoting sustainable land use. • Additionally, providing alternative livelihoods for islanders on Lanta Island to support the local tourism is crucial to prevent forest encroachment for agricultural land, some potential strategies could include: o Ecotourism development: Lanta Island is rich in natural and cultural attractions, such as coral reefs, mangroves, and traditional fishing villages. Developing ecotourism activities, such as guided nature walks, wildlife watching, and cultural tours, could help create jobs and generate income for locals. o Small-scale hospitality industry: Encouraging the development of small-scale accommodations, such as guesthouses, homestays, and eco-lodges, could help boost tourism on the island and provide additional sources of income for local communities with environmental protection measures. o Marine-based tourism: The waters around Lanta Island are home to a variety of marine life, including dolphins, sea turtles, and whale sharks. Offering activities such as snorkeling, diving, and boat tours could attract more tourists to the island and create job opportunities for locals. o Sustainable agriculture: While reducing reliance on agriculture is a key goal, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, such as organic farming, agroforestry, and permaculture, could help provide a supplementary source of income for locals while preserving the natural environment. o Handicrafts and local products: Encouraging the development of local handicrafts and products, such as batik fabrics, woven baskets, and traditional herbal remedies, could help promote the island's unique culture and provide a source of income for local artisans. Tourist Carrying Cumulative impact management measures for the control and mitigation of impact on tourist carrying capacity Capacity are suggested as follows: Lanta Yai Island • To manage tourism on Koh Lanta Yai, it is essential to implement a pricing mechanism, establish a marketing strategy that targets the desired tourist demographic, and conduct regular meetings with entrepreneurs to emphasize the island's vision. Additionally, increasing public awareness of the importance of managing tourism capacity and its environmental impacts, including waste management and wastewater treatment, is crucial. All relevant stakeholders, including the private and public sectors, must cooperate effectively to ensure that tourism on the island does not exceed its carrying capacity. This requires a shared understanding of the importance of sustainable tourism and effective Ngai Island • To effectively manage tourism on Koh Ngai, it is essential to control the growth of private accommodations 40 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Action Responsibility by managing tourist attractions based on their carrying capacity. Entrepreneurs should be requested to cooperate in this effort by refraining from increasing the number of hotels and rooms, and instead using pricing mechanisms to set appropriate rates. This strategy has already been adopted by most entrepreneurs on the island, as evidenced by the relatively higher-than-average accommodation costs. By managing tourist attractions and pricing appropriately, the island can provide a high-quality tourism experience that prioritizes both environmental sustainability and safety. Rok Islands • If groundwater sources can be identified on Koh Rok in the future, the island's optimal number of daily tourists could increase to 500 while still meeting tourists' expectations for a quality experience. However, it will be necessary to improve the island's wastewater treatment system to meet environmental standards. This can be achieved by replacing the current septic tank/seepage tank system with closed treatment tanks and adopting a zero-waste approach that minimizes waste production through the 3 Rs principle. To manage the number of tourists, round-trip tours without overnight stays should be organized, and the number of tourists on Koh Rok and the surrounding dive sites of Mu Ko Lanta National Park should be announced in advance. An electronic ticket control system should be implemented to ensure compliance with capacity limits. The maximum number of tourists that Koh Rok can accommodate should be announced and enforced promptly, particularly as the number of tours from Phuket increases. The Mu Koh Lanta National Park authorities should notify the private sector of capacity limits at least one tourist season in advance to allow for timely adjustments. 41 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 9 Annex 1: Stakeholder Concerns Collected from the project’s EIA’s engagement activities Engagement Activities Main concerns of Stakeholders consulted Focus Group Meeting No. 1 The building of the bridge could result in an increase in population on the island, which raises concerns about crime rates in the vicinity. Besides, preserving natural resources while supporting the local economy is important, and it is necessary to introduce tourism support measures on Koh Lanta. Lastly, implementing effective waste management practices is crucial. Bridge Alternative Selection – 2nd It has been recommended to design a bridge structure that allows for the installation of a parallel water pipe system. Nevertheless, we General meeting have reservations regarding the potential environmental impact, particularly concerning coastal erosion, sedimentation, sediment deposition near the coral reef and themangrove ecosystem. 2nd sub-group meeting and project There was concern on the impact on the coral orientation meeting (3rd general meeting) reef which is in the vicinity of the selected bridge corridor. Meeting to discuss additional measures It is important to consider the challenges posed to reduce environmental impact with local by coastal erosion, sedimentation, and alluvial fishermen groups, Village No. 8, Ban Hua deposit, as well as the preservation of coral reefs Hin and mangrove ecosystems. Additionally, waste management in Koh Lanta becomes increasingly vital as tourism activity intensifies. 42 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Engagement Activities Main concerns of Stakeholders consulted Interviewing of Chief of Non- Hunting Dolphins regularly traverse the location where Area 27 January 2021 the proposed bridge is planned, and this pattern is expected to continue even if the car ferry service ceases. Construction activities that may impact the dolphins include oil spills, ship- generated waves, and loud horn sounds. However, sediment resulting from pile drilling is not likely to have any adverse effects on the dolphins, as they do not have a fixed swimming path. To mitigate the construction-related impact on the dolphins, it is suggested to prevent ship engine oil spills, avoid loud sounds from boat horns, and minimize noise from boat engines. During the operational period, it is important to discourage car honking on the bridge and littering, with particular attention to the disposal of cigarette butts Director of Office of Marine and Coastal I support the project's implementation but have Resources 10 concerns regarding its potential impact. This is because construction activities have the potential to destroy natural resources and alter the ecosystem. Mangrove Forest Resources I agree with the implementation of the project, but Conservation Center 19 (Lanta, Krabi) there are concerns about potential disruptions to water and mangrove forest resources during the construction phase. Therefore, it is recommended that the project clearly delineate the construction area to minimize any negative impact on these resources. 43 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Engagement Activities Main concerns of Stakeholders consulted Krabi Ocean Lovers Association I am in favor of the project, but I have concerns about the launch phase. Once the bridge is opened, there is a risk that the natural character of Koh Lanta may disappear. Therefore, I strongly advise that the project adheres to the measures that have been studied to minimize any negative impact. Provincial Electricity Authority The Krabi Provincial Electricity Authority discussion meeting Krabi Province intends to install four 33 kv transmission line circuits using the bridge structure. However, since there are existing electric cables on high voltage electrical poles and buried under the sea near the construction site, a meeting is required in the future to determine the temporary electrical wires needed during the dismantling and installation of new electrical wires.Additionally, TOT plans to deposit fiber optic cables using the bridge structure as there are currently no communication lines servicing the Koh Lanta area. Provincial Waterworks Authority Khlong To ensure adequate water supply capacity after Thom Branch the development of the bridge, the Provincial Waterworks Authority will collaborate with the Department of Rural Roads to install a water pipe system within the Segmental Box Girder structure of the Ko Lanta Bridge. Public Works and Town Planning Krabi According to the community plan of Koh Lanta Province Yai - Koh Lanta Noi community in Krabi Province, there have not been significant changes in the environment and conditions. The area is capable of accommodating future community expansion while still providing adequate services. 44 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Engagement Activities Main concerns of Stakeholders consulted Solid waste management The building of the bridge could result in an increase in population on the island, which raises concerns about crime rates in the vicinity. Besides, preserving natural resources while supporting the local economy is important, and it is necessary to introduce tourism support measures on Koh Lanta. Lastly, implementing effective waste management practices is crucial. Waste management in Koh Lanta becomes increasingly vital as tourism activity intensifies. Ecology It has been recommended to design a bridge structure that allows for the installation of a parallel water pipe system. Nevertheless, we have reservations regarding the potential environmental impact, particularly concerning coastal erosion, sedimentation, sediment deposition near the coral reef and the mangrove ecosystem. There was concern on the impact on the coral reef which is in the vicinity of the selected bridge corridor. It is important to consider the challenges posed by coastal erosion, sedimentation, and alluvial deposit, as well as the preservation of coral reefs and mangrove ecosystems. I support the project's implementation but have concerns regarding its potential impact. This is because construction activities have the potential to destroy natural resources and alter the ecosystem. I agree with the implementation of the project, but there are concerns about potential disruptions to water and mangrove forest resources during the construction phase. Therefore, it is recommended that the project clearly delineate the construction area to minimize any negative impact on these resources. I am in favor of the project, but I have concerns about the launch phase. Once the bridge is opened, there is a risk that the natural character of Koh Lanta may disappear. 45 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge Engagement Activities Main concerns of Stakeholders consulted Dolphins Dolphins regularly traverse the location where the proposed bridge is planned, and this pattern is expected to continue even if the car ferry service ceases. Construction activities that may impact the dolphins include oil spills, ship-generated waves, and loud horn sounds. However, sediment resulting from pile drilling is not likely to have any adverse effects on the dolphins, as they do not have a fixed swimming path. To mitigate the construction-related impact on the dolphins, it is suggested to prevent ship engine oil spills, avoid loud sounds from boat horns, and minimize noise from boat engines. During the operational period, it is important to discourage car honking on the bridge and littering, with particular attention to the disposal of cigarette butts. 46 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 10 ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers Land use Construction The Islands of Lanta are Jetty Development Project The impact of land use on Lanta Lanta Bridge Project High experiencing potential land use Island includes the encroachment Most of the project route passes The development of pier can lead The construction of the Lanta impacts resulting from the rapid of residential houses into the through the sea, but the terrestrial to a conversion of natural and Bridge project mostly passes expansion of residential, road’s right of way, and component is dominated by agricultural lands to commercial through the sea and some commercial, and tourist sectors. construction encroaching on public mangrove forest, rubber and oil and tourist areas, which can terrestrial areas consisting of This has led to the conversion of canals. palm plantation. The project route have negative impacts on the mangrove forest, rubber and oil natural and agricultural lands to Residential and building land use is within an open land area for environment and local palm plantation. The project area is building lands at an alarming rate. has greatly increased while environmental protection and communities. This can include designated as open land for Analysis of the land use trend, agricultural land, forest area, and forest conservation. The project is the loss of biodiversity and environmental protection and forest particularly for residential and watercourses decreased. There designed to create the least natural habitats, soil erosion, and conservation. The project aims to building areas, shows that the has also been a shift from rural and possible impact on the water pollution from increased have minimal impact on the Lanta Bridge Project could cause a agricultural land use to more environment although construction human activity and infrastructure environment, but construction of doubling of the current conversion developed land use, and more of the bridge approach slabs will development. bridge approach slabs will change rate from around 25% to 50% per establishment and building into change the land use to the land use to transportation. The year. This projection suggests that Furthermore, the development of forest conservation land, transportation. The significance of negative impact is considered all current agricultural lands may a pier can also lead to an particularly evident along the road this negative impact is assessed as moderate. There will be no local be completely converted to increase in tourism-related connecting Klong Nin Beach and moderate. impact during the operation phase. residential and building areas by activities, such as hotels, the community on one side of Koh Operation 2027 to 2028. Consequently, this restaurants, and other tourist Lanta Yai. Induced Impact poses a risk of further facilities, which can have During the implementation The Islands of Lanta are facing encroachment into public and additional impacts on the local phase there will be no local potential land use impacts due to natural lands for additional environment and communities, impact. the rapid expansion of residential, agricultural and residential and such as increased traffic and commercial, and tourist sectors, commercial development. noise pollution. leading to the conversion of natural Therefore, the induced impact on Railway Network and New and agricultural lands to building land use is considered to be Highway Development lands at a fast pace. The Lanta significant. Bridge Project could potentially The implementation of railway double the current conversion rate and highway infrastructure may from 25% to 50% per year, leading not have a direct impact on the to a complete conversion of environment of Lanta Islands, agricultural lands to residential and but it has the potential to building areas by 2027 to 2028. significantly affect tourism for This poses a risk of encroachment the island. With increased into public and natural lands for accessibility, tourists would find further development. Hence, the it easier to visit, possibly induced impact on land use is leading to a surge in visitors considered significant. and more economic opportunities for the local Other Projects community. However, the inflow The development of a jetty pier, of tourists could also put a new highway and the railway new strain on natural resources such work may not significantly impact as water, energy, and wildlife the environment of the islands of habitats. Additionally, it may Lanta, but it could result in rapid development of increase tourism and economic tourist supporting facilities. 47 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers Coral Reef Live corals occur around Koh Pling According to tourist projections, the Pier Construction Project The impact of the external drivers Project High and are present within 6 meters of Lanta Bridge Project has the on the coral reef includes the the construction of a pier could Live and healthy corals are found the bridge route between the Koh potential to increase the growth marine debris, anchoring, also have negative impacts on around Koh Pling and are located Klang side and the island. These rate of tourism from 3.55% to 6.7% excavation and construction, the coral reef ecosystem if it is within six meters of the bridge route corals are alive and healthy but will compared to the current growth mangrove encroachment, cutting not properly designed, located, connecting Koh Klang and the be impacted by vibration and rate of the Phuket Islands. This of maritime pine wood, and and managed. The construction island. The vibration and sediment dispersal of sediment as described could lead to an estimated dredging of water channels have process itself could generate dispersal resulting from the bridge above. increase of 1.27 million tourists per negatively affected the coral reef sedimentation, which can construction will negatively impact year over the next 30 years. of Lanta Island. This impact is assessed as a negative smother coral and other marine these corals with moderate impact of moderate significance. The influx of tourists visiting Lanta organisms. It could also result in Tourism activities like diving and significance. Island could have a significant the destruction of seagrass beds lack of proper diving skills, as well Induced Impacts impact on the coral reefs in the and other important habitats. as deterioration of seawater quality area. Increased tourist activity, caused by the discharge of The Lanta Bridge Project has the Once the pier is operational, it such as snorkeling, diving, and wastewater from community and potential to significantly increase could increase the number of boat tours, can damage coral reefs commercial areas, have also tourism on Lanta Island, potentially boats and visitors to the island, by breaking and killing coral, as contributed to the coral reef’s leading to damage of the coral reefs which could lead to increased well as by causing sedimentation damage. due to increased tourist activity, damage to the coral reef and pollution. pollution, and construction of tourist ecosystem through boat facilities. The coral reef baseline The Increase In tourism may also grounding and anchoring, conditions on the islands are lead to an increase in the pollution, and physical damage already at a concerning state with construction of tourist facilities, caused by visitors. approximately 50% living coral reef such as hotels, which could lead to Railway Network and New and 29% dead coral reef, and the habitat destruction and a loss of Highway Development influx of tourists is expected to biodiversity. In addition, the influx worsen the situation. The induced of visitors could result in an The implementation of railway impact of the Lanta Bridge Project increase in waste and litter, further and highway infrastructure may on the coral reef is considered polluting the waters around Lanta not have a direct impact on the significant. Island. environment of Lanta Islands, but it has the potential to Other Projects The coral reef baseline conditions significantly affect tourism for on the Islands of Lanta are The construction of a pier could the island. With increased approximately 50% living coral reef harm the coral reef ecosystem due accessibility, tourists would find and 29% dead coral reef. The to sedimentation, destruction of it easier to visit, possibly influx of tourists is expected to seagrass beds, and increased traffic leading to a surge in visitors worsen the situation by further of boats and visitors. The railway and more economic reducing the amount of living coral and highway infrastructure can opportunities for the local reef and increasing the proportion increase tourism and economic community. of dead coral reefs. Therefore, the opportunities, but snorkeling, diving, impact of the Lanta Bridge project However, tourism-related and boating can have negative on the coral reef is considered activities such as snorkeling, impacts on the coral reefs due to significant. diving, and boating can have physical harm, discharge of negative impacts on the health of pollutants, overfishing, and coral reefs. When tourists come harvesting of marine life. The coral into contact with coral, they can reef baseline conditions on the accidentally kick, touch, or Islands of Lanta are already damage it, causing physical harm affected, with approximately 50% to the coral’s living coral reef and 29% dead fragile structures. This can lead 48 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers Seagrass Sea grass in the area is limited to According to tourist projections, the Pier Construction Project The Marine and Coastal Project High small, fragmented patches near the Lanta Bridge Project has the Resources Committee of Krabi Koh Lanta Noi side. The closest The construction of a pier on During the construction of the potential to increase the growth rate Province’s report on the state of patch is within two meters of the Lanta Island could have bridge footings, the dispersal and of tourism from 3.55% to 6.7% marine and coastal resources in bridge route and will be impacted by significant negative impacts on settling of sediments will negatively the dispersal and settling of compared to the current growth rate the region highlights the sources the seagrass beds in the impact the closest patch within two sediments during the construction of of the Phuket Islands. This could of pressure on seagrass. The surrounding waters. During the meters of the bridge route, which is bridge footings, which is assessed as lead to an estimated increase of causes are categorized into two construction process, assessed as a moderate negative a negative impact of moderate 1.27 million tourists per year over groups, natural changes such as significance. sedimentation can occur, which impact. the next 30 years. sand sediment deposits during the can smother and suffocate the monsoon season, resulting in Project Induced Impact Increase in tourist potentially cause seagrass. decreased seagrass coverage, more tourist boats which are a The Lanta Bridge Project has the Once the pier is operational, it and the impact of boat navigation significant source of boat traffic in potential to significantly increase can increase the traffic of boats near seagrass areas, leading to the waters surrounding Lanta Island. tourism in the area, which may lead and visitors to the island, leading sedimentation and damage to the And their frequent movement can to an increase in tourist boats and to more physical damage to the seagrass beds. contribute to the sedimentation of sedimentation, negatively impacting seagrass beds due to boat seagrass beds. The physical impact the seagrass beds. Seagrass grounding and anchoring. Boats of boats anchoring and docking can provides food and shelter for marine can also discharge pollutants and also damage seagrass beds, species, and their destruction can waste materials, which can uprooting and breaking apart the have a cascading effect on the negatively impact the health of delicate plants. marine ecosystem. The impact of the seagrass. Oil spills and fuel the bridge development project on The discharge of wastewater due to leaks from boats can have seagrass is assessed as significant the influx of tourists to Lanta Island particularly devastating effects on due to the potential damage it can can have a significant impact on the seagrass and its surrounding cause to the ecosystem. seagrass beds in the surrounding ecosystem. waters. Other Development Projects The construction of railway and Wastewater contains high levels of highway infrastructure The construction of a pier on Lanta nutrients, such as nitrogen and Island and the development of phosphorus, which can lead to The construction of railway and railway and highway infrastructure eutrophication of the water. highway infrastructure on Lanta on the island could significantly Eutrophication causes an excessive Island has the potential to impact seagrass beds. During the growth of algae and other significantly impact the seagrass construction process, sedimentation microorganisms, which can reduce beds due to the increased can occur, leading to the suffocation the amount of light available to accessibility it will bring to the of seagrass. seagrass beds, inhibiting their island, which could lead to an Once the infrastructure is growth and survival. influx of tourists. With more operational, increased boat traffic tourists visiting the island, there Moreover, the presence of and anchoring can physically will be more pressure on the wastewater in the water can lead to a damage the seagrass, and boats seagrass beds from boat traffic, decrease in water quality, which can can discharge pollutants that can anchoring, and human activity. further harm seagrass beds. The negatively impact the health of the discharge of untreated wastewater Boat traffic and anchoring can seagrass. The increased can introduce harmful pollutants and cause physical damage to accessibility to the island could also toxins into the water, which can be seagrass beds, which can take a lead to an influx of tourists, resulting toxic to seagrass and other marine long time to recover. When in more pressure on the seagrass life. boats run aground or anchor in beds from boat traffic, anchoring, Additionally, the increased seagrass beds, they can and human activity. damage the plants and their nutrient levels in the water can roots, which can lead to promote the growth of harmful 49 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers Mangrove The start and end points of the According to tourist projections, the Pier Development Project The reduction in mangrove forest Project High bridge are in mangrove habitat Lanta Bridge Project has the area is attributed to various During the construction of the The construction of the Lanta where a total of 40 trees were potential to increase the growth rate activities that exploit the land, pier, sedimentation can occur, Bridge project will impact 40 located, 37 of which represent six of tourism from 3.55% to 6.7% including housing and agricultural leading to the smothering and mangrove trees at the start and species of mangroves. These do compared to the current growth rate development, tourism, suffocation of the mangrove end points of the bridge, which do not include any threatened species. of the Phuket Islands. This could construction of piers, and the roots. Mangroves also require a not include any threatened These trees will need to be cleared lead to an estimated increase of establishment of aquaculture delicate balance of salt and fresh species. The negative impact on or relocated for construction of the 1.27 million tourists per year over areas such as shrimp ponds. water, and the construction of the the mangrove ecosystem is bridge. The significance of the the next 30 years. Additionally, the cutting down of pier can disrupt this balance, assessed as moderate. However, negative impact on the coastal mangroves to build resorts, The influx of tourists to Lanta Island leading to the death of the trees. there will be no local impact during mangrove ecosystem is assessed restaurants, and sell to can have significant negative Furthermore, the construction of the implementation phase. as moderate. construction operators, as well as impacts on the mangrove the pier can lead to the for entrepreneurs to shrimp farm, Project Induced Impact During the implementation phase ecosystem in the region. One of the destruction of mangrove habitat, operators of anchovy boiling there will be no local impact. major impacts of tourism on displacing the species that rely The Lanta Bridge Project has the factories, and also those who mangroves is habitat destruction. As on it for survival. potential to increase tourism by an purchase jellyfish, further tourism increases, there is often an estimated 1.27 million tourists per Once the pier is operational, it exacerbate the issue. These also increase in the demand for year over the next 30 years. can lead to an increase in boat include the exportation of infrastructure and development, However, this increase in tourism traffic, further impacting the mangroves wood to neighboring leading to the conversion of can have significant negative mangrove ecosystem. Boats can countries. Based on the report by mangrove areas into tourist facilities impacts on the mangrove cause physical damage to the the Department of Marine and such as hotels, restaurants, and ecosystem in the region, including mangrove roots when they Coastal Resources (DMCR), by recreational areas. This conversion habitat destruction, physical anchor, leading to the uprooting 2016, the mangrove areas had can result in the direct loss of damage from boating activities, and mortality of the trees. In reduced to 43,111 rai, resulting in mangrove habitat and fragmentation pollution, and overfishing. addition, boats can discharge a total reduction of approximately of the ecosystem. pollutants and waste materials, 8,647 rai in Lanta District area. Other Development Project Additionally, increased tourism can negatively impacting the health of The development of a pier on lead to more boating activities, the mangroves and the species Lanta Island can cause which can result in physical that rely on them. sedimentation, destroy mangrove damage to the mangrove habitat. Overall, the development of a habitat, and increase boat traffic Boats can run aground or damage local pier on Lanta Island can leading to physical damage and the roots of mangrove trees, have significant negative impacts pollution. leading to uprooting and mortality. on the surrounding mangrove Furthermore, the discharge of The construction of railway and ecosystem, leading to the pollutants from boats, such as oil highway infrastructure in Krabi destruction of habitat, the death and chemicals, can also negatively Province may not directly affect the of trees, and the displacement of impact the health of the mangroves mangroves on Lanta Island but species. and the surrounding ecosystem. could result in an increase in tourist The construction of railway and influx, leading to negative impacts Increased tourism can also lead to highway infrastructure on the mangrove ecosystem. The increased pressure on the natural induced impact of these projects on resources that the mangrove Although the construction of railway the mangrove is significant, ecosystem provides. For example, and highway infrastructure in Krabi Province may not directly affect the including habitat destruction, the demand for seafood by tourists mangrove on Lanta Island, the fragmentation, physical damage can lead to overfishing in the resulting increase in tourist influx to from boating activities, pollution mangrove areas, which can the island could have similar negative from boat discharges, overfishing, negatively impacts on the and depletion of natural resources provided by 50 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers Marine Mammals During construction the drilling of According to tourist projections, the Pier Development Project In 2021, there were 4 reported Project High bridge pier structures the noise Lanta Bridge Project has the cases of dolphin and whale Some potential impacts of pier The construction of bridge pier and vibration will have an potential to increase the growth rate strandings in Krabi province. The development on dolphins on structures could have an impact on underwater impact which could of tourism from 3.55% to 6.7% main threats to these animals are Lanta Island include: dolphins, including potential hearing affect the hearing and behavior of compared to the current growth rate illness and unidentified causes, and behavioral effects from noise dolphins. They could be injured by of the Phuket Islands. This could Noise pollution: Construction accounting for 33% and 67% of the and vibration during pile drilling, and boats from the water lead to an estimated increase of and operation of piers can cases, respectively. the risk of injury from boats transportation of materials and 1.27 million tourists per year over generate high levels of transporting materials. Dolphins equipment. Dolphins can flee the the next 30 years. underwater noise, which can may flee the area, but the impact is area, but the impact is assessed interfere with dolphin The Influx of tourists to Lanta considered moderate. However, as moderate. communication and behavior. Islands can have a significant there will be no underwater noise However, there will be no underwater impact on the marine mammals in Increased boat traffic: Piers emissions during the noise emissions during the the region. Marine mammals, such often attract increased boat implementation phase. implementation phase. as dolphins and whales, are highly traffic, which can increase the risk Project Induced Impact sensitive to changes in their of collisions between boats and environment, and an increase in dolphins, as well as disturb their The Lanta Bridge Project has the tourist activities can disrupt their natural behavior. potential to significantly increase natural behavior and habitat. tourism to the Lanta Islands, which Pollution: Pier development could negatively impact marine One of the most significant impacts can increase the risk of mammals such as dolphins and of tourism on marine mammals is pollution from construction whales. Noise pollution and noise pollution. The noise generated activities and associated boat physical disturbance from boats by boats, jet skis, and other traffic, which can negatively and watercraft can harm or even kill watercraft can interfere with the impact dolphin health and these animals. Tourism-related communication and echolocation habitat quality. pollution can also have serious abilities of marine mammals. This The construction of railway and consequences for marine can lead to disorientation and highway infrastructure mammals. Therefore, the increase confusion, making it difficult for them in tourism could have significant to navigate and find food. Although the construction of negative impacts on the marine railway and highway Another impact of tourism on mammals in the region. infrastructure in Krabi Province marine mammals is physical may not directly affect the marine Other Project Development disturbance. As more boats and mammals on Lanta Island, the watercrafts are introduced into the The potential impacts of pier resulting increase in tourist influx development on dolphins in Lanta waters surrounding Lanta Islands, to the island could have negative Island include noise pollution, there is an increased risk of impact. increased boat traffic, and pollution. collisions and other physical The influx of tourist can have a The construction of railway and disturbances that can harm or even highway infrastructure may not significant impact on marine kill marine mammals. directly affect the marine mammals mammals, such as dolphins and on Lanta Island, but the resulting Tourism can also contribute to whales, in the Lanta Islands increase in tourist influx could have marine pollution, which can have region. Noise pollution from negative impacts on them. Tourism- serious consequences for marine boats and other watercraft can related pollution and increased boat mammals. Pollution from tourist disrupt their communication and traffic can harm or kill marine activities, such as oil spills, sewage echolocation abilities, making it mammals and disrupt their natural difficult for them to navigate and behavior. discharge, and litter, can contaminate the water and harm find food. Physical disturbance marine mammals directly or from increased boat traffic also indirectly through the food chain. poses a risk of harm or death. Additionally, tourism-related pollution, such 51 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers Water Quality The construction worker campsite According to tourist projections, the Pier Development Project The discharge of untreated Project High and office are situated onshore in Lanta Bridge Project has the wastewater from hotel operators The construction phase may The construction of the Lanta Ko Klang Subdistrict during the potential to increase the growth and restaurants directly into result in sedimentation and Bridge project will have minimal construction phase. An onsite rate of tourism from 3.55% to 6.7% natural water sources on Koh erosion due to soil disturbance, impact on wastewater during the wastewater treatment system will compared to the current growth Lanta has led to deteriorating which can cause an increase in construction phase as an onsite be provided, and an onsite toilet rate of the Phuket Islands. This water quality, hindering beach turbidity and a decrease in water treatment system and toilet will be will be installed at the construction could lead to an estimated activities, causing unpleasant clarity. The presence of provided. However, the site, which will be maintained by increase of 1.27 million tourists per odors, and impacting the tourism machinery and equipment may implementation phase will require the municipality. As a result, the year over the next 30 years. industry. The lack of monitoring also result in oil and chemical the provision of tourist facilities, project’s impact on wastewater is systems and enforcement of The wastewater projection shows spills, which can have a negative including a bathroom- toilet and believed to be minor. regulations exacerbates the that if the Lanta Bridge Project is impact on water quality. parking space, which will generate problem. During implementation, the project implemented, there will be a wastewater and solid waste that will In the operational phase, the jetty will provide one bathroom-toilet and significant increase in daily Changes in land use, particularly need to be managed. This impact is parking space for tourists to visit the may result in increased vessel wastewater of 7,070.10 cubic the conversion of forests to considered to be low before viewpoints on the bridge. A traffic and the discharge of meters by 2056. This amount is residential and building land, may mitigation measures are taken. continuous flow of tourists is wastewater and other pollutants double compared to the scenario also impact water quality if the expected, which will lead to into the water. The wastewater Project Induced Impact wastewater and solid waste which will without the Lanta Bridge project. discharged from the jetty may management of wastewater is not need to be managed. This negative properly handled. Tourist projections show that the Focusing on Marine Water Quality contain pollutants such as oil impact has a low pre-mitigation Lanta Bridge Project could increase Index (MWQI) of Ko Lanta, it was and grease, heavy metals, and significance. tourism growth to 6.7% and bring in analyzed over the years 2018 to nutrients, which can have a 1.27 million tourists per year for the 2020, the index score for Ko Lanta detrimental impact on the water next 30 years. in 2018 was 80.9, which decreased quality of the surrounding area. However, wastewater projections to 77.2 in 2019 and further The discharge of these pollutants show a significant increase in daily decreased to can lead to eutrophication, wastewater of 7,070.10 cubic 74.3 in 2020. This suggests that harmful algal blooms, and other meters by 2056, which could double the water quality in Ko Lanta has water quality issues. the scenario without the project. been deteriorating over the years, The construction of railway and The Marine Water Quality Index of possibly due to increasing tourist highway infrastructure Ko Lanta has also been activities and pollution. The main deteriorating due to increasing pollutants that affect the water Although the construction of tourist activities and pollution. The quality index in Ko Lanta are total railway and highway implementation of the Lanta Bridge coliform bacteria, fecal coliform infrastructure in Krabi Province project is likely to have a significant bacteria, and dissolved oxygen. may not directly affect the marine impact on water quality due to the The level of total coliform bacteria mammals on Lanta Island, the discharge of untreated wastewater, in the water has exceeded the resulting increase in tourist influx which can harm the aquatic standard limit of 1,000 MPN/100 to the island could have negative ecosystem and public health, mL, indicating that the water is impact. impact the tourism industry, and contaminated with human or The implementation of these cause aesthetic impacts. animal fecal matter. development projects is Other Project Development However, the doubling of expected to result in a wastewater discharge resulting significant increase in daily The construction of a pier and the from the implementation of the wastewater discharge, which development of railway and Lanta Bridge project in the future could negatively impact the highway infrastructure in Krabi is likely to have a significant water quality of Lanta Island. Province may lead to increased impact on the water Marine Water Quality Index vessel traffic and daily quality of Lanta Island. Increased (MWQI) analysis shows that water wastewater discharge, which discharge of untreated wastewater quality in Ko Lanta has been could lead to an accumulation of deteriorating over the years, with total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform pollutants, including organic matter, bacteria, and dissolved oxygen being nitrogen, and phosphorus, in the the main pollutants affecting the index surrounding water bodies. This may score. result in a decrease in dissolved Increased discharge of untreated 52 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers oxygen levels in the water, which wastewater could lead to an can negatively impact the aquatic accumulation of pollutants, harmful ecosystem, including the health of bacteria, and pathogens, resulting in negative impacts on the aquatic fish and other marine organisms. ecosystem and public health. The discharge of untreated or Furthermore, the aesthetic impacts of increased wastewater discharge could inadequately treated wastewater negatively affect the tourism industry. can also result in the proliferation of harmful bacteria and pathogens, Therefore, the induced impact from including fecal coliforms and E. coli. other project development on the water This can lead to the contamination quality of Lanta Islands is considered to be significant. of water sources and potentially cause waterborne diseases. The increased presence of harmful bacteria and pathogens in the water can also impact the tourism industry, which is a significant source of income for the area. In addition to the potential harm to the aquatic ecosystem and public health, increased wastewater discharge can also have aesthetic impacts, such as foul odors, discoloration of water, and the presence of floating debris, which can negatively impact the tourism industry. As a result, the impact on water quality caused by the implementation of the Lanta Bridge Project is deemed to be significant. 53 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers Protected Areas The Lanta Bridge Project passes Based on the projection of the Pier, Highway and Railway Koh Lanta Yai has exceeded its Project High through an area that is a habitat for decline of the forest area of the Network Development capacity to support tourism due to Construction of the project can a diverse range of species and is Islands of Lanta, it shows that by Project waste, wastewater, cause negative impacts such as designated as a protected area. 2056, the Lanta Bridge Project led accommodation facilities, and These development projects in pollution, felling of trees and Construction of the project may to an additional reduction of parking spaces. Koh Rok is Lanta Island and its vicinity will vegetation, and disturbance from have negative impacts such as 4,753.79 Rais of the forest land experiencing strain in terms of not directly generate the impact increased presence of people and increased presence of people, compared to the scenario without water use and psychological on the impact areas. transportation of materials. The transportation of materials, felling the project. impact, while Koh Ngai’s capacity However, the induced impact construction workforce may also of trees and clearing of vegetation, has not yet been exceeded. The deforestation of the forest area due to the influx of tourist to the engage in illegal activities and and pollution. A workforce of 170 However, tourist behavior and results from the swift conversion of Lanta Island will potentially create a demand for natural people may also create a demand boat tours around Koh Rok have agricultural land into residential, contribute to the negative resources. The impact on protected for natural resources and engage had severe ecological impacts commercial, and tourist facilities. impact on the protected area. areas is not adequately considered. in illegal activities. The disturbance beyond its capacity. Other dive As locals sell their agricultural However, no trees will be cut or created by construction activities is The influx of tourist can further sites around Koh Ngai and Koh lands to support urbanization and forest areas used during the assessed as a negative impact but accelerate the encroachment of Haa have experienced the expansion of tourist facilities, implementation phase, and no does not adequately consider the forest land for the development of deteriorated coral reef resources they tend to encroach on forest impact on the terrestrial habitat is impact on protected areas. During the residential, commercial, and compared to Koh Rok and Koh areas by expanding their expected. the implementation phase, regular tourist facilities. The influx of Ngai, but the number of divers has agricultural lands. The maintenance will occur without tourists also lead to not yet exceeded their capacity to Project Induced Impact implementation of the Lanta Bridge cutting trees or using forest areas, overcrowding, environmental support. project can accelerate the The projection shows that the Lanta and no impact to the terrestrial degradation, and loss of natural aforementioned process, resulting Bridge Project will cause an habitat is expected. resources, such as water and in more encroachment of the forest additional reduction of 4,753.79 energy, and poor waste area due to the influx of tourists. Rais of forest land by 2056 management can cause pollution compared to the scenario without Moreover, the influx of tourists can of the land and marine the project. The deforestation is lead to overcrowding, environment. caused by the rapid conversion of environmental degradation, and The Induced impact due to the agricultural land into residential, loss of natural resources. For implementation of the other commercial, and tourist facilities, example, increased demand for development projects is therefore which is accelerated by the influx of water and energy can put a strain significant. tourists due to the bridge project. on the islands’ infrastructure, This can lead to overcrowding, leading to a shortage of resources environmental degradation, and for the local population. loss of natural resources, such as Furthermore, the increased waste water and energy. The impact of the generation from tourism activities project is considered significant. can result in poor waste management, leading to pollution Other Project Development of the land and marine The development projects in and environment. around Lanta Island are not directly The induced impact due to the causing negative impacts on implementation of the Lanta Bridge protected areas. However, the influx project is therefore significant. of tourists to the island due to these projects may lead to negative impacts on the protected areas, including encroachment on forest land, overcrowding, environmental degradation, and resource depletion. The induced impact from these development projects is significant. External Drivers 54 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge VEC Potential Impacts from the Project Potential Impacts from the Potential Impacts from Other Potential Impacts from External Cumulative Impact Priority Ranking project’s induced pressures Projects Drivers Koh Lanta Yai is overwhelmed with tourism and cannot support it due to issues like waste, wastewater, accommodation, and parking. Koh Rok is facing strain due to water use and psychological impact, and tourist behavior around it has led to ecological damage beyond its capacity. Meanwhile, Koh Ngai has not exceeded its capacity, and the other dive sites around Koh Ngai and Koh Haa have experienced coral reef deterioration, but their capacity has not been exceeded by the number of divers. Cumulative Impact The cumulative impact on protected areas is largely caused by an increase in tourism resulting from the implementation of the Lanta Bridge and other infrastructure development projects in Krabi Province. This influx of tourists has the potential to further accelerate encroachment on protected areas as more land is needed for commercial and tourist development. This puts even more pressure on already vulnerable protected lands. Additionally, the influx of tourists puts a strain on the physical and ecological conditions, especially on Lanta Yai Island, where the carrying capacity has already been exceeded. Overall, the protected area is expected to be adversely impacted by other projects and/or external drivers and the future addition of the Project andproject induced pressures could incrementally contribute to the adverse impact. Actions should be implemented in the short term to mitigate potential adverse cumulative impacts on the VEC. 55 Rapid Cumulative Impact Assessment (RCIA) – Lanta Bridge 11 ANNEX 3: LANTA DECLARATION PRESENTATION 56