MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPEMENT PLANNING (MNDP) JURISDICTIONAL STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA) FOR ZAMBIA INTEGRATED FOREST LANDSCAPE PROJECT (ZIFLP) LOCATED AT EASTERN PROVINCE, ZAMBIA UPDATED PROCESS FRAMEWORK Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd., Singapore In Joint Venture with Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. India November 2021 Rev-02 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. QUALITY CONTROL PLAN Project Title Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. Client Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP). Client’s Contact Person Dr.Tasila Banda, National Project Coordinator, Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Document Prepared By Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt Ltd., India. Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd., Singapore. Original Date Prepared 24th September 2020. Revision-01 30th January 2021 Revision-02 5th November 2021 Approved By: 05th November 2021 (Team Leader) (Date) By signing, I certify, that the document/report has been prepared and reviewed as per the quality assurance measures established in ACE “Quality Management System”. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. TABLE OF CONTENTS QUALITY CONTROL PLAN CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………………... 1-1 1.2 PURPOSE OF PROCESS FRAMEWORK……………………………………..……………. 1-2 1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION…………………………………………………………….……… 1-3 1.3.1 Project Development Objective……………………………………………………… 1-3 1.3.2 Project Components…………………………………………………………………. 1-4 1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE…………………………………..…………………………………. 1-11 CHAPTER-2: PROCESS FRAMEWORK METHODOLOGY 2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURES………………………….……………………………………. 2-1 2.2 CONSULTATIONS….…………………………………………………………………….…. 2-2 2.3 FIELD OBSERVATIONS………………………….…………………………………………. 2-4 2.4 ANALYSIS OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DATA…………………. 2-4 ANALYSIS OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND ZAMBIAN, 2.5 2-4 LEGISLATION AND INETRNATIONAL AGREEMENTS……………………………….... 2.1 CHAPTER-3: POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 ZAMBIAN NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS ………….…….……….…… 3-1 3.1.1 National Resettlement Policy, 2015………………………………………………… 3-1 3.1.2 Constitution of Zambia Cap 1………………………………………………………... 3-2 3.1.3 Environment Management Act, 2011………………………………………………. 3-2 3.1.4 Land Act Cap 184,1995……………………………………………………………… 3-2 3.1.5 Local Government Act, Cap 281,2019………………………………………………. 3-3 3.1.6 Urban and Regional Planning Act, 2015……………………………………………... 3-4 3.1.7 Arbitration Act No.19 of 2000………………………………………………………. 3-4 3.1.8 Forests Act, 2015……………………………………………………………….......... 3-4 3.1.9 Zambia Wildlife Act,2015…………………………………………………………… 3-5 3.1.10 National Heritage Conservation Act, Cap 173 of 1989……………………………… 3-6 3.1.11 Agricultural Land Act, Cap 187 of 2006……………………………………………. 3-6 3.1.12 Land Survey Act Cap 188,1995……………………………………………………… 3-6 3.1.13 Valuation Surveyors Act Cap 207……………………………………………………. 3-6 3.2 WORLD BANK RESETTLMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK………………………………... 3-6 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ZAMBIAN LEGISLATION AND THE WORLD BANK OP 3.3 3-7 4.12……………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.3.1 Measures to close the gaps…………………………………………………………. 3-9 3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT………………………………………………………. 3-10 3.4.1 Coordination Level…………………………………………………………………... 3-10 3.4.2 Implementation Level………………………………………………………………... 3-11 3.4.3 Gaps in Institutional Arrangement…………………………………………………. 3-12 3.4.4 Recommendations on The Institutional Gaps……………………............................. 3-13 CHAPTER-4: SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE 4.1 GENERAL SETTING………………………………………….……………………………... 4-1 4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT………………………………………………………. 4-1 4.2.1 Demography…….……………………………………………………………………. 4-1 i Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. 4.2.2 Economic Activities…………...……………………………………………………... 4-2 4.2.3 Area of Cultural Significance………………………………………………………… 4-3 4.3 GENDER ISSUES……………........…………………………………………………………... 4-3 4.4 LAND TENURE…………………………………………………………….…………………. 4-5 4.5 FOREST RESOURCES……….………………………………………………………………. 4-6 4.6 THE LUANGWA FLOOD PLAIN: A RAMSAR SITE……………………...………………. 4-11 4.7 THE MAIN DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION………… 4-11 4.8 LAND CONFLICTS…………………………………………………………………………... 4-13 4.9 SOCIAL VULNERABILITIES……………………………………………………………….. 4-14 CHAPTER-5 : RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS TO PROTECTED AREAS 5.1 POTENTIAL CASES OF RESTRICTION OF ACCESS TO PROTECTED AREAS………. 5-1 5.2 POTENTIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS…………………………………………………….……… 5-2 5.2.1 Positive Impacts……………………………………………….……………………. 5-2 5.2.2 Adverse Impacts……………..……………………………………………………… 5-2 5.3 LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION MEASURES……………………..………………………... 5-7 5.4 FUNDINGS OF LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLANS………….…….…........................ 5-9 CHAPTER-6: ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA 6.1 ELIGIBILITY OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS ……………………………………… 6-1 6.2 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA……………………………………..……………..………….......... 6-1 6.3 CUT-OFF DATE……………………………………..………………………………….……. 6-2 CHAPTER-7: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 7.1 POTENTIAL GRIEVANCES AND DISPUTES……………………………………………... 7-1 7.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MEACHANISM…………………………………………………. 7-1 7.3 UNRESOLVED GRIEVANCES AND DISPUTES…………………………………………. 7-4 CHAPTER-8: PARTICIPATORY MONITORING PROCEDURES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ALTERNATIVES LIVELIHOOD 8.1 8-1 SCHEMES………………………………………………………………………………….…. 8.2 MONITORING PLANS AND INDICATORS………………………………………………… 8-2 8.3 DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS……………………………………………………………… 8-3 CHAPTER-9: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 9.1 OBJECTIVES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS…………………………………… 9-1 9.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE CONSULTATIONS……………………………... 9-1 9.3 CONSULTATION PROCESS………………………………………………………………… 9-1 9.3.1 One-to-one consultations with Government Departments……………………………. 9-1 9.4 DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS…………………………………………………………… 9-2 ii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. Table 2.1 Literatures reviewed………….……………………………………………………. 2-1 Table 2.2 Names of the consulted government departments………….……………………. 2-2 Table 2.3 Consulted community groups…………………….………….……………………. 2-3 Table 3.1 Comparison between Zambian Legislation and World Bank OP 4.12.……………. 3-1 Table 3.2 Recommendations on Institutional Gaps…………………….………….…………. 3-13 Table 4.1 Forests area in Eastern Province……………………….………………….………. 4-9 Table 4.2 Endangered species of the Luangwa Flood Plains………………………...…….... 4-11 Table 4.3 District wise economic activities performed in the forest areas……………….…. 4-15 Table 7.1 Grievance redress procedure at the different levels of administration………....…. 7-2 Table 8.1 Types of variable indicators…………………….………………….………....…. 8-4 Table 8.2 Indicators for monitoring process……………….………………….………....…. 8-4 Table 9.1 Issues, concerns and suggestions of the Government stakeholders…………....…. 9-2 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. Figure 1.1 Map of ZIFLP project areas…….………………………………………………... 1-3 Figure 4.1 Population distribution of Eastern Province.…………………...……...…...…… 4-2 Figure 4.2 Culturally Significant Sites………………....…………………...……...…...…… 4-4 Figure 4.3 Forests of Eastern Province………………...…………………...……...…...…… 4-8 Figure 4.4 Percentage of the Eastern Province Forests area ………………...……………… 4-9 LIST OF PHOTOPLATES Photo Plates No. Title Page No. Photo Plates 2.1 Stakeholder Consultations……………...………………………..…….…. 2-3 ANNEXURES Annexure I Livelihood Restoration Contents Annexure II Census survey Forms Annexure III Environmental and Social screening Forms Annexure IV Grievance Redress Mechanism Annexure V Monitoring Form Annexure VI Consultations Annexure VII ZIFLP Land Study Mission Progamme iii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. List of Abbreviations ACE Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. And Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. ADCs Area Development Committees AIDS Acquired immune deficiency virus ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration BII Birds International, Inc. BioCF BioCarbon Fund CA Conservation Agriculture CAC Camp agriculture committee CBD Community board development CEN Critically Endangered CFM Community Forest Management CFMGs Community Forestry Management Groups CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research COMACO Community Markets for Conservation COMPACI Competitive African Cotton Initiative CRBs Community Resource Boards CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSOs Community Society Organisations DCCNR Department of Climate Change and Natural Resources DEC Drug Enforcement Commission DNPW Department of National Parks and Wildlife DPIU District Program Implementation Unit ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia EEPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EN Endangered EP Eastern Province ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute FAO Food and agriculture organisation FD Forestry Department FGDs Focus Group Discussions FIP Forest Investment Program FISP Farmers Input Support Program FRA Food Reserve Agency GEF Global Environmental Facility GHG Green House Gases GMAs Game Management Areas GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GRZ Government of Zambia HIV Human Immuno deficiency virus HWC Human-Wildlife conflict IDA International Development Agency ISFL Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes ISFM Integrated soil fertility management practices IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JD Job Description JFM Joint Forest Management LNP Luambe National Park LRPs Livelihood Restoration Plans or Land Resettlement program LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry iv Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. List of Abbreviations M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MLNR Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources MMEWD Ministry of Energy and Water Development MNDP Ministry of National Development Planning MoF Ministry of Finance MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NHCC National Heritage Conservation Commission NP National Park NPSC National Project Steering Committee NPU National Planning Unit NTAC National Technical Advisory Committee NTCA Nyika Trans-frontier Conservation Area O&M Operations and Maintenance OP Office of the president OVIs Objectively verifiable indicators PAPs Project affected people PAs Protected Areas PDO Project Development Objective PES Payments for Environmental Services PF Process Framework PFM Private Forest Management PIM Project Implementation Manual PMU Project Management Unit PPIU Provincial Project Implementation Unit PPSC Provincial Planning Sub Committee PPU Provincial Planning Unit PSs Permanent Secretaries R&D Research and Development RAP Resettlement action plan REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation SALM Sustainable Agricultural Land Management SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SIS Safeguards Information System SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development USGS United States Geological Survey VAT Value-added tax WB World Bank WDPA World Database on Protected Areas WPOs Wildlife police officers ZARI Zambia Agriculture Research Institute ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency ZIFLP Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project ZNS Zambia National Service ZP Zambia Police v   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY                   Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP) is being co-financed by the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ), the World Bank, International Development Agency (IDA), BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL), Global Environmental-Facility (GEF). The Project also receives contributions from the other beneficiary communities. The ZIFLP has proposed to attain an average emissions reduction of 3.5 million tCO2e/ per year (35 million tCO2e in total) and other co-benefits of REDD+. The implementation of the ZIFLP activities may cause restrictions on access to natural resources in the PAs, especially in the NPs. Therefore, this PF has been prepared following the World Bank (OP) 4.12 to contribute to the smooth execution of the Project by providing guidelines to address potential adverse social (particularly, livelihood) impacts. 2. PURPOSE OF PROCESS FRAMEWORK The major purpose is to establish a process by which members of potentially affected communities will participate in the project designing, determining measures to achieve resettlement policy objectives and implementation / monitoring of Project activities. The Framework describes the participatory processes by which the following activities will be accomplished: • Preparing and implementing the project components that will briefly describe activities that may involve new or more stringent restrictions on natural resource use. • Describing the process to involve potentially displaced persons in the Project design. • Establishing the process to involve potentially affected communities in identifying any adverse impacts, assessing of the significance of impacts and establishing the criteria to determine the eligibility for any mitigating or compensating measures. • Describing methods and procedures by which communities will identify and choose potential mitigating or compensating measures to be provided to those adversely affected, and procedures by which adversely affected community members will decide among the options available to them; and • Resolving the potential conflicts or grievances within or between affected communities describing the process for resolving disputes relating to resource use restrictions that may arise between or among affected communities, and grievances that may arise from members of communities who are dissatisfied with the eligibility criteria, community planning measures, or actual implementation. 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The project objective of the ZIFLP is “to improve the landscape management and increase the environmental and economic benefits for the targeted rural communities in the EP i Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework and improve the Recipient’s capacity to respond promptly and effectively to an Eligible Crisis or Emergency related with change in climate. ” The ZIFLP has four main components: a. Enabling environment. b. Livelihood and low‐carbon investments. c. Project management. d. Contingent emergency response. The above-mentioned components are briefly described in the Table 1. Table 1: Components of ZIFLP Components Details This first component will focus on the conditions that will allow a successful implementation of the livelihood investments under Component 2. It also prepares the countries for the emission reduction purchase. It has two sub-components: i) District and Local Level Planning: It will support the integrated district development and local planning, including the land use and action planning through participatory processes. COMPONENT 1 Enabling Environment ii) Emissions Reduction Framework: It will help to establish the following instruments: a) Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment b) Benefit sharing plan c) Reference emission levels (for the future Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreement) (ERPA) Financier: Environmental interventions will receive financial support from the Bio Carbon Fund Initiative. It has two sub-components: i) Agriculture and Forestry Management: This will include the following activities: a) Scaling up of the CSA practices COMPONENT 2 b) Community forestry management Livelihood and Low‐Carbon c) Land tenure and resource rights regularisation Investments ii) Wildlife Management: This will focus on providing support to the national protected area system, community management of wildlife and the management of the Lukusuzi National Park (LNP) and the Luambe National Park. Financier: The International Development Association (IDA), Bio CF ISFL, and Global Environment Facility (GEF) resources. ii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Components Details This component will primarily finance on‐the‐ground activities, which will improve rural livelihoods, conserve ecosystems and reduce the GHG emissions. This component will finance activities, which are related with the national‐and provincial‐level project coordination and management. It includes the following: i) Annual work planning and budgeting x COMPONENT 3 ii) Fiduciary aspects (Financial Management [FM] and procurement) Project Management iii) Human resource management iv) Safeguard compliance monitoring v) Mand E and impact assessment studies vi) Communication strategy and citizen engagement It has two sub-components: a) The National Project Unit (NPU) b) The Provincial Project Implementation Unit (PPIU) Financier: The IDA and Bio CF ISFL. COMPONENT 4 This is a zero-budget component and is included to facilitate the use of Contingent Emergency the IDA funds in case of an emergency. Response 4. METHODOLOGY The PF is prepared based on both the primary as well as secondary information. The primary information was collected from the field visits as well as through consultations with different stakeholders. These stakeholders belonged to Ministries, Government Departments, Community Groups and Organisations. The key stakeholders from Ministries, Government Departments and Chamber Councils in the 14 districts were consulted following one-on-one consultation method while communities and organisations were consulted through FGDs. Apart from the consultations, the field areas were visited to collect relevant primary data. Similarly, the secondary information was collected from various Government Departments, ZIFLP and authorised websites. These literatures were reviewed and analysed to know relevant Zambian legislations and WB Operational Policies relevant to this Framework; existing baseline condition of the area as well as to predict the possible impacts from the restriction of access to use of resources from protected areas. 5. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK The Zambian National Legal Framework and WB Policies related to the resettlement, land acquisition and WB (OP) 4.12 i.e Involuntary Settlement were reviewed. The relevant National legislations are National Resettlement Policy, 2015; Constitution of Zambia Cap 1, 2016; Environmental Management Act of 2011; Lands Act Cap 184, 1995; Lands Acquisition Act Cap 189; Local Government Act, Cap 281, 2019; Urban and Regional Planning Act iii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework of 2015; Arbitration Act No. 19 of 2000; Forests Act of 2015; Zambia Wildlife Act of 2015; National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, Cap 173 of 1989; Agricultural Lands Act Cap 187 of 2006; Land Survey Act Cap 188; and Valuation Surveyors Act Cap 207. Similarly, the relevant Operational Policy is (OP) 4.12 Involuntary Settlement. 6. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS The institutional arrangements for ZIFLP have already been set up, based on the embedded existing structures of the Government. These arrangements include government bodies and other institutions working side by side with the NGOs, private sectors, CSOs and other local communities in the implementation, monitoring, evaluation and reporting of the REDD+ activities at the ground level. The institutional arrangements can be divided into two levels: The Coordination level and the Implementation level. The Coordination level includes NPSC, MNDP through DCCNR, National Technical Advisory Committee (NTAC), DCCNR and Development Partners Working Group. Similarly, the implementation level includes Forestry Department, Project Implementation Unit (PIU) at Provincial Level whereas the Focal Point units in the Ministries, such as Ministry of Agriculture (MoA); Ministry of Energy; Local Government along with commerce and industries sectoral level and the traditional leaders and village committees form at community level. It is important that the arrangements at all the levels are sound and sustainable. 7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE The project area falls under two catchments. They are the Luangwa and the Zambezi Catchments. The major portion of the project area comes under the Luangwa Catchment area, which consists of the forested area, the Ramsar sites, mining sites and reservoirs. Only a small portion of the EP comes under the Zambezi Catchment. From the consultations and literature, it is observed that these Catchments are facing problems associated with climate change. These include phenomena such as erratic rainfall patterns, water depletion, low agricultural production, reduced livestock and forest fires. The forest fires are common in the area, which occur mainly due to the bush-burning, hunting and charcoal making. The local people are facing the challenges due to the changes in climate, which are affecting their farming practices and the crop production. The farming in this area mainly depends upon the rainfall as the resource-poor farmers are unable to use any kind of improved irrigation methods and they are unaware of the large-scale water conservation measures. Apart from these, the Report also focuses on forest resources (National Parks, Game Management Areas and Reserve Forests) and major issues concerning with the forested areas, in addition to gender and land tenure system of the area. The implementation of the ZIFLP may restrict the use of natural resources from the PAs. It has been recorded that the five rural communities border the LNP. These communities are largely small-scale farmers who grow maize and other secondary crops as their principal source of food and income. As the production is not enough, these farmers over the past several decades have resorted to wildlife poaching to make up for shortfalls in food and income. Similarly, the issues iv Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework related with GMAs included depletion of soils due to the illegal cultivators and cultivation in dambos (type of wetlands), which are water sources for wildlife. This is causing human-wildlife conflicts in the area. 8. RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS TO PROTECTED AREAS The ZIFLP may restrict the access to use of natural resources from the PAs, which can affect the communities dependent upon the PAs. The WB (OP) 4.12 is triggered in anticipation of the ZIFLP sub-project activities that may result in the economic restrictions. The possible impacts are as follows: • Positive Impacts: The restriction on the access will have positive impacts with respect to contributing sustainability of PAs and forming the recreational areas; conserving the diverse medicinal herbs and providing a good condition for scientific research and education. • Adverse Impacts: The conflicts between the bodies that administer the PAs and the communities are likely to occur along with the adverse impacts on the livelihoods of forest- dependent communities, including food insecurity faced by the communities dependent on the forests for subsistence purposes. This PF has been prepared an intention to involve the traditional authorities, farmers and communities, where practical, in order to minimise livelihood impacts concerns. 9. LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION MEASURES The LRPs will be prepared and implemented with an aim to provide tailored livelihood support and benefit sharing to the affected communities. In cases where well-organised communities have produced their own investment plans (such as CRBs), this livelihood support will be channelled through the appropriate community mechanisms. Communities and households around the project- supported protected areas will be provided with opportunities to restore their livelihoods to at least the pre-project levels. 10. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA This report outlines the affected people that are eligible for the compensation and mitigation based on the World Bank (OP) 4.12. The Policy includes: • Any person(s) with formal legal rights to land: • Any person(s) who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets. • Those who have no recognisable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying prior to the cut-off date - As per OP 4.12, all PAPs are eligible for some kind of assistance before the cut-off date regardless of their status or whether they have formal titles, legal rights or not, squatters or otherwise encroaching illegally. There are the chances of arising the grievance during the process therefore, GRM is required to be in place. v Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 11. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM The PF outlines the institutional arrangement for the GRM to ensure that grievances are recorded and considered fairly and appropriately. The different administrative bodies (from community level to national level) as per the requirement will be involved in the project while solving grievances. 12. PARTICIPATORY MONITORING The PF explains the participatory monitoring to monitor the extent and the significance of adverse impacts and the effectiveness of measures designed to improve or restore incomes and livelihoods. The PAPs are expected to actively participate in the monitoring process. In order to monitor the results properly and systematically, the monitoring indicators have been developed based on the monitoring purposes. 13. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS The stakeholders were consulted with an objective to inform them about the project, assess the existing social conditions and to determine the potential negative impacts of the Project on the communities. The Government stakeholders as well the community groups and organisation were consulted; their concerns are presented in this report. vi       INTRODUCTION Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP) has been developed by the Government of Zambia to facilitate the implementation of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Strategy, and overall transitional arrangements from REDD+ Readiness-to-Implementation. The programme receives financing from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), International Development Agency (IDA) and BioCarbon Fund (BioCF). The ZIFL-P aims to achieve an average emissions reduction of 3.5 million tCO2e/year (35 million tCO2e in total) in addition to other co-benefits. 1 The ZIFLP fits within a longer-term program and vision of the Government of Zambia and is fully aligned with Zambia’s National REDD+ Strategy. This Strategy provides overall guidance on actions to be undertaken in sectors, such as agriculture, energy and land use more broadly, as well as guidance on thematic and core design issues such as incentive payments, financing, benefit sharing, safeguards, carbon rights, conflict management, Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems and Reference Emission Levels or Reference Levels, amongst others. It is important to have an investment plan in place for a wide-reaching Project like ZIFLP with long-lasting effects. In this regard, the Forest Investment Program (FIP) has funded a technical assistance programme to prepare the Investment Plan for the National REDD+ Strategy, which is complementary to ZIFLP. It can be considered as constituting three phases: i. In the Preparation Phase, the GRZ and the WB undertook a series of preparatory activities. This includes the development of national action plans and under this phase, Zambia has accomplished drafting of the initial version of Zambia’s Safeguards Information System (2012); the development of the National REDD+ Strategy (2015); development and submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2015) and development of the National Forest Monitoring System for relaying and sharing information (2016). Basically, Phase I was intended to assist Zambia in developing its National REDD+ Strategy, initiating national dialogue and facilitating the institutional strengthening and running on-ground demonstration activities. ii. The Implementation Phase essentially consists of all the activities that are or will be implemented under the ZIFLP. These activities can be categorised into the three broad 1 Terms of reference (ToR): Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. 1-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. categories such as Sustainable Forest Management, Wildlife Conservation and Management and Sustainable Agricultural Practices as identified during the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) study. At present, Zambia is under this phase and the National REDD+ Strategy implementation is underway at the sub-national level. This phase is being financed by the BioCF, IDA and GEF. iii. Finally, under the Emission Reduction Phase, the BioCarbon Fund’s (BioCF) Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL) purchases the carbon emissions reduction under- an Emissions-Reduction-Purchase-Agreement (ERPA). The ZIFLP is an emissions reduction purchase project of the World Bank. The BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (BioCF ISFL) is a multilateral fund, supported by donor governments and managed by the World Bank. It promotes reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the land sector, including efforts to reduce deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+), sustainable agriculture, as well as smarter land-use planning, policies and practices.2 Through these catalytic efforts, millions of tons of emissions can be reduced. Most importantly, the investments and capacity building can improve livelihoods, reduce poverty and ensure the long- term sustainability of the country economies. This Process Framework (PF) has been prepared to contribute to the smooth execution of the Project by providing guidelines to address potential adverse social (particularly, livelihood) impacts. As per the World Bank Operational Policy (OP) 4.12, the PF is prepared in the projects that involve involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. In such case, the nature of restrictions, as well as the type of measures necessary to mitigate adverse impacts, is determined along with the participation of the project affected people . 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROCESS FRAMEWORK The SESA study shows that the Eastern Province (hereinafter referred as EP) comprises three National Parks, five Game Management Areas and 72 Forests Reserves. Almost 65% of the forests area is under communal land, while 22%, 9% and 3% are under public state, local government land and private individuals’ land3, respectively. The implementation of the ZIFLP activities may cause restrictions on access to natural resources in protected areas, especially in the National Parks. The PF applies regardless of the number of people affected; whether or not they will benefit from programme activities; and whether or not they are fully satisfied with the provisions for compensation, relocation, or rehabilitation, as relevant. The purpose of this PF is to establish a process by which members of potentially affected communities will participate in the design of Project components, determination of measures necessary to achieve resettlement policy objectives, and implementation and monitoring of relevant Project activities. Specifically, this process framework describes participatory processes by which the following activities will be accomplished: • Project components will be prepared, briefly describing the Project and components or activities that may involve new or more stringent restrictions on natural resource use and 2 Biocarbon Fund. Retrieved from https://www.biocarbonfund-isfl.org/who-we-are 3 Integrated Land Use Assessment Phase II –Report for Zambia, 2016. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Forestry Department, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, Lusaka, Zambia. 1-2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. implemented. They will also describe the process by which potentially affected persons participate in the Project design. • Criteria for eligibility of affected persons will be determined. It establishes that potentially affected communities will be involved in identifying any adverse impacts, assessing of the significance of impacts and establishing of the criteria for eligibility for any mitigating or compensating measures necessary. • Measures to assist affected persons in their efforts to improve their livelihoods or restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels, while maintaining the sustainability of the park or protected area will be identified. It describes methods and procedures through which communities will identify and choose potential mitigating or compensating measures to be provided to those adversely affected, and procedures by which adversely affected community members will decide among the options available to them. • Potential conflicts or grievances within or between affected communities will be resolved. It describes the process for resolving disputes relating to resource use restrictions that may arise between or among affected communities, and grievances that may arise from members of communities who are dissatisfied with the eligibility criteria, community planning measures, or actual implementation. 1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.3.1 Project Development Objective The Project Development Objective (PDO) of the ZIFLP is “to improve landscape management and increase the flow of benefits for targeted rural communities in the EP and also the recipient’s capacity to respond promptly and effectively to an eligible crisis or emergency related with change in climate.” Figure 1.1 shows the map of ZIFLP project area. Figure 1.1 Map of ZIFLP Project Areas 1-3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. The ZIFLP’s key beneficiaries are people in rural communities of the EP; communities that are adjacent to protected areas, especially around Lukusuzi National Park (LNP); and the governments at the national, provincial, district and local levels, which will benefit from a variety of capacity‐strengthening activities that will further emphasise multisector coordination and planning. 1.3.2 Project Components The ZIFLP has four main components: 1. Enabling environment. 2. Livelihood and low‐carbon investments. 3. Project management. 4. Contingent Emergency Response a. Component 1: Enabling Environment This first component creates the conditions that will allow successful implementation of livelihood investment programme under Component 2. The component would include support for i. institutional strengthening and regulatory framework improvement in targeted districts across the Province, which are deforestation hotspots, for coordination of delivery of actions to address deforestation with stakeholders ii. planning processes at both district and local levels; and iii. private sector engagement to foster partnerships for community-based natural resource management and leverage existing private sector investments to improve land management practices in the province. In addition, this component will support establishment of the REDD+ architecture for the GRZ to receive future results-based emissions reduction payments for the EP. Enabling environment interventions will be financed through grant support from the BioCF ISFL and IDA credit. Sub-Component 1.1. Institutional and Regulatory Framework The sub-component will provide resources to support activities to strengthen the institutional and regulatory framework for implementation of the project and will focus on (i) institutional strengthening at national level; and (ii) policy and regulatory reforms relevant to improved agriculture, forest and land management. Specifically, the sub-component will support policy and regulatory reforms, which is considered necessary to moving forward the ZIFLP. Investments would include consultants for specialised studies, consultation workshops and legal consultants. The sections below outline policy gaps and needed reforms that were identified during the preparation phase. Agricultural Policy Issues Input Subsidies and Maize Price Support Policies: Public expenditure is skewed towards fertilizer subsidies under the Farmers Input Support Program (FISP) and maize price support under the Food Reserve Agency (FRA). These two programmes jointly account for anywhere between 50 to 70 % of Government expenditures on agriculture. Although fertilizer and maize 1-4 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. subsidies are categorised as Poverty Reduction programmes, they benefit only 10 to 20 percent of Zambia’s smallholders who are, in fact, the better-off households with the highest incomes. They crowd out essential productivity-enhancing investments such as research and development (R&D) and irrigation. These expenditures do not bring about long-term, pro-poor growth and diversification and do not foster competitive, private sector-driven food and cash crop production and marketing systems. The mismatch of expenditure priorities is undermining future sector growth and is currently stunting the sector’s poverty-reducing potential. The project will support policy dialogue to encourage policy makers to adopt a rule-based system to reform maize marketing policy and the fertilizer subsidy programme by introducing higher degrees of transparency, predictability, and cooperation towards the private sector. The project would also foster private-sector led input markets, for example, the e-voucher input programme currently being piloted in Southern and Central provinces. Forestry Policy Issues The Government of Zambia has recently revised its Forests Act to enhance community-based planning and management of natural resources. The ZIFLP will help the GRZ implement critical components of its recently established Forests Act. In terms of driving policy reform and development, the ZIFLP will provide funding for streamlining the application and registration process for villages and communities for seeking community forest management rights and will also support an awareness initiative to communicate the benefits of obtaining community forest management rights. In the Eastern Province, several of the Act’s provisions will be put in practice for the first time at the community level and there will be a need to develop processes and regulations to facilitate systematic implementation. For example, the application process for villages and communities to apply and register community forest management agreements is being developed. The project will provide support and inputs on Government policy development and for the implementation process with particular attention paid to supporting best management forestry practices. Wildlife Policy Issues The Wildlife Act was approved by the GRZ in 2015. It notably redefines how the community resource boards (CRBs) function and more clearly defines rights and responsibilities of communities and the Government with respect to wildlife management. The Project will provide support to the DNPW in the formulation and consultation of some specific regulations, which are missing as of now, to help in their implementation. Under the ZIFLP, support will be provided to wildlife crime initiatives of the GRZ at the national, sub-regional and global level. As many actors are currently providing support to a range of countries in Africa on combatting regional wildlife crime, during the first year of the project, financing gaps will be identified involved in the ZIFLP support. ZIFLP will not finance the purchase of firearms. Sub-component 1.2 Regularization of Land and Resource Rights The sub-component will provide analytical and technical assistance to carefully evaluate and where necessary, expand past and ongoing efforts at documenting land rights to develop the regulatory and institutional preconditions for a larger-scale effort at rural land rights registration that, by feeding into the National Land Titling Program, could underpin adoption of sustainable low-carbon land management practices and private sector engagement. This will be achieved 1-5 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. by (i) developing cost-effective systems to sustainably manage information on land rights and link it to land use; (ii) identifying new ways of private sector engagement based on an assessment of the extent and impact of existing arrangements; (iii) designing ways of documenting different types of land rights in ways that are supported by local stakeholders, provide incentives for sustainable land use and intensification as appropriate, and can be sustained; and (iv) exploring ways to link land rights documentation with key parameters of land use (crop cover, soil moisture, soil carbon) using imagery produced by remote sensing technique to allow continued monitoring and independent verification of the impact of different types of interventions. Sub-component 1.3 Private Sector Engagement The ZIFLP will seek to engage private sector agribusiness companies. They are important in the EP as many operate in out grower schemes with large smallholder farmer networks. Activities will include assessment of the potential for private sector support for forestry activities such as out grower schemes for woodlots or plantations. The Project will try to influence these production networks to reduce land based GHG associated with deforestation and agricultural production practices. Many of these companies do have interest in reducing land-based emissions; however, they are not aware of cost-effective sustainable land management measures that they can promote or how premium pricing schemes can be implemented to better market their products. Thus, the ZIFLP will provide business case analyses for private agribusiness companies working in the EP to help them fulfil their sustainability commitments. Such studies can also identify potential services from the World Bank Group’s International Finance Corporation (IFC) to assist agribusiness companies with their zero-deforestation commitments in the Province. To date, the BioCarbon Fund has begun working with the Competitive African Cotton Initiative (COMPACI), which is a producer group of two major cotton companies: NWK Agri-services and Alliance Ginneries. COMPACI has a zero- deforestation commitment instituted in their mandate, but so far companies have not enacted such sustainability measures into their production. The ZIFLP will start by engaging the COMPACI group members and then proceed to work with other agribusiness companies in the EP. Sub-component 1.4. District and Local Planning The sub-component will provide resources to support the following activities: (i) Institutional strengthening at the subnational level; (ii) Developing integrated district plans in 14 districts in the province; and (iii) Supporting local planning instruments. Sub-component 1.5. Technical Framework for Payments for Emissions Reduction There are substantial technical requirements that must be met in order for Zambia to eventually receive results-based payments for emission reductions at the jurisdictional level in accordance with the methodological guidance and the principles of results-based payments under the Bic- ISFL. b. Component 2: Livelihood and Low-Carbon Investments Component 2 will finance on-the-ground activities that improve rural livelihoods and reduce GHG emissions. It has three subcomponents: Upscaling climate-smart agricultural practices, 1-6 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. Community-based forestry management and Wildlife management. These activities will be financed by the IDA and GEF resources. Although the sub-components are sectorial in nature, the cross-sectorial and landscape approach of the planning activities that will underlie the activities will ensure a landscape approach is retained. Before any investments are made in a community, there needs to be a support to planning and community strengthening. This support will be funded through Component 1.1. Communities will be able to choose activities they want from a “menu” of possible sub-investments that will be available to them, tailored according to their geographic location, the type of landscape they are in and based on available funding allocated to each broad type of investments. The full details of how the selection process will take place at the local level will be outlined in the Project Implementation Manual (PIM). Potential criteria for selection of communities receiving investment support is as follows: • Communities that have completed land use planning. • Communities in hotspot deforestation districts (Petauke, Mambwe, Katete, Lundazi and Nyimba) with high risk of conversion to agriculture. • Established Community Forest Management Group, and • Potential to leverage on existing support. Sub-component 2.1. Upscaling Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) The objective of this sub-component is to provide financing for interventions that increase agricultural productivity, enhance agroecosystem resilience and reduce GHG emissions. These include conservation agriculture (CA) practices, integrated soil fertility management, agroforestry and crop value chain development. Interventions will aim at enhancing the income and livelihood of the communities and farmer families through income generating and value- added activities in the province is divided into 14 districts, namely Nyimba, Petauke, Sinda, Katete, Lusangazi, Chadiza, Mambwe, Vubwi, Chipata, Kasenengwa, Chipangali, Lumezi, Lundazi and Chasefu. Chipata is the capital of this province fourteen districts targeted by the project This component aims to scale up CSA practices for smallholder farmers through financing support for interventions that increase agricultural productivity, enhance agro-ecosystem resilience and reduce GHG emissions. The component’s objective would be achieved through the introduction of tested best practices in CSA and sustainable land management. Project funds will focus on strengthening agricultural extension by addressing CSA skills gap of extension officers and farmers in the form of targeted trainings (for example, workshops, exchange visits, production of field manuals), and field-based learning (for example, site visits, demonstration plots and pilots) provided by competent institutions such as Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and relevant NGOs, among others. Specific interventions the component will focus on include: (a) Conservation agriculture (CA) and integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) practices (b) Agroforestry, and (c) agriculture and marketing value chains. The project will provide funds for these activities through various funding instruments such as matching grants, micro loans, credit guarantee schemes and technical support consultancies. 1-7 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. Sub-component 2.2. Community-based Forestry Management The objective of this sub-component is to assist local communities and their organisations in improving the management and conserving their natural resources, creating income opportunities, and generating carbon benefits. This will be accomplished through development and implementation of participatory land and resource use planning and management, including fire control and prevention and providing specialised technical assistance and training to identify viable investments from the sustainable production of timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Activities to be supported will be consistent with the land and resource use plans developed at the village and district levels. The sub-component would finance specialised technical and extension services, small works and equipment, operational costs, and non- consultant services (for example, workshops and study tours). More specifically, the sub- component will support: • Community Forestry Management Groups (CFMG). Based on the Forest Act of 2015 and its regulations, the Project will assist villages from selected Chiefdoms and Districts to identify and establish CFMG. Support will include preparation and approval of Community Forestry Management Agreements and their formal registration. • Forest Management Plans. The Project will support CFMGs to develop and implement forest management plans that are consistent with village land-use plans and follow the guidelines and specifications established in the Forests Act and its regulations. These plans will identify sustainable investments and activities that lead to improving livelihoods and reduce deforestation or degradation. • Community Forestry Enterprises. Based on the assessment and productive potential of natural resources identified in forest management plans, the Project will finance small-scale investments that fulfil the dual criteria of generating monetary and non-monetary income and generate carbon-related benefits. Support will include technical assistance for resource management and production, establishment of small community enterprises, markets studies, and commercialisation skills. Investments under this category may include the cultivation or extraction of any forest and non-forest product that can be sustainably managed in the communal forest area of reference. Some examples include beekeeping, sustainable charcoal, woodlots for firewood production, carpentries for furniture, medicinal herbs, eco-tourism and recreational activities, commercial timber plantations, grass harvesting and grazing of animals. • Fire Management and Prevention. Fire is an important element in rural landscapes and if managed properly, it can be beneficial for agriculture; however, if it goes out of control, it can destroy forests and generate emissions. To reduce this risk, the Project will support activities to revive and enforce the village level fire ordinances that were functional and effective in the past and draw upon the lessons from other regions to prepare community by-laws on fire management. The Project will also support local governments and communities on training and incentives for fire management and prevention and financing small works and equipment for fire line clearance and maintenance. • Forest Management near Protected Areas. The Project will dedicate special efforts to work with villages and communities in buffer zones and connect corridors to reduce pressure on the protected areas. The Project will work with existing CRBs and CFMGs to develop and finance forest management plans that focus on alternative productive and conversation activities to protect or improve wildlife habitats. Efforts invested by communities in these activities could be compensated by revenues from the wildlife 1-8 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. reserves and administered by CRBs or by capturing other benefit sharing income from carbon markets. Sub-component 2.3. Wildlife Management. This sub-component will have two major focus areas: i) Improved management of the complex of protected areas centred on Lukusuzi National Park in the Eastern Province; and ii) Adoption of improved management practices of wildlife at the community level, which can contribute to improved livelihoods of targeted communities. The project will support (i) preparation of park management plans; (ii) investments in infrastructure such as guard houses or other park buildings, upgrading of existing roads and tracks to facilitate park management and eco-tourism, provision of water holes, fencing (only in limited areas where judged necessary to minimise human-wildlife conflict (HWC); (iii) purchasing of equipment such as radios for communication, park guard equipment, patrol equipment and (iv) park patrols with a particular focus on management of poaching. With respect to improved adoption of wildlife management practices, the Project seeks to promote practices, which will maximise opportunities for rural communities from adjacent wildlife resources. These investments will focus on rural communities of the EP in the vicinity of the Lukusuzi and Luambe National Parks. It should be noted that the activities to be supported will, in most cases, take place in the same communities targeted for agriculture and forestry investments and the various activities will be planned and implemented in coordination so as to enhance synergies. Specific activities to be supported to both-contributing to economic returns to local communities from wildlife management and minimising negative impacts will include: • Consultations with adjacent communities adjacent to the protected areas and establishment of co-management processes and instruments. • Mitigation of HWC, where necessary. • Support to incipient eco-tourism initiatives, such as local ecotourism strategies, community training, infrastructure. • Awareness-raising activities. • Supporting local involvement and management of game management areas (GMAs) so as to maximise returns from photo safaris and hunting, both potentially important source of funding to communities. • Improved management of subsistence hunting where legally allowed, so as to provide food but to ensure sustainable management of game resources; and • Possible extension of Community Market for Conservation (COMACO) model where communities not only receive support for agricultural investments but are financially compensated for simultaneously protecting wildlife resources as well. As concerns direct support to protected area management, the Project will focus on the complex of protected areas centered on LNP. The Park falls within the Nyika Trans-frontier Conservation Area (NTCA) adopted by the Governments of Zambia and Malawi. The ZIFLP will support management investments in the LNP, in the surrounding GMAs and in the adjacent Luambe National Park. Livelihood Restoration: Since the Project will work in protected areas, the Project’s PF outlines the process for providing livelihood-related support during project implementation to 1-9 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. people affected by project-induced restrictions on access to natural resources within protected areas, in the EP. As part of this process, project implementation will include the preparation and subsequent implementation of Livelihood Restoration Plans (LRPs), which will provide tailored livelihood support and benefit sharing to nearby communities. In cases where well-organised communities have produced their own investment plans (such as CRBs), this livelihood support will be channelled through the appropriate community mechanisms. Communities and households around the project-supported protected areas will be provided with opportunities to restore their livelihoods to at least pre-project levels. The LRPs prepared under this Project will take into account any ongoing livelihood-related support from other sources. In all the targeted protected areas in Zambia, the Project will provide funding through the Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW) to carry out the following activities: • Preparation of park management plans. • Investments in infrastructure such as guard houses or other park buildings, upgrading of existing roads and tracks to facilitate park management and eco-tourism, provision of water holes, fencing (only in limited areas where it is necessary to minimise Human Wildlife Conflicts). • Purchase of equipment such as radios for communication, park guard equipment, patrol equipment, and so on. • Support to park patrols, with a particular focus on management of poaching. Support to bi-national initiatives with Malawi for joint management measures within the existing framework of the NTCA and the long-term creation of biological connectivity between Kasungu National Park in Malawi and the Luangwa valley complex of protected areas in Zambia, and Development of LRPs. c. Component 3: Project Management This third component will finance activities related to national and provincial-level project coordination and management including annual work planning and budgeting; fiduciary aspects (financial management and procurement); human resource management; safeguards compliance monitoring; Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) and impact evaluation studies and communication strategy and citizen engagement. Funds will cover the cost of management unit contract staff, and operations and maintenance (O&M) costs, such as office space rental charges, fuel and spare parts of vehicles, office equipment, furniture and tools, among others. It will also finance the costs of project supervision and oversight provided by the National Project Steering Committee (NPSC) and National Technical Committee (NTC), or the Provincial Project Steering Committee (PPSC) and other project administration expenses. This component will also finance the costs and activities specific to the National Planning Unit (NPU) and the Provincial Planning Unit (PPU). Funding is also reserved for these two units to support the preparation of possible follow-up investments or projects, including the preparation of background studies, project documents and necessary consultation processes. d. Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response This component is included to facilitate the use of IDA funds in the event of a disaster and to be able to respond quickly to a potential Government request to reallocate some funding from existing World Bank projects to provide emergency relief. 1-10 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. 1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE The report has been organised into the following chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction explains the ZIFLP programme, purpose of the process framework, project objectives and project components. Chapter 2: Approach and Methodology explains the methodology that has been followed for the preparation of this process framework. Chapter 3 Policy and Legal Framework describes the Zambian National Legislation and World Bank Operation Policies related with the involuntary settlement and restriction of access to PAs. It also analyses the similarities and gaps in the OP and National legislation linked with land acquisition, involuntary settlement, and compensations Further the chapter explains the institutional arrangement at the coordination and implementation level of the Project and associated gaps in it. Chapter 4: Socio-economic Baseline explains the socio-economic baseline condition of the area based on the primary as well as the secondary information obtained from different sources. Chapter 5: Restriction on Access to Protected Area: This chapter explains the potential positive and adverse impacts from the restriction of access to the protected area along with the livelihood restoration plans on the affected communities. Chapter 6: Eligibility Criteria describes the eligibility for the compensation due to restrictions on the access to the protected areas. Chapter 7: Grievance Redress Mechanism explains the mechanism that will be followed to resolve grievances, which may arise from the project affected people due to the project implementation. Chapter8: Participatory Monitoring explains the monitoring and evaluation process that will be followed to monitor the livelihood restoration plan. Chapter 9: Stakeholder Consultations deal with the consultation process followed to capture the issues or concerns or suggestions from the key stakeholders that were consulted. 1-11   PROCESS FRAMEWORK METHODOLOGY           Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 2 PROCESS FRAMEWORK METHODOLOGY This PF has been prepared based on the primary information collected from field surveys and consultations as well as secondary information collected through the review of different documents. The methodology is explained below. 2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURES The secondary literature was collected from different authorised sources. The collected literatures were reviewed for the preparation of this Process Framework, as shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: Literatures Reviewed S. No Categories Documents Reviewed Sources 1. Policy i) National Laws, Acts, • ZIFLP Documents Policies, Guidelines • World Bank and Directives • FAO ii) World Bank Policies • REDD+ Programme • CBD 2. Published i) Reports • ZIFLP Documents ii) Journals • World Bank iii) Factsheets • REDD+ iv) Safeguards • Ministry of Lands, and Natural Resources Documents • Ministry of National Development Planning • IUCN • UNDP • FAO • The Ramsar Sites • Birds International, Inc. (BII) • UNFCCC and • USAID. 3. Maps i) Reports • Forestry Department ii) Factsheets • Survey Department iii) Satellite Imageries • Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources • Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development • COMACO • Imageries ESRI, USGS, Landsat Images, World Climate, FAO, United Nations, NASA, Ramsar Sites and WDPA I IUCN 2-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework In addition to the review of the literatures, key stakeholders from Government departments as well from community groups were consulted along with the field observations. 2.2 CONSULTATIONS The key stakeholders related with the project were consulted to know their concerns and views. The consultations were carried out at different tiers. These include the Ministries or Government Departments, Community Groups and Organisations. The stakeholders were consulted either through one-on-one consultations or Focus Group Discussions. i. One-on-one Consultations One-on-one consultations were undertaken to consult Government Stakeholders such as Ministries, Departments and Chamber Councils present in the 14 districts of the EP. These districts are Chipata, Katete, Chadiza, Kasenengwa, Lundazi, Chasefu, Petauke, Lusangazi, Sinda, Nyimba, Vubwi, Mambwe, Chipangali and Lumezi. District-wise names of the consulted Departments from West to East of the Province are presented below in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Name of the Consulted Government Departments S. No. Districts Consulted Departments 1. Nyimba Department of Agriculture 2. Petauke Petauke Town Council Planning Department 3. Lusangazi Planning Department Forestry Department 4. Sinda Sinda Nyanje Chiefdom Agricultural Department Forestry Department DMT (District Multisectoral Team) Chamber Council 5. Katete Forestry Department Planning Department 6. Chadiza Forestry Department Agricultural Department 7. Vubwi District Commissioner Office 8. Chipata Forestry Department Agricultural Department 9. Kasenengwa Planning Department Agricultural Department 10. Mambwe Town Council Secretary 11. Chipangali Town Council Secretary 12. Lumezi Town Council Secretary 13. Lundazi Planning Department Forestry Department 14. Chasefu Planning Department 2-2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ii. Focused Groups Discussion (FGDs) Focus Group Discussions were conducted with the community-based groups, such as smallholder farmers, lead farmers, Village Action Groups (VAGs), Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), and Traditional Groups of different districts of the EP (Table 2.3). Table 2.3 Consulted Community Groups S.No. Districts Communities Consulted 1. Nyimba Lead Farmers 2. Petauke Village Action Groups i. Matonga, Nykawise ward ii. Kawale Camp 3. Katete i. Village Action Groups (at Chikumbwe Village) ii. Smallholder Farmers (at Lunga) 4. Chipata i. NGOs-COMACO ii. Smallholder Farmers (at Land Alliance) 5. Chadiza Smallholder Farmers (at Changaya) 6. Kasenengwa Village Action Groups (at Malambalala) 7. Chipangali Demo Farming Field (at Chikuni Village) 8. Mambwe Village Action Groups (at Masumba Ward) 9. Vubwi i. Village Action Groups (at Mbezi Agriculture Camp, Mbozi Camp) ii. Smallholder Farmers (at Vubwi Central Camp and Matemba) 10. Lumezi i. Village Action Groups (at Mgodi), and ii. Smallholder Farmers (at Blangete village) The primary objective of these consultations is to collect the information related with the environmental and social status of the area. The traditional leaders were consulted along with the following groups. Consultation at Vubwi District Consultation at Chadiza District Photo Plate 2.1: Stakeholder Consultations The inputs received during the consultations show that these areas are suffering from the climate change issues, such as rise in temperatures, droughts, floods, changes in rainfall patterns, depletion of water table. The increase in the pest invasion is also one of the consequences of all these adverse climatic conditions. 2-3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework The local people are concerned about the changes in the environmental conditions as these changes are affecting their farming practices and production. It is also observed that the local communities are aware of the REDD+ Programme, its objectives and are in favor of the Programmes. This programme has made people more aware about the tree plantation and women empowerment. They have also started adopting the climate-smart agricultural practices, crop diversification, and use of improved irrigation systems. 2.3 FIELD OBSERVATIONS Apart from the consultations, the project area was also visited to gather relevant primary data and undertake environmental and social assessment to fill the gaps identified during the literature review. 2.4 ANALYSIS OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DATA The Primary baseline data was collected during site visits of all the 14 districts of the EP and consultations that involve both the Government and community stakeholders. The secondary baseline environmental and socio-economic data was gathered through the literature review. These secondary documents were collected from the Government departments, authorised websites and from ZIFLP as mentioned in Table 2.1 above. The purpose of the baseline data collection was to • collect sufficient data on the host ecological or biological, socio-economic, cultural heritage and community health environments to facilitate the reporting of a comprehensive and thorough baseline description of the ZIFLP area i.e 14 districts of EP, and • provide sufficient information on host environment conditions to be able to analyse and predict the nature and significance of potential impacts on the environmental and social components of the project area. 2.5 ANALYSIS OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND ZAMBIAN POLICIES, LEGISLATION, AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS The ZIFLP is required to comply with relevant Zambian policies and legislation and the WB Safeguard Policies. An assessment was undertaken on these Policies, legislations and international agreements. The major objective of this analysis is to determine the safeguards and legal frameworks linked with the Project that would guide the implementation of the ZIFLP. 2-4     POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK                       Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK This Chapter discusses the Zabian National Policies and Legal Framework as well as the World Bank Operational Policies associated with the ZIFLP programme for resettlement process. 3.1. ZAMBIAN NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS The Zambian policies and legal framework that are associated with ZIFLP for resettlement process are as follows: i. POLICIES • National Resettlement Policy, 2015 ii. ACTs • Constitution of Zambia Cap 1, 2016 • Environmental Management Act of 2011 • Lands Act Cap 184, 1995 • Lands Acquisition Act Cap 189 • Local Government Act, Cap 281, 2019 • Urban and Regional Planning Act of 2015 • Arbitration Act No. 19 of 2000 • Forests Act of 2015 • Zambia Wildlife Act of 2015 • National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, Cap 173 of 1989 • Agricultural Lands Act Cap 187 of 2006 • Land Survey Act Cap 188 • Valuation Surveyors Act Cap 207 These Zambian resettlement policy and other Acts are described below. However, there is currently no specific law pertaining to the Involuntary Resettlement in Zambia. 3.1.1 National Resettlement Policy, 2015 The policy was formed with an aim to deal with the resettlement strategy for rural development and as a response to internal population displacements. It also provides a mechanism for dealing with both voluntary and involuntary resettlements. It also states that the Government shall establish comprehensive guidelines to provide fair compensation and other forms of reparations where appropriate, to internally displaced persons for any loss incurred as a result of the displacement in accordance with the law. 3-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework The objectives of this policy are to • increase and promote the sustainable agricultural productivity of major crops • improve agricultural policy implementation, resource mobilisation, agricultural research, technology dissemination and implementation of regulatory services • increase profitability and competitiveness of agri-business, agricultural exports and contributions to the foreign exchange earnings • improve the access to productive resources and services for the small-scale farmers, especially women and young farmers, and provide continuous strength to the institutional capabilities of the public and private sector. 3.1.2 Constitution of Zambia Cap 1 The Constitution of Zambia is the supreme law of Zambia and any other written law, customary law and customary practice that is inconsistent with its provisions is void to the extent of the inconsistency. The Act provides for • the management and administration of the political, social, legal, and economic affairs of the state to be devolved from the national government level to the local government level • land to be classified as the State land, Customary land and any other, as prescribed • the utilisation of natural resources and management of the environment. 3.1.3 Environmental Management Act of 2011 Enacted in April 2011, The Environmental Management Act (EMA) No. 12 of 2011 replaced the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EEPCA) which, until then, was the supreme environmental law in Zambia. Under this act, the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) was re-named as the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). The Environmental Management Act provides the legal basis for the protection and management of the environment, conservation and sustainable utilisation of the natural resources in Zambia. The EMA makes provisions for integrated environmental management including the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of projects prior to implementation, strategic environmental assessment, declaration of an area of land that is ecologically fragile or sensitive to be an environmentally protected area, the conservation of biological diversity and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of biological resources. Where the ZIFLP results in restrictions of access to natural resources in legally designated parks and protected areas, Land Resettlement program (LRP) will be prepared. These will be reviewed and approved by the ZEMA through a decision letter with attached conditions, prior to the implementation of ZIFLP activities. 3.1.4 Lands Act Cap 184, 1995 This Act repeals the Land (Conversion of Titles) Act and empowers the President of the Republic to compulsorily acquire property. The principles of compensation are pivoted on the basis that the value of property for the purpose of compensation shall be the value of the amount which the property might be expected to realise if sold on the open market by a willing seller 3-2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework at the time of the publication of notice to yield the possession of the property. There are two main land tenure systems in Zambia, namely Statutory and Customary Tenure. i) Statutory Tenure Statutory tenure of all land is vested and directly owned by the President of Zambia who holds the tenure perpetuity of the land on behalf of the Zambian people1. The State land is titled and administered by the GRZ and the rights and privileges contained in it are the main features of this land tenure systems2. The characteristics of statutory land can be summed up as follows: • Land tax should be paid by the landowners. • Communal or grazing areas are not recognised. • Redistribution will not occur, and • Existence of temporal limitations on use or ownership. ii) Customary Tenure Customary tenure is recognised in laws; however, the records that pertain to it such as maps of chiefs’ areas are not part of official registers. Customary areas are home to the majority of rural Zambian population or approximately 60%3. Under this tenure, traditional authorities are responsible for ensuring that all members of the community are allocated land after the Chief has assessed the capability of the members using his or her discretion. Under the customary system, the land is acquired through the inheritance, and the Chief or Headman has the power to grant occupancy and use rights, oversee land transactions between community members, regulate common pools of resources and adjudicate land disputes. One of the key aspects of customary tenure is free access to the land by all members of the community. The other features of land under customary tenure are as follows: • Landowners do not pay any land tax. • Communal or grazing areas are recognised. • Redistribution can occur; and • No temporal limitations apply to the use or ownership of land. 3.1.5 Local Government Act, Cap 281, 2019 This Act provides for the system of local government administration in Zambia at the city, municipality and town council levels. Each level has delegated statutory functions with respect to the development planning and participatory democracy. The GRZ expects to devolve the powers of national government to local government in 2017. This will require • autonomy of the local government structures at both the district and sub-district levels 1 Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP), 2017b.Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. Process Framework 2 Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP), 2017a.Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. Environmental and Social Management Framework 3 CSO (2012). Zambia 2010 Census of Population and Housing. National Analytical Report. https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/index.php/publications/category/58-2010-census-analytical-reports 3-3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework • equitable distribution and application of national resources to the sub-structures and finally • involvement of communities and community organisations in matters of the local government. 3.1.6 Urban and Regional Planning Act of 2015 This Act repeals the Town and Country Planning Act of 1962 and the Housing (Statutory and Improvement Areas) Act of 1975. The urban and regional planning provides for the • development, planning and administration principles, standards and requirements for processes and systems • frameworks of administration, management, planning, guidelines, systems and processes • establishment of a democratic, accountable, transparent, participatory and inclusive process for urban and regional planning. • functional efficiency and socio-economic integration by providing for integration of activities, uses and facilities • establishment of procedures for integrated urban and regional planning in a devolved system of governance • uniformity of law and policy. 3.1.7 Arbitration Act No. 19 of 2000 This Act provides for arbitration in cases where the landowner or occupier does not agree with the amount of compensation being offered. • Under section 12 (2) of the Act, the parties to arbitration are free to determine the procedure for appointing the arbitrators. • Section 12 (3) (b) states that if the parties are unable to agree on the arbitration, another arbitrator shall be appointed, upon request of a party, by an arbitral institution. 3.1.8 Forests Act of 2015 The Forests Act establish the Forest Development Fund and provides for the • establishment and declaration of National Forests, Local Forests, joint forest management areas, botanical reserves, private forests and community forests; participation of local communities, local authorities, traditional institutions • NGOs and other stakeholders in sustainable forest management • conservation and use of forests and trees for the sustainable management of forests’ ecosystems and biological diversity, and • implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Water Fowl Habitat, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries experiencing Serious Drought and Desertification, particularly in Africa and any other relevant international agreement to which Zambia is a party. In terms of community forest management, the Act provides for the formation of a CFMG for the purpose of communal control, use and management of a forest. Consent from the area Chief is required and the group can consist of a group of persons who are members of a village in or 3-4 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework near a forest; managing a forest or part of a forest; or desirous of managing a forest or part of a forest. The CFMG can enter into a community forestry agreement with the Forestry Department in respect of an area or forest for which the CFMG is formed. Where a CRB is already in existence, the group can also enter into a community forestry agreement with the department. A CFMG can, with the approval of the Director, enter into partnerships with other persons for the purposes of ensuring the efficient and sustainable conservation and management of the community forest. In terms of user rights, a community forestry agreement may confer on a CFMG the following forest user rights in the community forest concerning (a) collection of medicinal herbs; (b) harvesting of honey; (c) harvesting of timber or fuel wood; (d) grass harvesting and grazing of animals; (e) collection of forest produce for community-based industries; (f) eco-tourism and recreational activities (g) scientific and educational activities; (h) plantation establishment through non-resident cultivation; and (i) the right to enter into contracts to assist in carrying out specified silvicultural operations. 3.1.9 Zambia Wildlife Act of 2015 The Wildlife Act provides enabling legislation for the sustainable management of wildlife in Zambia. In addition, the Act establishes the Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW). The functions of the Wildlife Management Licensing Committee are defined, in addition to providing for the establishment, control and management of National Parks (NPs), bird and wildlife sanctuaries, the conservation and enhancement of wildlife eco-systems, biological diversity and objects of aesthetic, pre-historic, historical, geological, archaeological and scientific interest in the NPs. In terms of community partnerships, the Act provides for the registration of CRBs; the promotion of opportunities for the equitable and sustainable use of the special qualities of public wildlife estates; the establishment, control and co-management of Community Partnership Parks for the conservation and restoration of ecological structures for non-consumptive forms of recreation and environmental education; the sustainable use of wildlife and the effective management of the wildlife habitat in the GMAs; the development and implementation of management plans; and enhancement of the benefits of GMAs to the local communities and wildlife through the involvement of local communities in the management of these Areas. Furthermore, the Act includes provisions for the regulation of the keeping, ranching, harvesting, hunting, and import and export of animals (including birdlife) and their products. It also covers the legal requirements for the control of illegal hunting or collection of wildlife during the construction process. In addition, the Act provides for the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Lusaka Agreement on Co-operative Enforcement Operations directed at Illegal trade in Wildlife Flora. and Fauna Moreover, where it is deemed that CRBs need to be formed to allow communities to effectively participate in resource protection and champion conservation awareness campaigns in the 3-5 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework communal areas, for example in the Chikomeni and Mwasemphangwe areas, these could also be formed through the provisions of this Act. 3.1.10 National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, Cap 173 of 1989 Under the Act, any project being implemented is required to disclose any new archaeological, paleontological or cultural sites it encounters, to the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC) and follow their procedures for the investigation and removal of material from there prior to continuing construction activities. Any project-supported activities that could impact sites of social, sacred, religious, or heritage value are to be reported to the Commission prior to the activities being carried out. 3.1.11 Agricultural Lands Act Cap 187 of 2006 This Act establishes the Agricultural Lands Board the functions of which are to • keep under review the use that is being made of the State land outside the urban and peri- urban areas. • carry out other duties in connection with the alienation of the State land into farm development or settlement schemes. • make recommendations to the Minister. 3.1.12 Land Survey Act Cap 188, 1995 The Act repeals the Lands (Conversion of Titles) Act and empowers the President of the Republic to compulsorily acquire property. The principles of compensation are pivoted on the basis that the value of property for the purpose of compensation shall be the value of the amount which the property might be expected to realise if sold on the open market by a willing seller at the time of the publication of notice to yield the possession of the property. 3.1.13 Valuation Surveyors Act Cap 207 This Act provides guidance for the land valuation practices in Zambia by the land valuator, who is supposed to be registered by the Valuation Registration Board under the provisions of this Act. 3.2. WORLD BANK RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK The World Bank (OP) 4.12 relates to the administration of resettlement issues in the event of Project activities inducing the displacement of people and disrupting their livelihoods. This OP states the following: i. Involuntary resettlement and land acquisition should be avoided or minimised wherever possible, and all the viable alternative project designs need to be explored. ii. Wherever it is not feasible to avoid resettlement or land acquisition, the resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as the sustainable development programmes, providing enough investment resources to enable project affected people to share Project benefits. iii. project affected people should be properly consulted and provided opportunities to participate in planning and implementation of the resettlement programmes. 3-6 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework iv. The project affected people should also be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them. The World Bank (WB) experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under the development projects, if left unaddressed, often gives rise to economic, social, and environmental issues. People within the project area may face crisis when their livelihoods are lost and when they are relocated in different environments if their productive skills are less applicable. It can also lead to greater competition for resources and weakened social and institutional networks. Thus, this policy has been included by the WB to address all these risks, thereby protecting and safeguarding the people within the project development areas. As per this policy, the process framework is required to prepare in case the projects involve involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. In such cases, the policy suggests involving the project affected people to determine the nature of restrictions, as well as the type of measures necessary to mitigate adverse impacts both during the design and project implementation phases. The process framework shall include the participatory process by which • specific components of the project will be prepared and implemented • the criteria for eligibility of project affected people will be determined • measures to assist the affected persons in their efforts to improve their livelihoods, or at least to restore them, in real terms, while maintaining the sustainability of the park or protected area, will be identified • potential conflicts involving project affected people will be resolved. Table 3.1: Comparison between Zambian Legislation and the World Bank OP 4.12 Subject WB OP4.12 – Involuntary Zambian Legislation Comparison Resettlement Notification WB requires to ensure that Sections 5 to 7 of the Both the Bank and Period or impacts or restriction of access Zambian Lands Zambian Legislation Timing of the or the taking of land and assets Acquisition Act agree that impacted Project does not occur before putting provides for the persons should be Impacts in place measures of issuance of notices to compensated before resettlement e.g. show: land and related assets compensation. • The state’s intention are taken away. There is a provision of to acquire property. resettlement sites and payment • The landowner or of morning allowances to occupant to yield up project affected people. . property. • The State to take up possession. 3-7 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Subject WB OP4.12 – Involuntary Zambian Legislation Comparison Resettlement Eligibility for The following are eligible Section 10 of the Lands Under the Zambian Compensation according to the Bank: Acquisition Act of the law, only people and • Those with formal rights Zambian Laws provides entities with title deeds to the land. for compensation of are entitled to persons whose land has compensation e.g. • Those who have claim to been acquired Under World Bank’s the land but without compulsorily under the OP 4.12, illegal land formal legal rights, and Act. users without title to • Those without the land are entitled to recognisable legal right or compensation for land claim to the land. use and affected structures on it (but not compensated for land). In some cases of illegal development, compensation is provided on discretional basis on case by case basis. Compensation Bank policy requires that Section 10 of the Lands Zambian law provides • PAPs are promptly Acquisition Act for the payment of provided with effective Chapter 189 of the compensation at compensation at full Laws of Zambia market value for losses replacement cost for loss of provides for of land, buildings, assets attributed to the compensation crops and other project directly. consisting of money, damages arising from agreed as per the Act. the acquisition of land • PAPs are provided with Where the property to for project activities assistance during be acquired but does not recognise relocation and residential compulsorily is land, the moving costs or housing, housing sites and the President, with the rehabilitation support agricultural sites of at least consent of the person to restore previous equivalent standard as the entitled to levels of livelihoods or provision site. compensation shall in living standards. view or in addition to However, any compensation rehabilitation support payable under the to restore previous section grant others levels of livelihoods or land not exceeding the living standard has value of the land been considered by acquired. World Bank Policy. Valuation and Bank defines replacement Chapter 1 Article 16 of Under the Zambian the Amount of “cost” with regard to land and the Laws of Zambia law, compensation is Displacement structures as follows: provides for equal to the market Compensation Urban Land: –Pre- fundamental right to value of the property displacement market value of property and protects without reference to land of equal size and use with persons from its depreciation. similar or improved public deprivation. The Act On the contrary, under infrastructure facilities and stipulates that no person the World Bank 3-8 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Subject WB OP4.12 – Involuntary Zambian Legislation Comparison Resettlement services located in the vicinity can be deprived of his Safeguard of affected land, plus the cost property compulsorily compensation for lost of any registration and transfer without adequate properties will be taxes. compensation. The calculated on the basis For Houses and other level of compensation of full replacement Structures the market cost of amount shall be cost, for example equal the materials to build a determined by to what enables the replacement structure with an agreement of the project affected area and quality similar or relevant parties and that persons (PAP) to better than those of the affected in default of the restore their structures plus the cost of agreement on the livelihoods at the level transporting building materials amount payable, a court prior to resettlement or to the construction site, along of competent displacement. with the cost of any labour and jurisdiction shall contractors' fees plus the cost determine the amount of any registration and of compensation. thoughtful taxes. Qualified valuation Agricultural Land: Pre- professionals will projector pre-displacement undertake valuation of whichever is higher, market assets. On traditional value of land of equal land, assets are valued productive value or use located at replacement cost in the vicinity of the affected separate from the land. land to levels similar to those As traditional land has of affected land, plus the cost no recognisable market of any registration and transfer value, it is not costs. appropriate to value it using replacement cost value. Comprehensi As per World Bank’ OP 4.12, The Town and Country There is no ve the borrower is responsible for Planning legislation, requirement under the Resettlement conducting census, preparing which deals with issues Zambian law for the Planning implementing and monitoring of human settlements preparation of a the appropriate instrument for and development in comprehensive formal resettlement, informing Zambia, does not refer Resettlement Action potentially project affected to involuntary Plan (RAP) including people at an early stage about settlement, but only to carrying out a census, the resettlement aspects and the removal of squatters social economic their views to be taken into on state lands needed survey, consultations account during the project for urban expansion and with project affected design. development. people, monitoring, reporting, and so on. 3.3.1 Measures to Close the Gaps As noted, the PF requirements are based on the policies of the WB and Zambian national legislation. Whenever there are discrepancies between the requirements of WB (OP) 4.12 and the Zambian requirements, the requirements and guidelines of the Bank will be followed during the implementation of the sub-projects. 3-9 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework In addition to the relevant policies, it is also necessary to know the existing institutional arrangements befitting for the implementation of the Project. 3.3. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ZIFLP is developed to facilitate the implementation of REDD+ Programme. The Programme is a multi-stakeholder and multi-sector based programme. Therefore, its implementation requires institutional arrangements to establish harmony between all the stakeholders and sectors. The institutional arrangements for these projects have already been set up, based on the embedded existing structures of the government. The arrangement includes government bodies and other institutions working side by side with the NGOs, private sectors, CSOs and other local communities in the implementation, monitoring, evaluation and reporting of the REDD+ activities at the ground level. The institutional arrangement can be divided into two levels: The Coordination level and the Implementation level. It is important that the arrangements at both the levels are sound and sustainable. 3.4.1 Coordination Level a. National Project Steering Committee (NPSC) - The members of the National Committee of Permanent Secretaries (NPSC) will include Permanent Secretaries (PSs) from the relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) , that is, the Ministry of Finance (MoF), Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR), Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MFL) , Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW), Local Government and the representatives from CSOs, and NGOs. b. Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP)- At the national level, the MNDP will coordinate project activities through the Department of Climate Change and Natural Resources (DCCNR) where the NPU will be hosted. The MNDP, through the DCCNR, in line with their climate change agenda mandates, will be responsible for the complete coordination. The DCCNR will be the National Implementing Agency for the ZIFLP. It is important that the arrangements at the national or coordination level and the implementation level are sound and sustainable c. National Technical Advisory Committee (NTAC)- There will additionally be a National Technical Advisory Committee (NTAC) (using the existing platform) with a representation from the key MDAs such as the Directors of Forestry, Land, DNPW, Chairpersons of intergovernmental technical working groups, civil society and the private sector. NTAC will be responsible for providing the technical support and guidance to the Project. The members of the NTAC attending each meeting will depend on the agenda or technical advice sought by the NPU. d. Department of Climate Change and Natural Resources (DCCNR): The DCCNR at the Ministry of Finance plays a pivotal role of supporting relevant ministries and departments, particularly the Forestry Department where the implementation of the IP investment priorities will be determined. It will facilitate coordination among all the project implementing entities i.e. the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR), Eastern Province (EP) Provincial Project Implementation Unit (PPIU) and all the relevant line ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) through the Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP). This is in fulfilment of their coordination mandate under 3-10 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework the climate change policy. This will help to ensure the programmatic objective of the Government under the 7NDP. e. Development Partner Working Group: The main function of this working group (the UNDP, the FAO, the bilateral donors as well as the NGOs, the CSOs and the other private sector representatives) is to provide a high-level policy advice and support the resource mobilisation efforts. The group provides information to the NCPs on the developments, aid in the architecture and its impacts on the REDD+ Programme. It also evaluates how the Programme can relate and interface with the other donor- funded programmes and projects under the environment and climate change agenda. 3.4.2 Implementation Level a. Forestry Department The Forestry Department constitutes the National Planning Unit (NPU), which has the overall responsibility for the programme implementation coordination. The unit works closely with the Sector Focal Points that are responsible for the implementation of the programmes at the sectoral or departmental level. The core functions of NPU include the following: i. Planning and Preparation of annual work plans and budgets. ii. Financial Management. iii. Procurement of goods and services. iv. Coordination, supervision, monitoring, continuous evaluation of the Programme. As a part of Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV), the Forestry Department compiles information on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) and the REDD+ GHG report in collaboration with the aligned institutions. b. Provincial Level At the provincial level, the the Provincial Administration of the EP will host the Project Implementation Unit (PIU). This agreement aims to ensure sectoral mainstreaming of the investment, do away with the multi-layer approval procedure for faster decision – making facilitate more efficient project implementation and respect the constitutionally mandated decentralised process. The Provincial Planning Sub Committee (PPSC), to be chaired by the EP Permanent Secretaries (PS), will be responsible for providing the technical support, guidance and advice to the project in relation with the sectoral issues at the provincial level. c. Sectoral Level At the sectoral level, the NPU will work through the Focal Point units in the Ministries, such as Ministries of Agriculture, Energy, Local Governments along with Commerce and Industry, for the preparation of the budgets and annual work plans. The Focal Points will also report to the NPU regarding the implementation and challenges faced in implementing the REDD+ Programme at the sectoral level. d. Community Level At the ground level, the traditional leaders and village committees form the actual implementers of forest management through the Community Forest Management (CFM), the Joint Forest Management (JFM) and the Private Forest Management (PFM). 3-11 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework The District Forestry Officers in collaboration with the District Development Committees and Town Councils will provide the technical support and guidance to the locals to enable them to achieve the objectives of sustainable forest management At the community level, the overall coordinating responsibilities will fall under the Area Development Committees (ADCs) or any existing Government‐recognised authority. The ADCs will consist of community representatives, leaders, traditional representatives and civil society partners, which are termed the existing institutional structures. Communities will be responsible for implementing and managing the interventions at the community level with a managerial oversight from the districts and the PPIU. The community development plans will be prepared if they are not already existing. e. Social and Environmental Safeguards and Safeguards Information System (SIS) As a part of the REDD+ implementation process and to ensure the best practices, a SIS will be formed. It will serve as the main repository and information source for all safeguards-related information across the REDD+ programmes. It will be mandated by a legislation for environmental reporting at the national level and will keep an environmental information registry. ZEMA as the mandated institution under the Environmental Management Act (Part III, section 20), will be responsible for collecting and publishing information on the quality of the environment including any significant adverse effects, which have been caused or are likely to be caused. f. Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) An Institutional arrangement for Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) for the REDD+ will be consistent with the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) National Inventory System of the Government of the Republic of Zambia. This arrangement consists of five sectors, namely the local government, Department of Energy, Forestry Department, Department of Agriculture, Commerce, Trade and Industry along with the mandated GHG reporting body of the ZEMA. 3.4.3 Gaps in Institutional Arrangements The gaps observed in the institutions involved at the coordination level and at the implementation level are as follows: i. At the Coordination Level - Although the NCPS consists of Permanent Secretaries from the relevant Ministries that is, MoF, MLNR, MoA, MFL, DNPW, and Local Government, the representatives from the private and civil society are missing. ii. At the Sectoral Level - Insufficient authority amongst the staff and ambiguities within the institutions are rampant. iii. At the Community Level - Insufficient mechanism of benefit sharing in the forest management is leading to the insufficient capacity building within the community making them unable to carry out the REDD+ activities properly. Besides, there are a few ambiguities in the mandates of the institutions, which deal with the matters related to the land. The administration of land in NPs and GMAs is regulated by the Zambia Wildlife Act. However, there is a problem in the institutional coordination when administrating the land of the GMAs. This is due to the fact that these Areas are situated in the customary areas and therefore, conflicts between the local people, chiefs and the DNPW often 3-12 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework arise. Local authorities also face difficulties in performing the land alienation functions in these Areas because the governing statutes clearly state that the management of the GMAs is a prerogative of the DNPW. These gaps have created hindrances in the implementation of the REDD+ Programme, which have been briefly discussed in the following sub-section. 3.4.4 Recommendations on the Institutional Gaps The Table 3.2 given below shows the recommendations on the institutional gaps. Table 3.2: Recommendations on Institutional Gaps S. No. Gaps Recommendations 1. Representatives from the private The role of private sector and civil societies are sector and civil societies are missing important in carrying out the REDD+ activities. at the coordination level. Hence, at the coordination level, the NCPS must have the provision for the involvement of representatives from the private sector as well as the civil societies. 2. Insufficient authority amongst the The Job Description (JD) of all the staff members staff and ambiguities within the at the sectoral level should be well described and institutions at the sectoral level. the staff should be capacitated to carry out their jobs as per their respective JDs. 3. Insufficient mechanism of benefit a. Proper guidance on sharing the benefits from sharing of forest management leading the forest management. to the insufficient capacity building b. Capacity building of the communities. within the community making them unable to carry out the REDD+ activities properly at the community level. 3-13     SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE                             Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE 4.1 GENERAL SETTING The EP falls under two catchments viz. the Luangwa and the Zambezi catchments. The major portion of the EP comes under the Luangwa Catchment area. This Catchment consists of the forested area, the Ramsar sites, mining sites and reservoirs.1 Only a small portion of the EP is under the Zambezi Catchment. Both these Catchments are facing problems associated with the climate change (such as erratic rainfall patterns, water depletion), low agricultural production, reduced livestock and forest fires. The forest fires are common in the area, which occur mainly due to the bush-burning, hunting and charcoal making. The local people are facing the challenges due to the changes in climate, which are affecting their farming practices and the crop production. The farming in this area mainly depends upon the rainfall as the resource-poor farmers are unable to use any kind of improved irrigation methods and they are unaware of the large-scale water conservation measures. Therefore, these people are mostly involved in the poaching and rat-hunting for their subsistence. The detail socio-economic condition of the area is described below. 4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 4.2.1 Demography The EP had a population of 1,707,731 (Census 2014) with 836135 males and 871566 females i.e. about 49 % were males while 51 % were females. The population in the EP grew at an average annual growth rate of 2.7 per cent during the period of 10 years, from 2000 to 2010. The population distribution in each of 14 districts in the EP have been given below (Figure 4.1). 1 Zambezi Catchment (2020). Retrieved from http://www.warma.org.zm/catchmentszambia/zambezi-catchment- 2/ 4-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework 16 14 12 Percentage 10 8 6 4 2 0 Districts Figure 4.1: Population Distribution of the Eastern Province2 4.2.2 Economic Activities The major economic activity in the Eastern Province is agriculture, which is done at both the commercial and subsistence level. Apart from agriculture, people depend mainly upon forestry, fishing and services. a. Agriculture: More than 80 % of the population depend on the agriculture for their livelihood and agriculture in the Province is mostly carried out by small-scale farmers3. The major agricultural crops grown in the Province are maize, cotton, sorghum, rice, cowpeas, sunflower, millet, cassava, soya beans, groundnuts, sweet potatoes, fruits and vegetables. The farmers cultivate on minimum one hectare and a maximum of seven hectares of land, which shows the low agricultural productivity on the existing agricultural lands. Among the many agronomic and horticultural crops cultivated, white maize is the most common and dominant crop, followed by groundnuts, sunflower and cotton4. As per the MNDP (2017)5 the agricultural yields are consistently lower in the Province due to poor farming methods such as burning crop residues, reduced input subsidies, unaffordable high price of chemical fertilizers and limited availability of high-quality seeds. This is a reason why the farmers have been forced to open new land by clearing the forests. However, REDD+ Programme, being implemented since last few years, has initiated climate-smart agricultural practices and conservation farming. b. Livestock Rearing: As part of the livestock agriculture, farmers or individuals rear livestock, mostly chickens, pigs, cattle, and goats. 2 CSO (2014). Zambia 2010 Census of Population and Housing. Eastern Province Analytical Report. https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010_Census_Analytical_Reports/Eastern %20Province%20Analytical%20Report%20-%202010%20Census.pdf 3 Matakala P.W and Chikololo J., 2017. Proposed Activities to Address the Rural Livelihood Improvement, Sustainable Forestry and Wildlife Management Pillars of the ZIFL-P. 4 Moombe, (2017a). Eastern Province Rapid Social Assessment Report, ZIFLP/World Bank 5 Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP), 2017a.Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. Environmental and Social Management Framework. 4-2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework c. Others: Apart from agriculture, the other key sources of livelihood in the area are tourism and forestry. The project area boasts of a plenteous wildlife in the form of NPs and GMAs. These natural and cultural heritage sites as well as the hotel industry greatly contribute to the livelihoods of the people of the area. Most of the rural population depends on the forests for their fuel, shelter, food, grazing pastures, fodder, medicines, and household utilities such as stools, and cooking sticks2. Other important sectors, which drive the economy of the EP, include small-scale mining, fisheries and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). 4.2.3 Area of Cultural Significance The major culturally significant areas are as follows, which are shown in Figure 4.2: • Graveyards. • Historical Monument at Feni. • Mountains owned by the Church (Misupazi). • Arena for Zengani Ceremony at Emusha. • Tubimba Ceremony Site at Kalindawalo. • Hot Springs at Kalula, Dickson and Ngonga Village. • Rain Shrines at Mtipulazi and Nyakwlemba. • Caves in Kalobe and area between Nyamuzimu and Nkhusi rivers. • Nchingilizya Hills (used as fort during the Renamo War) at Nchingilizya Ward. • Nachinbwi Hills (known for Hyenas) at Kapoche Ward. • Suvwa Hills in Kapoche Ward. 4.3 GENDER ISSUES Women in the EP despite making for approx. 67.4 % of the agricultural labour force6 face gender disparity issues due to the prevailing patriarchal, traditional and cultural beliefs in the Zambian society. Some of these issues are as follows: • Women do not have the same access to the productive inputs (like land, finance, and information), which makes women more vulnerable to the negative impacts of the climate variability and the related shocks. For example, female-headed households are less likely to have access to innovation to enable them to adopt the improved technologies in agriculture such as ploughing, ripping, and fertilizer or herbicide use. 6 Mwitwa J, Vinya R, Kasumu E, Syampungani S, Monde C, and Kasubika R. Drivers of Deforestation and potential for REDD+ interventions in Zambia by UN-REDD Zambia National Programme Policy Brief. 4-3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). Updated Process Framework Figure 4.2: Culturally Significant Sites 4-4 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). Updated Process Framework. • They do not have equal voice and lack power at national, local and household levels. For instance, women are less likely to engage in the landscape management, including forest meetings, forest management groups and village forest leadership5. • They are not preferred over men for accessing the land. And if somehow, they have the land, they do not have the power of making the decisions on it. For example, only 17 % of women have the customary land access as compared to men, which comprises 47.2 % of land whereas 35 % of land is under the joint ownership of both men and women8. • Men are involved in the cash crops and in marketing household commodities whereas the involvement of women is merely limited to the crops. About 43 % of the male-headed households engage in crop commercialisation while only 29 % of female-headed households are able to progress beyond subsistence farming8. • Another issue is the exclusion of women from the markets due to their limited access to the transport and market information due to gender biasing. • They experience more challenges than men in marketing their products, especially food products. Their products are marketed locally, and they often get the lower prices at the farm gate marketing. • Besides, women also experience mobility constraints as compared to the men due to the numerous household chores as they cannot be away from home for a long time to market their products. • Men are often considered the decision-makers and holders of the income generated from the farming business and women are often considered the unpaid work force (instead of co- managers) for that farming business. • The women are provided less education than men. • Household food security is linked to the women’s gender roles and this is not usually recognised and no adequate support is provided at that level. This contributes significantly to women’s lagging behind men in the most productive ventures that have monetary value. • The livelihood of most of the female-headed households (especially the rural households) mainly depends upon the forests therefore, any change in the climate affects women more than the men7. 4.4 LAND TENURE Land tenure refers to the way in which rights in land are held. Zambia has the dual land tenure system, that is the statutory or legal tenure and customary or indigenous tenure (Lands Act of 1995). The official figures state that only 6 % of the land area (i.e., approximately 7,53,000 sq. km) in Zambia is a state land, which is administered by the Government and is subjected to the taxes. Most of the statutory land lies in the Chipata district. The remaining 94 % constitutes the customary areas and is governed by the customary chiefs and their representatives, including the village headmen and indunas, through largely informal and unrecorded systems of land allocations8. 7 FAO. 2018. National Gender Profile of Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods – Zambia. Country Gender Assessment Series. Lusaka. 8 Moombe, (2017b). World Bank Land Tenure Assessment: Law and Practice, Eastern Province. Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Program Land Administration, Resource Tenure and Land Use Assessment in Zambia. A Focus on Law and Practice in the Eastern Province. 4-5 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). Updated Process Framework. The different land tenure systems are as follows: ▪ Statutory Tenure: This refers to State land, which is administered by the Commissioner of Lands through local authorities on behalf of the President since all land in the country is vested in the Republican President on behalf of the people. The President of Zambia holds the country’s land in perpetuity on behalf of the Zambian people. The President has delegated his powers to make and execute grants and disposition of land to the Commissioner of Lands. The Commissioner has agents who plan the land into plots and thereafter select and recommend suitable candidates to the Commissioner of Lands for issuance of certificate of title. The Commissioner’s agents, in this regard, are the District, Municipal and City Councils. These agents use the Town and Country Planning Act to plan the land in their areas in their capacities as planning authorities under the Act. In terms of delivery, or the system to acquire State land, these agents identify an area for which a layout plan is made, subdividing the identified land into several plots. ▪ Customary Tenure: Customary land is acquired through inheritance and through land allocation from the chiefs or headmen. These lands are held in trust by the President of Zambia through traditional authorities and Zambia’s chiefs. All the members of the community under this tenure have a free access to the land. Tenure under customary lands does not allow for exclusive rights in land. No single person can claim to own land as usually the whole land belongs to the community. In this regard, land is deemed as belonging to members of the community for their own use. Customary land ordinarily cannot be used as collateral, as in many cases there are no legal defined physical boundaries, as required under the Land Survey Act. Thus, customary lands are prone to encroachments, which often result in land disputes Although land tenure is broadly classified into two types in the public or gazetted areas, the ownership and the management of the land is not necessarily held by the same person or institution in case of the National Forests, NPs and GMAs. This results in the overlapping of the land tenure and the jurisdictions involved in it. 4.5 FOREST RESOURCES The total land mass of the EP is about 6,910,590 hectares9 out of which almost 70.61 % is under the forests. The Province is dominated by the semi-evergreen and deciduous forests having a rich vegetation in Southern Miombo Woodlands, Central Zambezian Miombo Woodlands, the Zambezian and the Mopane Woodlands10. The dominant plant species of the Miombo Woodlands are Brachystegia, Isoberlinia and Julbernardia, and include key species such as Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii, Julbernardia globiflora, J. paniulata; and Isoberlinia angolensis. Mopane Woodlands are dominated by the Colophospermum mopane, Adansonia digitata, Combretum imberbe, Terminalia sericea and Acacia species. The forests of the area are categorised into the NPs, GMAs and Forests Reserves (Figure 4.3). The total forest area of EP is almost 2,460,540 ha out of which 418,032.3 ha is under NPs, 9 Shakachite O et al.,2016. Integrated Land Use Assessment II -Report for Zambia by Forestry Department, the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 10 MLNREP (Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection), 2015, United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Fifth National Report 4-6 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). Updated Process Framework. 1,544,950 ha is under GMAs and 497,557 ha is under Reserve Forests. This shows that the greater part of the forests is under the GMA followed by Reserve forests and NPs. a. Forests Reserves The Forests Reserves include the National Forests and the Local Forests. The Forestry Department (FD) administers and oversees the protection of these forests through a network of Forest Reserves. The major objectives of local forests are to fulfil the requirements of the present and future generations of the local people for the forest products. Similarly, the national forests aim to protect and conserve the major water catchments and their biodiversity. As per the Zambezi Catchment1 (2020), there are about 14 national forests and 64 local forests in the EP. However, as per the Project Management Unit (PMU), the total forest reserves are 72 with 10 national and 62 local forests. b. National Parks and Game Management Areas The NPs and GMAs are administered and overseen by the DNPW. The GMAs are protected areas in communally owned lands (for example, customary or traditional lands), which are primarily used for the sustainable utilisation of the wildlife resources through the regulated hunting and non-consumptive tourism concessions, for the benefit of the nation, local communities and the wildlife resources. While the GMAs fall in the IUCN Conservation Area Category VI (Resource Reserve), the NPs fall under the IUCN Conservation Area Category II (Protected Areas). The EP comprises three National Parks and five Game Management Areas (Table 4.1). 4-7 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). Updated Process Framework Figure 4.3: Forests of Eastern Province 4-8 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Table 4.1: Forests Area in Eastern Province S. No Forest Types Area (ha) Percentage (%) 1. The North Luangwa National Park 120,510 5 2. The Luambe National Park 35,755.8 1 3. The Lukusuzi National Park 261,766.5 11 4. The Lumimba GMA 396,621.1 16 5. The Lupande GMA 509,162.1 21 6. The Musalangu GMA 56,463.6 2 7. The Sandwe GMA 151,837.4 6 8. The West Petauke GMA 430,866 18 9. Reserve Forests 497,557 20 Total 2,460,540 100 (Source: The Ministry of Land and Natural Resources Zambia and WDPA). 25 20 15 10 5 0 North Luambe Lukusuzi Lumimba Lupande Musalangu Sandwe West Petuke Reserve Luangwa National National GMA GMA GMA GMA GMA Forests National Park Park Park Figure 4.4: Percentage of the Eastern Province Forest Area The forest land or areas in the EP are either under the customary arrangement or under the state land tenure system. However, some reserve forests land may be owned under title by the individuals, companies, other institutions and local councils. But as per the Forest Act No. 4 of 2015, the decision-making power regarding these forests lies with the President on the behalf of the general public8. The percentage of the forest land ownership of the EP shows that most of the forests, that is, almost 65% is under communal land while 22% is under public state, 9% is under local government land and remaining is under private individuals’ land9. i. Encroachment in National Parks and Game Management Areas The LNP covers approximately 2,700 km2 and is surrounded by over 8,500 km2 of customary land consisting of five rural communities as defined by their respective traditional leaders that border the park. Residents of these "border" communities are largely small-scale farmers who grow maize 4-9 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework and other secondary crops as their principal source of food and income. The production hardly lasts till next harvesting time. Therefore, many farmers over the past several decades have resorted to wildlife poaching in the LNP to make up for shortfalls in food and income. Many of the Park’s key species including black rhino, buffalo, and elephant have disappeared, and smaller species have reduced greatly in population size. As a national park, its status became regarded as depleted, and limited park management and law enforcement resources were directed elsewhere to higher priority national parks, leaving Lukusuzi NP with a small force of 10 wildlife police officers guarding the entire Park. Zambia Wildlife Act No. 12 of 1998 prohibits occupation of people and any other form of livelihoods in legally protected areas. However, since 2011, there has been continued encroachment and occupation in the LNP. The Park was encroached by agriculture land seekers who settled in the areas, such as Kamwankunku, Mbuluzi, Mnyamazi, Msikizi and Kamaibe. These areas are considered to have a rich biodiversity of natural resources. These people moved into the NP due to poverty and in search of better livelihoods, especially through agriculture. The soils were degraded where they had come from. In its continued effort to protect the natural resources from illegal utilisation in Lukusuzi NP, DNPW in collaboration with the Zambia Police (ZP), Zambia National Service (ZNS), Office of the President (OP), Drug Enforcement Commission (DEC) and Immigration department, jointly conducted a special operation of evicting hundreds of illegal settlers from Lukusuzi National Park in 2015. Approximately, 3,000 people were evicted. Most GMAs lie in close proximity with rural communities in customary areas. Unlike in NPs, settlements are allowed in GMAs, provided that a person who settles there should conform to the provisions of the Management Plan developed by the CRBs. Notwithstanding the provisions of any written law, a person may obtain leasehold title within a GMA in accordance with the provisions of the GMA general management plan. Acquisition of leasehold title is also permissible in the GMAs and it is subject to the approval of the Director, DNPW. ii. Issues or challenges in National Parks and GMAs in the Eastern Province8 Issues related with National Parks • Encroachments by people from the neighboring community as well as from as far as Copperbelt and including having fields even by some Government officers. • Allocating and selling land in parks. • Unstable river water flow. • Decreasing resources: minerals, trees, reeds, fish. • Soil excavation. • Fires. • Poaching. Issues related with GMAs • Legally, no land in a scan be converted to a title without the permission of DNPW. However, this provision has largely been ignored with the more contentious customary land management 4-10 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework regimes. It is common for land to pass through the conversion process from customary to state land without any consultation with the DNPW. Thus, GMA land is spotted with individual titles in the same way that non-GMA customary land is. • Limited manpower, for example, for the Nyimba sector (2016); there are 23 wildlife police officers (WPOs) when 50 is considered adequate. • No communication equipment (radio network systems). • Depletion of soils in areas due to the illegal cultivators and cultivation in dambos (type of wetlands), which are water sources for wildlife. Thus, the situation causes Human Wildlife Conflicts (HWCs). • There is theft of baits (for example, for lions, leopards) for hunting, thereby disturbing the hunting industry. Apart from these protected areas, another important biodiversity hotspot of the region is the Luangwa Flood Plain, a Ramsar site. 4.6 THE LUANGWA FLOOD PLAIN: A RAMSAR SITE The Luangwa Flood Plain lies on the boundary of the EP with the Muchinga Province of Zambia. It covers part of the South Luangwa National Park and the North Luangwa National Park in the North-west and the Luambe National Park in the South-east. It also comprises the GMAs within it and these include the Munyamadzi GMA No. 24, the Lumimba GMA No. 21, and the Lupande GMA No. 20. The main habitat present at the site is Miombo Woodland. It also hosts several endangered species (Table 4.2). Table 4.2: Endangered Species of the Luangwa Flood Plains S.No. Names of the Species IUCN Conservation Status 1. Panthera leo Vulnerable (VU) 2. Loxodonta africana VU 3. Lycaon pictus Endangered (EN) 4. Diceros bicornis Critically Endangered (CEN) 5. Crocodylus niloticus Least Concern (LC) 6. Hippopotamus amphibius VU (Source: The ACE Consultations and International Wetland) Although the region is rich in the forest resources, it is, at the same time, vulnerable to the change in the climate because of the increase in the population of the area. The area is undergoing the deforestation and degradation owing to the different social activities. These drivers have been explained below in detail. However, no impact is envisaged from the REDD+ project on this wetland. 4.7 MAIN DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION The forests in the EP of Zambia are important in supporting life, especially of the low-income communities of the region. A variety of wood and non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are utilised by the industries and the local households. However, these have also become the cause of the 4-11 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework deforestation and forest degradation. The different economic activities being undertaken in the forest area of the EP are listed below: a. Agricultural expansion (commercial and subsistence). b. Wood fuel (charcoal and firewood) to meet the high energy demands. c. Timber extraction (both legal and illegal). d. Anthropogenic forest fires. a. Agricultural Expansion Though the EP is an agricultural hub and contributes to a substantial part of the total crop production of the country, the practice of agricultural expansion is converting the forested land into the agricultural land. The agricultural practices, which act as the drivers of deforestation, are as follows: • The traditional forest lands are permanently converting into the agricultural lands due to the lack of the clear land-use planning, the lack of the operational regulations in managing the cash crops such as tobacco and the lack of poor institutional support for land administration at local level. • Inappropriate agricultural practices (such as biomass burning) are reducing the fertility of the soil. • The practice of shifting cultivation causes soil erosion and accentuates the variability in rainfall distribution. • Combined effects, such as change in the traditional cultivation practices, poor farming methods and the lack of the capacity-building training have also forced the locales to open new lands, leading to the massive deforestation. Hence, the above-mentioned agricultural activities are creating pressure on the forests and ultimately leading to the loss of forest land11. As per the study of Integrated Land Use Assessment12 (Phase II) of Zambia, the EP has lost about 156,000 ha of forests due to the conversion of forest land into the agricultural land from the year 2000 to 2014. b. Wood Fuel or Energy Demand The EP primarily depends on the forests for firewood and charcoal as sources of energy. Most of the rural dwellers use firewood while the urban dwellers mostly use charcoal in the EP. Almost 85 % of the charcoal is consumed in the urban settings as a source of energy for cooking and heating. There is a small but increasing demand for charcoal in the EP. The production of charcoal is important for the sustenance of the rural livelihood. The charcoal production involves felling of trees, removal of woody shrubs and brushwood, kiln establishment, as well as collection, 11 Wathum G., Seebauer M, and Sophia C, 2016. Drivers of Deforestation and forest degradation in Eastern Province, Zambia 12 Gellner M, Ng’ambi W J, Holler S, Kaminski M A, 2019. The potential for reservoir fisheries and aquaculture in Eastern Province, Zambia, SLE Discussion Paper 01/2019. 4-12 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework packaging, and marketing of the charcoal. The charcoal production largely changes the species composition within forests and thus, causes the depletion of the specific species. Likewise, the firewood is collected from the forest usually by the rural people. The extraction of wood for firewood does not involve clear-cutting within an area. Only in case of scarcity of the firewood, people cut down the trees and dry them before use. However, the consumption of firewood is so high that it can lead to the deforestation. As per the estimation (Wathum G. et. el 2016)15 the firewood consumption at the household level is 416,000 tones per year; in other words, 9,300 hectares deforestation occurs due to the fuelwood extraction annually. c. Unsustainable Timber Extraction Forests are extensively cut for the purpose of timber extraction also. Species like Pterocarpus angolensis (Mukwa), Afzelia quanzensis, Khaya nyasica, Baikiaea plurijuga (Zambezi teak) and Brachystegia are commercially used for the timber production6. d. Anthropogenic Forest Fires Forest fires are a common occurrence in the EP. Fire plays an important role in the rural communities of the EP, but the impacts from the fire can be severe. Minimal attention has been paid to the impacts of anthropogenic fires occurring in the forested areas of the Province. Hence, these fires can also be held responsible for the ever-reducing quality and quantity of the forested land. Some of the impacts of forest fires are as follows: i. The forest fires lead to forest degradation by damaging potential food sources (such as NWFPs) and wildlife habitats. ii. Uncontrolled fires also have substantial impacts on the local people and can greatly reduce the availability and quality of the forest resources (like building materials, firewood). iii. Frequent fires have severe impacts on the air and water quality. iv. Forest fires cause destruction, for example, burning of crops and homes, which can drastically change local livelihoods. v. Homes with grass-thatched roofs in the rural areas of the EP are more prone to the catch fires. It is estimated that fires impact over one million ha of land each year13. 4.8 LAND CONFLICTS The incidences of land conflicts prevailing in the Province related to the State land and Customary land are as follows: • The chiefs releasing the customary land for its conversion into the state leasehold land is on the increase because of the pressures for the commercialisation and privatisation of the land. Moreover, it has been observed that the chiefs have given out land without the prior consultations or considering the interests of their subjects, thereby creating conflicts in rural communities14. 13 Zambia Study, 2014. Forest Governance and Timber trade flows within, to and from East African Countries 14 Muleba M. 2012. Status of customary land in Zambia and how it affects the rights of indigenous local communities 4-13 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework • Many chiefs underestimate the value of the land they give to the investors as it has no value until converted to a saleable commodity. However, the land value is usually a fraction of the cost incurred, according to the Zambia Development Authority (ZDA) sanction process. All it may require for securing a land from a chief is a new car, upgradation of the chief’s house or palace, or other gifts. These underhand dealings lead to the land conflicts17, and whenever there is a conflict over the land rights, the tenure insecurity arises. • Land rights may not be practised where there are land conflicts, but tenure insecurity leads to the weak land rights and subsequent land conflicts. The causes of the above-mentioned incidents of land conflicts in Zambia are mainly related to the State land and the Customary land. The land conflicts are mainly caused by the institutional fragmentation. Besides, there is a lack of institutional coordination, which often leads to the duplication of authorities and responsibilities, thereby leading to conflicting decision-making processes. Delay in obtaining the title deeds have people ending up in looking for the shortcuts and indulging in corrupt practices to obtain the land rights. The chiefs are ill-informed about the consequences of the conversions while converting the land tenure from the customary to the leasehold. As a result, the investor often starts using the acquired land for tourism, manufacturing and various related activities, which are not harmonious to the communities living in the vicinity of the acquired land. Thus, land grabbing leads to the displacement of the people from the land, they have occupied for years. 4.9 SOCIAL VULNERABILITIES The low available agricultural land, the relative poverty status of the households, the dependence on the natural resources and the relative size of the landholdings suggest high level of vulnerabilities in the area. The SESA report has recognised following vulnerable groups: a. The female-headed households. b. The landless and land-poor households. c. The households without livestock and without labour. d. The marginalised households, such as households supporting or headed by the children, the elderly, the HIV or AIDS patients, the terminally ill or the disabled. The vulnerabilities of the area are mainly associated with the following factors: i. Land Tenure: The forest land or areas in the EP are either under customary or state land tenure system or under the private land. A large proportion of the land in the Province is under customary land tenure. However, the exercising of tenure rights in the forest region is debilitated due to the limited understanding of the forest tenure and thus, insufficient capacity to manage the forests. The lack of clear land tenure is a major underlying driver of the forest destruction. The customary forests are an open access to the forest resources. In many cases, the inhabitants do not benefit much from the forests hence, they do not show any interest in 4-14 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework managing it while in some cases, farmers clear the land for the agriculture as well as for other economic activities. ii. Land Use: The Province does not have proper processes in place for the allocation of land for different uses at various jurisdictional levels. Moreover, there are no provisions to deal with the illegal allocations. In addition, there are no management plans or guidelines for the reserve forests. This results in the encroachment of forests for the agricultural land use and charcoal burning. iii. Resource Use: Forests serve as the source of goods, employment, and business opportunities (e.g. timber, and trading in the NWFPs such as honey, mushrooms, caterpillars and fruits) to the inhabitants of the EP. The district-wise economic activities performed by the rural people by clearing the forested areas have been described in the Table 4.3 in detail. Table 4.3: District-wise Economic Activities Performed in the Forest Areas15 Commercial Activities Performed S. No Districts Type of Forest Area Cleared in Forests of Eastern Province Districts 1. Chadiza Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping, firewood, infrastructure or forest settlements 2. Chasefu Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping, firewood collection, forest infrastructure or settlements, charcoal production, livestock fodder production 3. Chipangali Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping to produce ash for fertilizers forest, forest plantation, other 4. Chipata Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping, infrastructure or settlements forest 5. Kasenengwa Primary natural forest Firewood 6. Katete Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping, firewood collection, forest infrastructure or settlements 7. Lumezi Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping firewood to produce ash for forest fertilizers 8. Lundazi Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping firewood for charcoal forest production 9. Lusangazi Primary natural forest Cropping, firewood collection 10. Mambwe Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping, infrastructure or settlements forest 11. Nyimba Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping, infrastructure or forest settlements, firewood collection, charcoal production 15 Central Statistical office and Ministry of National Development Planning, 2019. Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey Report 4-15 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Commercial Activities Performed S. No Districts Type of Forest Area Cleared in Forests of Eastern Province Districts 12. Petauke Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping, infrastructure or forest settlements, tree plantation 13. Sinda Primary natural forest Cropping, firewood collection, infrastructure or settlements 14. Vubwi Primary natural forest, secondary Cropping and firewood collection forest All the above-mentioned factors are causing the deforestation, and these have considerably reduced the suitable habitat areas for the effective wildlife management. Moreover, increased human encroachment on the NPs is threatening the protected buffer zones, decreasing the wildlife connectivity, and causing the deforestation, leading to the overmuch GHG emissions2. 4-16     RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS TO PROTECTED AREAS     Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. 5 RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS TO PROTECTED AREAS As mentioned in Chapter 4, the EP comprises of three National Parks and five Game Management Areas. The NPs especially Lukusuzi NP and GMAs are encroached by the agricultural land seekers. This PF has been prepared in view of WB (OP) 4.12 and now updated. This policy is triggered in anticipation of the ZIFLP sub-project activities that may result in economic restrictions. It provides the provisions to minimise the said impacts through the involvement of traditional authorities, farmers and communities as a whole, where practical, in order to especially minimise livelihood impact concerns. The Framework outlines the means by which the affected communities will participate in the further planning and implementation of the sub-projects that are deemed to have impact on the restriction of access. 5.1 POTENTIAL CASES OF RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS TO PROTECTED AREAS The implementation of some of ZIFLP activities may restrict access of communities to the protected areas, such as NPs (North-Luangwa, Luambe, and Lukusuzi) and GMAs (Lumimba, Lupande, Musalanga, Sande and West Petauke). This may have adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the people. By law, anybody who illegally settles in protected areas commits an offence and liable to a fine or/and imprisonment upon conviction and shall be evicted. There have been a number of evictions from protected areas at Eastern Province level. In Eastern Province, encroachment levels are estimated at 30% of the total area of the forest’s reserves1. Evictions have also been conducted in national parks. For example, in Lukusuzi National Park in Lundazi District where 198 villages and almost 3000 households were involved in 20152. They were resettled in the Eastern part of Lukusuzi National Park bordering Mwasempangwe chiefdom in Lundazi District, located in the Eastern side of Luangwa Valley. The illegal settlers had moved into the national park due to poverty and in search of better livelihoods especially through agriculture. They were involved in agriculture, stealing wildlife and had all kinds of social and physical structures. The agricultural land that had been observed in PAs of Eastern Provinces are depicted below Figure 5.1. 1 Moombe, (2017b). World Bank Land Tenure Assessment: Law and Practice, Eastern Province. Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Program Land Administration, Resource Tenure and Land Use Assessment in Zambia. A Focus on Law and Practice in the Eastern Province. 2 Ibid (page, no 61). 5-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. Figure 5.1: Cultivated Land within the PAs Component -2 of ZIFLP is associated with the livelihood and low-Carbon investments, and one out of two sub-components of it, that is, the sub-component 2.2 of ZIFLP is associated with Wildlife Management. It involves • supporting the national protected area system to ensure more sustainability for the protected area of EP investments by strengthening the overall system • community management of wildlife to promote practices, which will maximise opportunities for rural communities from adjacent wildlife resources and which will be positive for biodiversity conservation • management of protected areas, with a focus on LNP and Luambe National Park. In such cases, the specific activities are to be planned, which will contribute to the economic returns as well as allow the wildlife management. Some of these activities have been proposed below: • Consultations with adjacent communities to the protected areas and establishment of co- management processes and instruments. • Mitigation of HWC, where necessary. • Support to incipient eco-tourism initiatives such as local eco-tourism strategies, community training, infrastructure. • Awareness-raising activities. 5-2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. • Supporting local involvement and management of GMAs so as to maximise returns from photo safaris and hunting, both potentially important sources of funding to communities. • Improved management of subsistence hunting, where legally allowed, so as to provide food but to ensure sustainable management of game resources. • Possible extension of COMACO model where communities receive support for agricultural investments but are financially compensated for simultaneously protecting wildlife resources. The project will dedicate special efforts to work with villages and communities in buffer zones and connect corridors to reduce pressure on the protected areas. The Project will work with existing CRBs and CFMG to develop and finance forest management plans that focus on alternative, productive and conversation activities to protect or improve wildlife habitats. Efforts invested by communities in these activities can be compensated by revenues from the wildlife reserves and CRBs, and benefits from the carbon markets. The potential social impacts from the restriction of the access to the protected areas (PAs) are described as follows: 5.2 POTENTIAL SOCIAL IMPACTS 5.2.1 Positive Impacts The potential positive impacts of restricting the access to the PAs include: • Recreation: The protection of these Areas will contribute to their sustainability as they will become recreational areas. • Medicinal Sources: PAs help support public and livestock health through providing diverse medicinal herbs, which are the choice of the majority of the world’s poor people to date. • Education and Research: The said areas are usually in a good condition of natural integrity (not disturbed) to provide a good condition for scientific research and education. PAs are ideal places where ecological processes and interactions can be studied under the best possible circumstances. Apart from the above-mentioned positive impacts, the restrictions on the PAs will have positive impacts on the climate change, land use land cover (LULC), soil loss and desertification, better management of natural resources, establishment and protection of critical natural habitats, such as the protected areas and forests, and emergence of private stakeholders that will be beneficial for the local people. 5.2.2 Adverse Impacts The potential adverse impacts from the projects due to the restrictions on access to the PAs are as follows: • PAs as a Source of Conflict: PAs are managed for conservation and development of different flora and fauna for keeping them from extinction and make them as tourist attraction site. These objectives of the PAs override the community need of the resource for their livelihoods as well 5-3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. as cultural and spiritual needs. As a result, there are often conflicts between the bodies that administer the PAs and the community. Also, HWC is the major challenge in the PAs that further cause Pas or community conflict. PAs are also the sources of conflict when there is unresolved ownership and overlap of jurisdiction between the PAs and adjoining lands. • Impacts on Livelihood: The Project can affect the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in the various ways. The restrictions on the access to the PAs can prevent the local communities from making use of the forest for subsistence. It may create the conflict between the communities and administrators of the PAs. • Food Insecurity: The poorer households who depend on the forests for subsistence purposes will be impacted. Mitigation Measures The measures to mitigate the above-mentioned impacts are as follow: • PAs as a Source of Conflict: The adequate consultation will be carried out among the communities that are dependent upon the PAs. These communities will be adequately involved during the planning and implementation of the sub-projects. • Impacts on Livelihood: The negative impacts on the livelihoods should be minimised. The benefits from the Project should be equitably shared and there should be an adequate participation of the local communities in the implementation of the REDD+. The Project should also involve the districts chiefs along with the local communities, which has been recommended during the consultations with the local government officials. The livelihood restoration measures are given in detail in Section 5.3. • Food Insecurity: The Project should incorporate traditional livelihood practices into its overall development strategy to ensure subsistence income from the various sources, as well as food security in the long term. Apart from above-mentioned adverse impacts from the project, some of the adverse impacts on social components have also been pointed out in the SESA Report due to gaps in the legislations. They are mentioned below: a. Environmental Management Act, 2011 The Act does not provide regulations for the utilisation of the amount from the carbon tax. The collected amount goes into the consolidated account and some of it may be used for the non-carbon sequestration activities. Recommendations The Act shall have some provisions to use the collected fiscal revenues, which are derived from the environmental or biodiversity fiscal measures. It should have a separate account earmarked to fund these environmental or biodiversity conservation projects only. Alternatively, tax revenues raised from fiscal measures can be used to finance the National Biodiversity Conservation Fund, which has been proposed as one of the major financing solutions for Zambia. 5-4 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. b. Forest Act, 2015 Under this Act, the regulations on the private forestry and Joint Forest Management (JFM) are still under development. The Act designates the comprehensive responsibilities and obligations to the communities, which are beyond the capabilities of many local communities. This shows the requirement of detailed operational guidelines and generic templates as well as training to the communities. Also, this Act does not recognise the formal rights; the percentage sharing of revenue; operationalisation of the communities’ right to issue the community permits and collect revenue. As per the consultation with the Government stakeholders, the land right may create disputes between the chiefdoms and may adversely impact the implementation of REDD+ project. Recommendations The Act shall • recognise the rights of the smallholder forest owners who are currently holding the land under the customary tenure by providing formal recognition to customary land holding certificates • clarify the Forest Management Plans and Conservation Orders to define the jurisdictional areas • clarify the roles and responsibilities in the design of the benefit sharing arrangements. • clarify the cost-benefit sharing under the JFM and reduce the prescriptiveness in the Principal Act • develop the legislation to facilitate the retention of revenue generated from the forfeited assets at the source of where the forfeited assets originated • update the JFM regulations to match the 2015 Forests Act, including the amendments in cost benefit sharing, licensing procedures and handling of the Government revenue • provide the explicit guidance on how the introduction of community permits and licenses will be harmonised with the existing forestry department production, conveyance and concession licenses • pay for the forest conservation through the agriculture, value additions and Payments for Environmental Services (PES). In addition, the FD shall also develop a REDD+ Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) through which conflicts or complaints related to the planning and implementation of REDD+ activities shall be channelled, in accordance with the existing national laws and regulations. The GRM shall be neutral and objective and shall provide equal space, opportunities, and rights to all the stakeholders for them to be heard. c. The Zambia Wildlife Act, 2015 Under this Act, there is no robust and specific incentive system designed for the wildlife and tourism sectors including preferential “taxation” systems. Furthermore, it has also failed to capture the multiple benefits of policy harmonisation between wildlife and the other sectors. 5-5 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. Recommendations The sector shall establish a synergy with the other key sectors like forestry, water, energy, agriculture, mining, and resettlements and shall introduce • value-added tax (VAT) on tourist packages • retention of court fines • fees for culling of animals in support of the registered traditional and cultural ceremonies and wildlife product permits. d. The Gender Equity and Equality Act, 2015 The Act does not specify any provisions for the benefit of sharing of the carbon trade-off to the women. The consultations with the stakeholder have also marked gender equity as one of the issues in the area. Recommendations • Social and gender impact assessments should be undertaken at the household and community levels, which shall include the beneficiaries of the performance benefits. • Procedures need to be specified to ensure the participation of women and women’s organisations should be involved in the key decision-making bodies or advisory bodies. e. The Lands Act, Cap 184, 1995 The gaps identified under this Act are as follows: • Placing all the land (including the customary land) under the office of the President makes it difficult to distribute the land equally. • Most of the land is unplanned and improvements in the areas are not recorded and mapped. • Land rights of the people of the unplanned urban settlements are not well protected. • The Lands Act, 1995 ensures registration of women’s property rights in customary tenure; however, the customary norms and conventions are often unrecorded for the women in theEP. • In addition, the inheritance rules and patriarchal structures also tend to limit the women’s exercise of property rights, as per the Sitko, 20103. • There are also power asymmetries within the households, which create an inequality in women’s land rights although the existing legal framework tends to bring them at par with men. • Not enough procedures are there to protect the customary land rights. • Misuse of power by the chiefs while allotting the land. • Bureaucratic procedures and over-centralised land administration inhibit the rural dwellers from obtaining the title deeds for their land. 3 Sitko, J. N. 2010. Fractured governance and local frictions: the exclusionary nature of clandestine land markets in Southern Zambia. Africa. The Journal of the International African Institute, Volume 80. 5-6 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. • Ambiguities in the land administration where people and government authorities are at variance. Recommendations The decentralisation of power may reduce the delay in the land-related decisions. f. Land Regulations (The Customary Tenure Convention Regulation, S.I. 89 of 1996) The gaps identified under this regulation are • Constraints in the protection of individual rights by customary norms and practices • no proper records of customary land • women’s rights to land are not registered under the customary tenure • lack of adequate guidelines and documents on customary land administration is the main cause of manipulation and corruption. Thus, the regulation is often overlapped with the administration of the agricultural land, which creates uncertainties in the land alienation. Recommendations • Adoption of the Customary Land Bill (Act) to formalise customary land rights and to protect women’s rights to land. • Introduction of customary land registration to record the customary land. • Protection of woman’s rights in the customary land bill. • Issuing ‘traditional titles’ to women and other vulnerable groups to encourage formalisation of rights. 5.3 LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION MEASURES Livelihoods-related support during project implementation will be provided to people affected by project-induced restrictions on access to natural resources within protected areas in the EP. As part of this process, project implementation will include the preparation and subsequent implementation of LRPs, which will provide tailored livelihood support and benefit sharing to nearby communities. In cases where well-organised communities have produced their own investment plans (such as CRBs), this livelihood support will be channelled through the appropriate community mechanisms. Communities and households around the project-supported PAs will be provided with opportunities to restore their livelihoods to at least pre-project levels. The LRP will be prepared and the restoration activities may include: • Provision of agricultural inputs and extension to improve productivity of legally held lands or non-encroachment areas. • Alternative land allocation. • Assistance in land preparation. • Assistance in alternative livelihood schemes, and 5-7 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. • Assistance to access alternative resources. Different alternative livelihood schemes/assistance that can be undertaken to restore the livelihood of the people depending upon the PAs. These schemes can be grouped into three categories as categorised in the SESA Report, namely Sustainable Forests Management, Wildlife Conservations, and Sustainable Agricultural Practices. Some of the activities that can be included in the LRP under above-mentioned categories are described below: Sustainable Forests Management: The activities that can be included under this category are given below: i. Promoting participatory forest management through Community Forest Management (CFM), Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Private Forest Management (PFM) as promulgated under the National Forest Policy (2014) and Forests Act (2015). It can be particularly done in the Lundazi National Forest. The people that will be affected form the restrictions on access to the national parks, will be involved in this management. ii. Integrating livelihood activities such as Non-Timber Forest Products-based cottage industries, beekeeping in the forests around the LNP. The markets for bee products can be procured locally. iii. Rehabilitation of degraded forest areas through Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR), afforestation or reforestation activities involving local people or communities. iv. Develop a forest management strategy including fire management plans involving local communities in their implementation. Wildlife Conservation: The activities that can be included under this category are given below: i. Engaging affected local communities or people in wildlife management and community-based eco-tourism as provided for in both the Draft Wildlife Policy (2016) and Wildlife Act (2015). ii. Revising or updating the Lukusuzi Game Management Plan and develop management plans for surrounding GMAs and facilitate the creation of CRBs for Chikomene and Mwansensempangwe communities4. iii. Promoting climate smart agricultural practices and training to the affected local people within development zones. iv. Constructing water points within the park so as to address the issue of climate change and help mitigate the impacts of droughts on wildlife and the parks. Sustainable Agricultural Practices: The activities that can be considered under this category are i. expansion of livestock rearing in the area as an alternative source of livelihood ii. promotion of climate-smart agricultural practices and improved marketing services in the area in collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture or other organisations working on the same. The communities and households around the protected areas will be provided with opportunities to 4Patrick W. Matakala And Janet Chikolol, 2017 Proposed Activities to address the Rural Livelihood Improvement, Sustainable Forestry and Wildlife Management Pillars Of The ZIFL-P- Gef-Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Programme (ZIFL-P). 5-8 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework. restore their livelihood to at least pre-project level. The assets that could be considered are physical and non-physical assets such as productive lands, farmlands, communal resources, income-earning opportunities, social and cultural networks and activities. The categories of affected persons or communities may include: • National Forest fringe communities. • National Park fringe communities. • Communities with no legal rights to resource (squatters). • Persons without formal legal rights to resources but have claims to property recognised by community leaders, and • Persons with no recognisable legal rights or claim to resources. Persons or communities encroaching on forest resources after the notification of boundaries will not be eligible for compensation or any form of assistance. The content for LRP is given in Annex I. 5.4 FUNDING OF LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION PLANS The funds for the LRPs can be derived from the Project, through DCCNR, as well as other related projects under implementation in the EP, such as COMACO and Bio Carbon Partners. The LRP for a sub-project would include an itemised, indicative budget and the implementing agency will finance this budget through the administrative and financial management rules and manuals like any other activity eligible for payment under the ZIFLP. This budget will be subject to the approval by the implementing agency. The Agency will have to finance the LRP since they will be impacting the people’s livelihoods. 5-9       ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA         Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework 6 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA 6.1 ELIGIBILITY OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS This PF outlines how potentially affected groups or communities will be involved in identifying and assessing the scope of impact due to the restrictions on access to the PAs. Land acquisition due to the REDD+ on-the-ground investment activities or imposition of access restriction to natural resources may result in loss of income or means of livelihoods to the PAPs. The World Bank’s (OP) 4.12 is applicable in this context for PAPs due to access restriction to the PAs, which state that • Any person(s) with formal legal rights to land: According to Zambia's land tenure system, this group consists of two types of people: those with title deeds and a 99-year renewable leasehold of state land, and the land they own has legally recognisable commercial value; and those who occupy land under the customary land tenure system, and the land is controlled and allocated to them by traditional authorities (chiefs); the owners do not have title deeds but they have a 'customary' legal claim to it, and they may not involve themselves in land transactions without the consent of the Chief. • Any person(s) who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have a claim to such land or assets: This group of people mostly comprises those who have bought land or other immovable property but have not yet completed the process of acquiring title deeds. The other group consists of those in legally established voluntary relocation areas who have not yet reached the retirement age, at which point they become eligible for title deeds; and • Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying prior to the cut-off date: these are mostly encroachers into State land or those who may or may not occupy customary land without permission or recognition by the local authority (chief). In accordance with the World Bank (OP) 4.12, all PAPs are eligible for some kind of assistance who will be identified occupying the land in the PAs or using resources before the cut-off date regardless of their status or whether they have formal titles, legal rights or not, squatters or otherwise encroaching illegally. 6.2 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA For the identification of PAPs in REDD+ Programme implementation, a thorough assessment shall be conducted. CBOs, community leaders and traditional institutes are key to be consulted during 6-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFL-P). -Updated Process Framework the process of defining eligibility. The following points could serve as starting points to identify eligible PAPs: • Presence of legal document over the use of the land or use of the access restricted PAs. • Presence of person during the socio-economic survey. • Presence of asset of PAPs on the land or access restricted PAs. • Evidence of loss of livelihood due to the project or access restriction to PAs. • Customary use right over the natural resource. Potentially affected communities will also be consulted for establishing the eligibility criteria as necessary as well as identification and assessment of adverse impacts and their significance. Other eligibility criteria identification is critically important during a specific project implementation at a specific site. Once PAPs are identified, the REDD+ Programme will inform them beforehand about the restrictions of access to resources, about their future livelihoods (if livelihoods are affected), pay compensation as appropriate and provide technical support for restoring livelihoods. 6.3 CUT-OFF DATE Upon identification of the need for involuntary resettlement in a sub-project, the DCCNR will be responsible, in collaboration with relevant local authorities, to carry out a census to identify the persons who will be affected by the sub-project. This will help the sub-project proponent to determine who will be eligible for assistance early enough in the Project cycle. It will also help to prevent an inflow of ineligible people living outside the sub-project area of impact, but who might want to take advantage and claim for assistance. The form to be completed to conduct the survey (Census Survey Form) is included in Annex II and Environmental and Social Screening in Annex III. The completion of the census will mark the cut-off date for eligibility for compensation. Those who will come into the area after the cut-off date will not be eligible for compensation. 6-2     GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM     Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 7 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM This Chapter details the participatory institutional arrangements for the implementation of the proposed measures and providing assistance to the affected persons and communities in hearing their grievances arising out of Project implementation and resolving them through the establishment of a GRM. 7.1 POTENTIAL GRIEVANCES AND DISPUTES Potential grievances and disputes that may arise during the course of the project due to the restrictions on access to the PAs are as follows: • Inventory mistakes made during census survey as well as inadequate valuation of properties, • Mistakes related to identification and disagreements on boundaries between affected individual(s) and specifying their land parcels and associated development. • Disagreement on the resettlement package (the location of the resettlement site does not suit them). • Unfair award of contracts. • Delayed payments to contractors. • Delayed disbursement of project funds. • Long procurement procedures. • Delayed commencement of sub-project activities. 7.2 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM Despite best efforts with regard to the public consultations and community relations, there will be times when the programme sponsor and stakeholders can disagree. All programme affected persons will be informed of their rights to raise grievances pertaining to the ZIFLP. Mechanisms will be put in place to ensure that grievances are recorded and considered fairly and appropriately. These include: • A register of grievances which will be handled by the Community Liaison Officer or any other appointed person by the DCCNR. • Receipt of grievances will be acknowledged as soon as possible, by letter or verbal means. • The grievances will be reviewed by the Compensation Committee and appropriate action will be taken. The preferred course of action will be discussed with the person bringing the 7-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework grievance. Wherever possible, grievances will be resolved at this level. • Relevant details of grievances, with outcomes, will be made available to the affected parties through the DCCNR that will develop a communication strategy for the GRM of the Project, which should include an explanation of the methods used to carry out the project’s activities and compensation payments. The participatory institutional arrangements for the Process Framework and the resolution procedures for grievance redress in the REDD+ Programme are described in Table 7.1 below: Table 7.1: Grievance Redress Procedures at the Different Levels of Administration Responsible Implementation Grievance Redress S. No Level Institution Responsibility Responsibility 1. National Department of i. Overall supervision of the To assist in resolving Level Climate Process Framework and issues referred to it by Change and Natural Livelihood Restoration or Provincial Project Resources Compensation Plans. Implementation Unit (DCCNR) ii. Provision of funds for (PPIU). livelihood restoration or compensation activities. 2. Provincial Project Regional supervision of LRPs To assist in resolving Level Implementation and reporting to the DCCNR. issues referred to it by Unit (PIU) and DPIU. PPIU. 3. District District District supervision of i. i. To assist in Level Programme LRPs and reporting to the resolving issues Implementation PPIU. received directly Unit (DPIU) ii. Trigger the process or referred to by through inventory of communities. affected persons and ii. To liaise with the assets and implement PIU to resolve plans in close consultation issues. with the PPIU or Community or Consultant. 4. Community Ward Development To represent the To receive Level Committee community and assist in complaints at the inventory of affected community level and persons. liaise with DPIU to Traditional Leaders To represent the resolve issues. community and assist in the inventory of affected persons. NGOs, Community To represent the Resource Boards community and assist in (CRBs), the inventory of affected Community persons. Groups, Forest 7-2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Responsible Implementation Grievance Redress S. No Level Institution Responsibility Responsibility Management Groups (CFMGs) 5. Others ZEMA Review and monitor livelihood restoration or compensation plans Land valuation To assist in the valuation and To assist in re-valuing officers compensation payment disputed values of (Department of process and reporting communal properties Government Valuation or Independent Private Sector practitioners) Consultant, if Prepare plans and assist with required implementation and capacity building. The DCCNR has the overall responsibility for preparing and implementing the PF with the WB approval. It will ensure that all compensation, restoration and rehabilitation activities are carried out satisfactorily. The PPU will organise the regional and district orientation and training for the PPIU, and DPIU, as well as for the various Government departments likely to be involved in the process, to make them ready to implement alternative livelihood schemes and the payment of compensation and other activities in a timely manner. The PPU will ensure that the progress reports reach the DCCNR regularly. The Project administration and restoration planning will run concurrently. Most of the work will be done at the district level. The PPU (through the DPIU) will ensure that • communities are properly and adequately informed (timely, and also their rights and options relating to their properties that may be affected by the Project) • activities between different communities implementing the restoration or compensation plans are being coordinated • plans and provisions of compensation, in cash and kind are timely implemented • any grievances submitted by the affected persons or communities are being attended. The DPIU through the Camp Agriculture Committee (CAC) and community leaders will engage and involve all sections of the community in discussions on the Implementation Plan. They will • schedule open meetings to ensure that all community members are informed and fully aware of their rights and options regarding the restoration activity, and • identify impacts on lands and assets and the members of the community to be affected and to what extent they will be affected. To boost the capacity of DCCNR, three safeguards and stakeholder engagement specialists will be 7-3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework hired- one at the national level, and two at the EP headquarters. These three personnel will be fully funded by the Project. Their main task will include the monitoring and supervision of social aspects related to this project. 7.3 UNRESOLVED GRIEVANCES AND DISPUTES Unresolved issues will be referred to a credible and independent person or body for arbitration. Where disagreements are severe, disputes could be resolved through community- recognised local institutions such as senior church officials, or other respected civil society figures. There are three main ways in which grievances will be resolved, and these are discussed below. Arbitration The Arbitration Act makes provisions for aggrieved parties to agree to settle disputes out of court through arbitration. In order to use arbitration in the settlement of disputes, the parties ought to make a written agreement to submit a present dispute, or future disputes to arbitration. The parties are at liberty whether or not to name an arbitrator in the agreement. Where an arbitrator is not named in the agreement, the agreement should designate a person who would appoint an arbitrator. Courts of Law It should be noted that arbitration only works where the parties to a dispute agree to resolve a difference through arbitration. Where there is no consent, then a court of jurisdiction may be used to resolve a dispute. Grievance Redress Committee The Project will set up a GRM building on both traditional conflict-resolution flows as well as administrative and project- based steps to ensure community members or any stakeholders have an opportunity and means to raise their concerns or provide their suggestions regarding the project- related activities. From the community to the national level, there will be focal persons to receive, record and address grievances, queries and suggestions. A reporting line of received (and addressed) grievances will also be clearly defined, so that the DCCNR (national level project unit) will have a full set of data. Complaints will be categorised and recorded at each level of the structure and consolidated periodically in a national-level grievance database. The database will also be an effective management tool to monitor progress and detect potential obstacles in the Project implementation. During the participatory assessment process for sub-project preparation and sensitisation sessions, the Project's GRM ("communication steps" for beneficiaries) will be explained so that all stakeholders are aware and feel encouraged to use the mechanism for transparency and better project implementation. To better inform stakeholders, the Project will prepare materials (like posters, leaflets) in a widely spoken local language, which will be and displayed in publicly accessed areas as part of the communication activities. More detailed plans on the GRM will be explained in the Project Implementation Manual (PIM). The illustration in Annex IV summarises the procedure for grievances redress and outlines the entry points and decision-making at respective levels. 7-4   PARTICIPATORY MONITORING               Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 8 PARTICIPATORY MONITORING The purpose of the participatory monitoring is to monitor the extent and the significance of adverse impacts and the effectiveness of measures designed to improve or restore incomes and livelihoods. It is expected that stakeholders who will be restricted to the access the PAs will actively participate in the monitoring process. Those who benefit from livelihoods restoration will also be expected to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the livelihood measures being undertaken by the Project. 8.1. PROCEDURES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD SCHEMES This section explains the procedures for the implementation of alternative livelihood schemes to the communities affected by the restrictions on the access to the PAs. i. Livelihood Restoration Committee This committee will be responsible for the oversight and implementation of the livelihood restoration process. The committee will be convened by the implementing agency when livelihood restoration cases arise and will comprise expert representatives from the local government and relevant line ministries, for example, Ministry of Agriculture and the area Chief. The Livelihood Restoration Committee will have the following membership, at least 30% women members and 30% members from vulnerable groups. The Committee will be supported by Task Teams and Sub-Committees as required for the defined tasks. These groups will be specifically mandated by the Committee, with a clear, brief and reporting structure. In addition, discussions about livelihood restoration will include both the husband and wife, when a male-headed household is impacted. The Committee members will be able to consider the allocation of portfolios, ensuring clear management and reporting lines. Monitoring could be one of the portfolios, and the Committee will receive operational support from the DCCNR. ii. Consultations The affected persons or communities should be engaged in active consultations at the beginning of the Project and any planned or proposed access restriction(s) should be well explained in advance. Their input on the process is essential and their cooperation will be forthcoming when the Project objective is adequately explained to them. They should have access to the LRP and be encouraged to provide input. 8-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework iii. Notification Affected persons will be notified through both formal (in writing) and informal (verbal) manner, for example, at community meetings called by the various stakeholders. iv. Documentation The names and addresses of affected persons in the community will be compiled and kept in a database including claims and assets. The DPIU, PPIU, PPU and DCCNR will maintain records of these persons. The records are also important especially for future monitoring activities. v. Time Provisions Compensation will be paid, or livelihood restoration activities will be undertaken prior to communities being impacted by Project activities. vi. Redress of Grievances There are the chances of arising the grievances while implementing the alternative livelihood programmes. In order to deal with such grievances, GRM will be set up. This will provide an opportunity and means to the communities or affected stakeholders to raise their concerns. The committee will have focal persons to receive, record and address grievances, queries, and suggestions from the communities at the national level. The related information is provided in detail in Chapter 7. 8.2. MONITORING PLANS AND INDICATORS i. Monitoring of Process Framework The DCCNR will carry out the monitoring of the PF to ensure compliance with its provisions by stakeholders. In addition, the Department will design and put in place the monitoring mechanism, which will include the monitoring of resettlement activities such as compensation valuation and compliance with the WB involuntary resettlement policy. ii. Internal Monitoring To enable the sub-project proponents to measure progress against set targets, performance monitoring will be carried out as an internal function by the organisation (s) responsible for implementing the LRPs. Monitoring reports will be prepared at monthly, quarterly, half yearly and yearly intervals depending on the issues to be monitored. The performance targets will include: • Public meetings held • Compensation disbursed • Census surveys completed • Assets inventories and socio-economic studies completed • Compensation agreements signed • Number of people impacted 8-2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework • Number of people with land title, amount of land available for crops • Proportion of displaced people relocated • Income restoration and development activities initiated, and • Feedback from affected people (presented in resettlement implementation report). If the volume of work involved in performance monitoring is beyond the capacity of the implementing organization, the monitoring function will be sub-contracted to a consultant. iii. Impact Monitoring The impact monitoring will be undertaken by the sub-project proponent, or an independent agency. It will provide assessments of the effectiveness of the livelihood restoration strategies in meeting the needs of affected population. Quantitative and qualitative indicators will be used to compare the effects of the activities with the baseline conditions of the affected population before and after the relevant exercises. The satisfaction of the affected population with the livelihood restoration initiatives will be assessed for their adequacy or deficiency, whilst the census assets inventories and socio-economic studies will constitute the baseline for the affected population, for the purpose of evaluating impact assessment. iv. External Completion Audit Completion audit(s) will be carried out after the completion of all LRP inputs. The main aim of the completion audit or external monitoring will be to assess, how far the sub- project proponents’ efforts have gone in the restoration of the living standards of the affected population; and whether the strategies for the restoration of the living standards of the affected people have been properly conceived and implemented. The issues that need to be verified in the external monitoring will include: • Physical inputs committed in the LRPs • Delivery of services provided in the LRPs • The effects of mitigation measures prescribed in the LRPs • The affected populations and host populations social economic status, and • Plan for any mitigation that may be required to comply with requirements. 8.3. DEVELOPMENT OF INDICATORS In order to ensure that monitoring the impacts of the compensation and resettlement activities for the project are done successfully, a number of objectively verifiable indicators (OVIs) will be used. These indicators will be targeted at quantitatively measuring the physical and socio-economic status of the project affected persons (PAPs) and determining and guiding improvement in their social well-being. Therefore, monitoring indicators to be used for the PF will have to be developed to respond to specific site conditions. As a general guide, Table 8.1 provides a set of indicators that can be used in. 8-3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Table 8.1 Types of Variable Indicators S.No. Monitoring Evaluation 1. Outstanding compensation or resettlement contracts not Outstanding individual completed before next agricultural compensation or resettlement season contracts 2. Communities unable to set village-level Outstanding village compensation compensation after two years contracts 3. Grievances recognised as legitimate out of all All legitimate grievances rectified complaints lodged 4. Pre-Project production versus present production Equal or improved production per (crop for crop, land for land) household The possible indicators for the monitoring process are given below in Table 8.2. Table 8.2: Indicators for Monitoring Process Monitoring S.No Proposed Indicators Evaluation Criteria Purpose 1. Indicators to 1. Comparison of the land being used 1. Affected individuals, Determine the 2. Comparison of standard of house households, and communities Status of compared to before are able to maintain their pre- Affected 3. Level of participation in Project Project standard of living, and People activities compared to before even improve on it; and 4. Number of kids in school 2. The local communities compared to before remain supportive of the Project. 5. Change in health standards 2. Indicators to 1. Number of individuals receiving 1. Affected individuals, Measure LRP cash or a combination of cash and households, and communities Performances kind compensation are able to maintain their pre- 2. Number of payments made in a Project standard of living, and month or year even improve on it; and 3. Number of contentious cases out of 2. The local communities remain the total case supportive of the Project. 4. Number of grievances and time and quality of resolution 5. Ability of individuals and families to re-establish their livelihood to the same level as prior to pre- Project level or better 6. Number of mining and agricultural productivity of new lands; and 7. Number of impacted locals employed by the Project activities 8-4 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Monitoring S.No Proposed Indicators Evaluation Criteria Purpose 3. Indicators to 1. Financial records maintained by 1. Total compensation as per the Monitor and the local Governments number of peoples claims as Evaluate 2. Final cost of compensation per household dependents; and Implementation individual or household 2. Amount of land available to the of LRPs individual or household when the dossier is opened. 8-5     STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS                     Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. 9 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS The concerns and views of the communities and other stakeholders recorded during the stakeholder consultations, as well as the consultations methods and objectives are presented in this Chapter. 9.1. OBJECTIVES OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS The specific purposes of the stakeholder consultation process are discussed in the following section. 1. Inform local people about the project. 2. Assess the existing social conditions. 3. Determine the potential negative impacts of the proposed Project 9.2. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE CONSULTATIONS One-on-one consultations and FGDs were held with the Ministries and Government Departments, and various community-based groups such as VAGs, traditional authorities, farmers groups, community forests management groups, and NGOs. The details of the consulted stakeholders and the issues and concerns shared by them are provided in the following section. 9.3. CONSULTATIONS PROCESS 9.3.1 One-on-One Consultations with Government Departments These include the officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, Planning Department, Forestry Department, Agricultural Department, District Multisectoral team and Chamber Council who all are associated with REDD+ Proramme. The consultations were carried out in all the districts viz. Chipata, Katete, Chadiza, Kasenengwa, Lundazi, Chasefu, Petauke, Lusangazi, Sinda, Nyimba, Vubwi, Mambwe Chipangali and Lumezi. The consultations in each district were organised by the project focal person appointed by the PMU. While in most districts, the Forestry and Agricultural Departments were mainly involved, in some districts Planning Department and town councils were also seen active. Twenty-five consultations in-all were-conducted-with the different Government officials working on various positions in the EP. The officials have actively participated-in the consultations- and shared social-issues of-the-respective areas. The issues, concerns and suggestions received from these Government officials is enclosed in Annexure – VI. 9-1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Apart from these consultations, the Project has also consulted the key stakeholder’s way back in 2016. The major concerns were described in Annexure-VI. 9.3.2 Consultation process during ZIFLP Implementation Public consultations and participation are essential to engage all the stakeholders in project planning, management and its implementation. Therefore, it is important to have an effective consultation mechanism which will ensure the participation of all the stakeholder as well as providing the platform to present their views and values. It will encourage discussion as well as consideration of sensitive social and economic mitigation measures and potential trade-offs. The local communities along with other concerned stakeholders should be engaged in each stage of the ZIFLP such as • Project preparation stage • Design activities • Establishing the baseline conditions • Alternative analysis • Planning and implementation of safeguard measures • Planning and implementation of livelihood restoration and resettlement measures as well as analysis of different livelihood and compensation options • Monrioting and evaluation The engagement can be done through following consultation-based methods: • One-to-one meeting/Key Informant Interviews • Focus groups discussions • Public hearings / disclosure workshops Particular attention will be paid to public consultations with affected individual or groups/communities, vulnerable and traditional groups and host communities in case of resettlement, when resettlement and compensation concerns are involved, and resettlement is an unavoidable option. In doing so, the likelihood of conflicts will be reduced. 9.4. DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS Copies of the PF will be made available to the public at all the District Council Offices of 14 districts in EP. The LRPs will also be disclosed to various stakeholders in a similar manner. To meet the consultation and disclosure requirements of the WB, the implementing agency will issue a disclosure letter to inform the general public and key stakeholders of the approval of relevant environmental assessment reports. This stage of disclosure will also serve as Government’s authorisation to the World Bank to disclose such documents in its Info in Washington D.C. The steps towards disclosure of the safeguard documents have to be completed prior to the appraisal of the ZIFLP as required by the Bank’s Disclosure Policy. 9-2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. REFERENCES 1. Biocarbon Fund. Retrieved from https://www.biocarbonfund-isfl.org/who-we-are 2. Central Statistical office and Ministry of National Development Planning, 2019. Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey Report 3. CSO (2012). Zambia 2010 Census of Population and Housing. National Analytical Report. https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/index.php/publications/category/58-2010-census-analytical- reports 4. CSO (2014). Zambia 2010 Census of Population and Housing. Eastern Province Analytical Report. https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010_Census_Analytical_Re ports/Eastern %20Province%20Analytical%20Report%20-%202010%20Census.pdf 5. FAO. 2018. National Gender Profile of Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods – Zambia. Country Gender Assessment Series. Lusaka. 6. Gellner M, Ng’ambi W J, Holler S, Kaminski M A, 2019. The potential for reservoir fisheries and aquaculture in Eastern Province, Zambia, SLE Discussion Paper 01/2019. 7. Matakala P.W and Chikololo J., 2017. Proposed Activities to Address the Rural Livelihood Improvement, Sustainable Forestry and Wildlife Management Pillars of the ZIFL-P. 8. Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP), 2017a.Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. Environmental and Social Management Framework 9. Ministry of National Development Planning (MNDP), 2017b.Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. Process Framework 10. MLNREP (Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection), 2015, United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Fifth National Report 11. Moombe, (2017a). Eastern Province Rapid Social Assessment Report, ZIFLP/World Bank 12. Moombe, (2017b). World Bank Land Tenure Assessment: Law and Practice, Eastern Province. Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Program Land Administration, Resource Tenure and Land Use Assessment in Zambia. A Focus on Law and Practice in the Eastern Province. 13. Muleba M. 2012. Status of customary land in Zambia and how it affects the rights of indigenous local communities 14. Mwitwa J, Vinya R, Kasumu E, Syampungani S, Monde C, and Kasubika R. Drivers of Deforestation and potential for REDD+ interventions in Zambia by UN-REDD Zambia National Programme Policy Brief 15. Patrick W. Matakala And Janet Chikolol, 2017 Proposed Activities Toaddressthe Rural Livelihood Improvement, Sustainable Forestry and Wildlife Management Pillars of the ZIFL-P- Gef-Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Programme (ZIFL-P). 16. Shakachite O et al.,2016. Integrated Land Use Assessment II -Report for Zambia by Forestry Department, the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 17. Sitko, J. N. 2010. Fractured governance and local frictions: the exclusionary nature of clandestine land markets in Southern Zambia. Africa. The Journal of the International African Institute, Volume 80. 1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. 18. Terms of reference (ToR): Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project. 19. Wathum G., Seebauer M, and Sophia C, 2016. Drivers of Deforestation and forest degradation in Eastern Province, Zambia 20. Zambezi Catchment (2020). Retrieved from http://www.warma.org.zm/catchmentszambia/zambezi- catchment-2/. 21. Zambia Study, 2014. Forest Governance and Timber trade flows within, to and from East African Countries 22. BioCarbon Partners, 2016, Lumimba GMA – Lukusuzi Activities Paper 23. Central Statistical Office, 2012, 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Population Summary Report 24. COMACO, 2016a, Lukusuzi National Park Landscape Paper 25. COMACO, 2016b, Chikomeni Community Conservation Plan 26. COMACO, 2016c, Mwasemphangwe Community Conservation plan 27. Forest Commission of Ghana (Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources), 2014, Resettlement Policy Framework, REDD+ Mechanism in Ghana, Republic of Ghana 28. Forest Commission of Ghana (Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources), 2014, Environmental and Social Management Framework, REDD+ Mechanism in Ghana, Republic of Ghana 29. Gumbo, D. J., Moombe, K. B., Kandulu, M. M., Kabwe, G., Ojanen, M., Ndhlovu, E. and Sunderland, T.C.H., 2013, Dynamics of the charcoal and indigenous timber trade in Zambia: A scoping study in Eastern, Northern and Northwestern provinces, Occasional Paper 86, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia 30. IAPRI (2016) Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Survey. 2015 Survey Report 31. Interim Climate Change Secretariat (Ministry of Finance), 2016a, Environmental and Social Management Framework, Displaced Persons and Border Communities Project – Zambia Component (P152821) 32. Interim Climate Change Secretariat (Ministry of Finance), 2016b, Resettlement Policy Framework, Displaced Persons and Border Communities Project – Zambia Component (P152821) 33. Interim Climate Change Secretariat (Ministry of National Development Planning), 2016c, Zambia Integrated Forest Landscapes Project, Safeguards Consultancy Inception Report 34. Interim Climate Change Secretariat (Ministry of National Development Planning), 2016d, Zambia Integrated Forest Landscapes Project, Safeguards Consultancy Terms of Reference. 35. Marshall, B.E., 2000, Fishes of the Zambezi Basin, in Timberlake, J. (Ed.), Biodiversity of the Zambezi Basin Wetlands, p. 393-460, Harare, Zimbabwe, Biodiversity Foundation for Africa, The Zambezi Society, Bulawayo79 36. Mbewe M., 2016, Notes from interview and site visit during the environmental and social management framework scoping site visit 37. Midgley, Dejene & Mattick (2012) Adaptation to Climate Change in Semi-Arid Environments 38. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 2011, The National Agriculture Policy Ministry of Energy and Water Development, 2008, National Energy Policy 39. Ministry of Finance, 2013, Environmental and Social Management Framework, Investment Projects for the Barotse & Kafue Sub-Basins under the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience in Zambia 40. Ministry of Finance, 2014, Revised Sixth National Plan 2013-2016 2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework. 41. Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, 2014, Process Framework, Forest Investment Program (FIP) - Enhancing Carbon Stocks in Natural Forests and Agro- forest Landscapes, Republic of Ghana 42. Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, 2014, National Forestry Policy 43. Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, 2016, Final REDD+ Strategy 44. Ministry of Local Government, 2011, Decentralization Implementation Plan (DIP) 2011-2015 45. Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development, 2016, Environmental and Social Management Framework, Zambia Mining Environment Remediation and Improvement Project 46. Ministry of Mines and Minerals Development, 2016, Resettlement Policy Framework, Zambia Mining Environment Remediation and Improvement Project 47. Ministry of National Development Planning, 2016, Zambia Integrated Forest Landscapes Project, Vision Document 48. Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural, 2007, Formulation of the National Adaptation Program of Action on Climate Change. 49. Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural, 2007, The National Policy on Environment 50. Mukosha and Siampale, 2008, Integrated Land Use Assessment 2005-2008, Forestry Department, Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resource, Zambia 51. National Assembly of Zambia, 2016, Acts of Parliament at parliament.gov.zm/acts/volume 52. Office of the President, Cabinet Office, 2002, The National Decentralization Policy Republic of Zambia, 2006, Vision 2030 53. Sitko, N., Chapoto, A., Kabwe, S., Tembo, S., Hichaambwa, M., Lubinda, R., Chiwawa, H., Mataa, M., Heck, S., and Nthani, D., 2011, Technical Compendium: Descriptive Agricultural Statistics and Analysis for Zambia in Support of the USAID Mission’s Feed the Future Strategic Review, Food Security Research Project, USAID, Lusaka 54. Tembo, S., and Sitko, N., 2013, Technical Compendium: Descriptive Agricultural Statistics and Analysis for Zambia, Working Paper 76, INDABA Agriculture Policy Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia 55. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2013, Environmental and Social Management Framework, Sustainable Land Management Project II 56. UNIQUE, 2016a, Zambia Integrated Forest Landscapes Project, Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Eastern Province, Zambia 57. UNIQUE, 2016b, Zambia Integrated Forest Landscapes Project, Technical Needs Assessment 58. USAID (2016) Impact Evaluation of the Community-Based Forest Management Program. Report on Baseline Findings 59. Vinya, R., Syampungani, S., Kasumu, E.C., Monde, C. and Kasubika, R., 2011, Preliminary Study on the Drivers of Deforestation and Potential for REDD+ in Zambia. A consultancy report prepared for Forestry Department and FAO under the national UN-REDD+ Program, Ministry of Lands & Natural Resources, Lusaka, Zambia. 60. World Bank, 2016a, Zambia Integrated Forest Landscapes Project, Project Information Document 61. Zambia Environmental Management Agency, 2012, Zambia Atlas of our Moving Environment 62. Zambia Environmental Management Agency, 2014, Fire Management Assessment of Eastern Province, Zambia 3 A N N EX U R E-I LR P C O N TEN TS Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ANNEX I: LRP CONTENTS 1. Project description. 2. Guiding principles for livelihood restoration. 3. Description of process followed for developing LRP. 4. Overview of potentially affected population: number of potentially affected people; demographic and social economic profile; income services and livelihood practices in the sub-project area. 5. Eligibility criteria: people to be affected; public consultation and Grievance redress procedure. 6. Legal frameworks: host country legal requirements; and WB policies and procedures. 7. Methodology for valuation of assets and potential loss of all other income opportunities; and assets. 8. Inventory of Losses (physical description of assets lost). 9. Socio-Economic Assessment (of the vulnerability of the affected people, and the importance of the assets acquired to their livelihoods e.g. % contribution to household income/ food production). 10. Summary of Compensation and/ or asset replacement and/ or rehabilitation measures. 11. Alternative income generation opportunities. 12. Income restoration plans. 13. Organizational responsibilities for specific sub-projects. 14. Public Consultation and Grievance redress mechanism/procedure. 15. Schedule and responsibilities for LRP implementation. 16. Funding source and cost of resettlement, and 17. Monitoring of LRP. i A N N EX U R E-II C EN S U S S U RV EY F O RM S Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ANNEX II: CENSUS SURVEY FORMS The following information should also be captured for each impacted household: 1. Age; 2. Gender; 3. Occupation/livelihood activities for each individual; 4. Does the impact constitute above or below 20 percent of the asset/land? 5. Type of ownership (including whether ownership is claimed or rental); 6. Census and related impact details regarding persons who may be working, but not claiming ownership to land/asset; 7. Impact regarding permanent or temporary loss of access. i Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework iii A N N EX U R E-II I Envir onme nta l a nd S o c ia l S c re en in g F o rm Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ANNEX IIIA: Environmental and Social Screening Form i Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework iii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework iv Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ANNEX IIIB: Environmental and Social Screening Checklist v Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework vi Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework vii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework viii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ix A N N EX U R E-I V G rie va nc e R e dre s s M e c ha n i s m Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Annex- IV Grievance Redress Mechanism 1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 4 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 5 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 6 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 7 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Suggested timeframes for grievance redress PROCESS TIME FRAME Receive and register grievance within 5 Days Acknowledge, Assess grievance and assign responsibility within 14 Days Development of response within 14 Days Implementation of response if agreement is reached within 1 Month Close grievance within 7 Days Initiate grievance review process if no agreement is reached at the first instance within 1 Month Implement review recommendation and close grievance within 2 Months Grievance taken to court by complainant - 8 A N N EX U R E-V M onitoring F orm Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ANNEX V: Monitoring Form i Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework iii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework iv A N N EX U R E-V I C ons ulta ti ons Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). – Updated Process Framework Annex VI List of Government Stakeholders Consulted. Name of the Contact S.No Departments Locations Participants Detail 1. Eroma Sakela Forestry Department Chipata 0977318359 2. Chinyota Kambule Agricultural Department Chipata 0977658801 3. Catherena Jere Agricultural Department Chipata 0971772595 4. Maybin Serenje Agricultural Department Chipata 0977306504 5. Jakson Mukosa Planning Department Chipata 0979930435 6. Veronica Magawa Chipata 7. Zebron Chitotobwe Forestry Department Katete 0977252901 8. Syelung Chipiti Forestry Department Katete 0979721384 9. Mathews Banda Forestry Department Katete 0874073078 10. Natasha Namba Planning Department Katete 0978703039 11. Kabange Masenga Agricultural Department Chadiza 12. Raymund Shuhube Forestry Department Chadiza 0976445195 13. Comfort Chama Kasenengwa Administration Kasenengwa 0961941559 Department/Planning 14. Adamson B.J. Mwale Agricultural Department Kasenengwa 0979073330 15. January Tembo Planning Department Lundazi 0963794457 16. Joseph Bwalya Forestry Department Lundazi 0978762627 17. Patrick Chibesa Forestry Department Lundazi 0979996846 18. Lucy Mbeae Planning Department Chassefu 0962226901 19. Felistus Sinonga Planning Department Chassefu 0978151808 20. S.Muimui Petauke Town Council Petauke 0976102378 21. Aiphas Banda Forestry Department Lusangazi 0976444248 22. Pro-c Mwawza Forestry Department Sinda 0978014251 23. Joseph Mumba Agricultural Department Sinda 0979580031 24. Chirtis Shamano Council Chamber Sinda 0960532141 25. Mubang Mubanga Council Chamber Sinda 0978791391 26. Henry Mufulung Council Chamber Sinda 0977318236 27. Joseph Mwale Council Chamber Sinda 0977767263 28. Pro-c Mwawza Council Chamber Sinda 0978014251 29. Konda Mutolobondo Council Chamber Sinda 0979719574 30. Likando Imangolikn Forestry Department Petauke 0978640874 List of Community Members Consulted S.No Name of the Participants Community Group Location Contact Detail 1. Miti Dominic Mbuzi Agricultural Vubwi 0964947697 Group 2. Muyoba Treddy Mbuzi Agricultural Vubwi 0979223843 Group 3. Godfrey Sakala Village Action Group Vubwi 0965887412 4. Syvester Phiri Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0966616879 5. Jolam Phiri Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0966617652 6. Joyce Zulu Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0967913962 7. Eletina Mberve Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0968032825 8. Sanirl Zules Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0967034463 9. Bisalom Banda Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0972518705 10. Pumudani Banda Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0961196867 11. Moses Phiri Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 12. Alfred Martin Mwale Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0974757916 13. Christopher Mbewe Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0975776581 14. Laulent Rhim Small Hold Farmers Vubwi 0964398886 15. Framb Mbewe Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 097514694 16. Contracl Mwamza Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0978317412 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. i Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). – Updated Process Framework S.No Name of the Participants Community Group Location Contact Detail 17. Samus Lemba Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0975327702 18. Leonard Mwale Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0971672068 19. Mwanza Evans Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0999467033 20. Josseph Sakala Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0998963983 21. Dorris Mwale Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0994717946 22. Alica Mwale Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0994420699 23. Martha Chisi Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 24. Brenda Zulu Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 25. Tisiyane Mbewe Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 26. Nelia Mwanza Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 27. Malita Tembo Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 28. Christina Mshanga Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 29. Albetina Mwanza Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0970485396 30. Grades Mwanza Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 31. Christopher Gondwe Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0979889585 32. Martin Josatsakalia Small Hold Farmers Vubwi (Matemba) 0979074668 33. Mbewe Rodrickk.p Small Hold Farmers Katete, Lunga 0967871366 34. Banda Stephen Small Hold Farmers Katete, Lunga 0969594610 35. Banda James Small Hold Farmers Katete, Lunga 36. Mbewe Gasiyana Small Hold Farmers Katete, Lunga 0954767083 37. Phiri Deter Small Hold Farmers Katete, Lunga 0955136579 38. Kelepino Banda Small Hold Farmers Katete, Lunga 39. Kefasi Banda Small Hold Farmers Katete, Lunga 40. Kadyakena Banda Small Hold Farmers Katete, Lunga 41. Joseph Kaira Village Action Group Chadiza 0973432109 42. Misuzu R. Zulu Village Action Group Chadiza 0956389787 43. Sharon Banda Village Action Group Chadiza 0976547994 44. Esther Banda Village Action Group Chadiza 0979752811 45. Zulu Banda Village Action Group Chadiza 0955016290 46. Banda Dickson Village Action Group Chadiza 0955621503 47. Phiri Abrahhmu Village Action Group Chadiza 0954768570 48. Mvula Sankhwani Village Action Group Chadiza 0974792694 49. Jotam Gibson Zulu Village Action Group Chadiza 0971808551 50. Murrison Hamoonga Small Hold Farmers Mambwe 0760927665 51. Jonathan J. Mwale Small Hold Farmers Mambwe 0761231889 52. Rabson Temba Small Hold Farmers Mambwe 53. Joseph Temba Small Hold Farmers Mambwe 0963151076 54. Antone Sakala Small Hold Farmers Mambwe 0968859300 55. Musamba Malakata Small Hold Farmers Mambwe 0967181525 56. Paul Onoya Village Action Group Katete 0962379618 57. Andrew Chandiha Village Action Group Katete 0966637052 58. Lareck M. Zulu Village Action Group Katete 0968831437 59. Sylvia Moyo Village Action Group Katete 0969422877 60. Peter Mwenda Village Action Group Katete 0974792740 61. Zaliwe Banda Village Action Group Katete 0963524208 62. George Mphande Village Action Group Katete 0975622305 63. Mabvuto Soko Village Action Group Katete 0962378114 64. Jackson Phiri Village Action Group Katete 0962289940 65. Paul Nkhoma Village Action Group Katete 0978553534 66. Mathas Phiri Village Action Group Katete 0968676323 67. Mary Banda Village Action Group Katete 0762307263 68. Tembo Nbeketeya Village Action Group Katete 0966853763 69. Kenneth Nyirenda Village Action Group Katete 0976453775 70. Lungusani Nyirenba Village Action Group Katete 0979005559 71. Dickson Mbao Village Action Group Katete 0978760995 72. Jessa Massani Village Action Group Katete 0970135784 73. Dauld Lithuzela Village Action Group Katete 0977362091 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. ii Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). – Updated Process Framework S.No Name of the Participants Community Group Location Contact Detail 74. Kenneth Limyanga NGO, COMMCA Chipata 75. Rosa Kutanga NGO, COMMCA Chipata 76. Adam Ngoma Land Aliance Chipata 0963152226 77. Abel Phiri Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0962040417 78. James Nkoma Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0760953938 79. Msanide Banda Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0963222505 80. William Nyirenda Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0963608049 81. Selita Phiri Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0963548029 82. Jenita Nkhoma Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0967920835 83. Magret Banda Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0960254161 84. Phaneli Banda Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0960975189 85. Cathrine Zimba Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0978807676 86. Magie Chirwa Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0760953948 87. Danny Kamanga Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0961533094 88. Glady’s Zimba Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0962875226 89. Chanda Chinchinta Demo Farming Group Chipangali 096635209 90. Masongoa Pelivis Demo Farming Group Chipangali 0976808607 91. Emmanuel Banda Village Action Group Kasenenga 0964245092 92. Jason Daka Village Action Group Kasenenga 0960275158 93. Kennedy Banda Village Action Group Kasenenga 0946927632 94. Patrick Mwewe Village Action Group Kasenenga 95. Olipa Phiri Village Action Group Kasenenga 0973714131 96. Memory Wilima Village Action Group Kasenenga 0966033857 97. Titus Kabonso Village Action Group Kasenenga 0975024363 98. Ruth Moyo Village Action Group Kasenenga 99. Esnart Thwasa Village Action Group Kasenenga 0760952780 100. Zondani Yangailo Village Action Group Lumezi 0976235668 101. Joshna Tawe Village Action Group Lumezi 0965963693 102. Gudfrey Xlyirenda Village Action Group Lumezi 0979011137 103. Mwale Moses Village Action Group Lumezi 0979358438 104. Muses Shaba Village Action Group Lumezi 0977129845 105. Mwak Levigun Village Action Group Lumezi 0976337313 106. Abinelle Muhani Village Action Group Lumezi 0975295778 107. Ndjuvu Agness Village Action Group Lumezi 0970260422 108. Easter Phiri Village Action Group Lumezi 0972671664 109. Magret Phiri Village Action Group Lumezi 0976425906 110. Velonica Banda Village Action Group Lumezi 0976952618 111. Bester Phiri Village Action Group Lumezi 0976360324 112. Feutus Ndjuvu Village Action Group Lumezi 0987132254 113. Patricia Moyo Village Action Group Lumezi 0972834393 114. Gtcce Kanyiujl Village Action Group Lumezi 0974049046 115. Chiwe Mwelwa Village Action Group Lumezi 0974949495 116. Getrude Nkhoma Village Action Group Lumezi 0976585352 117. Petronella Chipeta Village Action Group Lumezi 0975793325 118. Devi Kumusenda Village Action Group Lumezi 0979443325 119. Micheal Kumwenda Village Action Group Lumezi 0979367680 120. Mugrete Mix Village Action Group Lumezi 0970368247 121. Ngandu William CEO Village Action Group Lumezi 0976342414 122. Edma Mkanawine Village Action Group Lumezi 0979066544 123. Paniso Makamo Village Action Group Lumezi 0977454556 124. Aiphas Banda Village Action Group Petauke 125. Mbewe Everson Village Action Group Petauke 0969606361 126. Mhhise Phiri Village Action Group Petauke 09790594 127. Tembo Amos Village Action Group Petauke 0977342107 128. Sevelieno Zulu Village Action Group Petauke 129. Joason Bawda Village Action Group Petauke 0978150438 130. Wilson Mwanza Village Action Group Petauke 0975354926 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. iii Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). – Updated Process Framework S.No Name of the Participants Community Group Location Contact Detail 131. Magret Mwanza Village Action Group Petauke 0761578737 132. Catherine Daka Village Action Group Petauke 0975292975 133. Ana Zulu Village Action Group Petauke 134. Mildred Njova Village Action Group Petauke 135. Daniel Banda Village Action Group Petauke 0978376487 136. Sylvester Mwale Village Action Group Petauke 0976200753 137. Feliv Mwanza Village Action Group Petauke 0969633923 138. Wilbroad Phiri Village Action Group Petauke 139. Mshanga Titus Lead Farmer Petauke 0979489625 140. George Zulu Lead Farmer Petauke 0968095357 141. Kidd Ngulube Lead Farmer Petauke 0760242009 142. Joseph Banda Lead Farmer Petauke 0966181133 143. John Sakala Lead Farmer Petauke 0976176991 144. Standnel Phiri Lead Farmer Petauke 145. Lufeto Mwanza Lead Farmer Petauke 146. Skeva Phiri Lead Farmer Petauke 0964750159 147. Mariyot Tembo Lead Farmer Petauke 0964460674 148. Joseph Banda Lead Farmer Petauke 0988433670 149. Adess Phiri Lead Farmer Petauke 0969598896 150. Grace Banda Lead Farmer Petauke 151. Beatrice Mwanla Lead Farmer Petauke 0974400844 152. Phostiwa Banda Lead Farmer Petauke 0979850545 153. Edward Mwabu Village Action Group Nyimba 0978534069 154. Royce MiLanzi Village Action Group Nyimba 0965257364 Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. iv Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED DURING STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED (During 2016) 1. Chikomeni Community Farmers 2. Mwasemphangwe Community Farmers 3. Chinunda Community Farmers 4. Mwanya Community Farmers 5. Chitungulu Community Farmers 6. Mwanya Community Resource Board 7. Chitungulu Community Resource Board 8. Department of Climate change and natural resources (DCCNR) 9. Forestry Department – National level 10. Department of National Parks and Wildlife – National level 11. Ministry of Agriculture – National level 12. COMACO - Lusaka 13. ZEMA 14. BioCarbon Partners 15. East Luangwa Area Management Unit of the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Headquarters 16. Chikomeni Sector of the East Luangwa Area Management Unit of the Department of National Parks and Wildlife, which includes the Lukusuzi Park 17. Kasungu-Lukusuzi Component of the Malawi-Zambia Trans-Frontier Conservation Area 18. Provincial Forestry Officer, Eastern Province 19. District Forestry Officer, Chipata 20. District Forestry Officer, Lundazi 21. Chief Planner, Provincial Planning Unit – Eastern Province 22. COMACO, Chipata Hub 23. Provincial Agricultural Coordinating Officer – Eastern Province 24. District Agricultural Coordinating Officer, Chipata 25. District Agricultural Coordinating Officer, Lundazi 26. District Commissioner, Lundazi 27. District Chiefs and Traditional Affairs Officer, Lundazi 28. World Vision – Chikomeni Area Development Program 29. Cargill 30. NWK AGRI 31. Royal Establishments 32. Ward Councillors 33. Department of Cooperatives, and 34. Eastern Province Round Table Members. KEY ISSUES DISCUSSED DURING CONSULTATIONS 25/10/2016 Ministry of Agriculture – Moffat Khosa, Principle Agriculture Extension Officer • Communities need to be empowered with value addition to their products Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. i Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework • Need to mainstream environmental and social issues in all sectors • There is need to foster a participatory extension approach as the current system has a lot of gaps that need to be filled. • Crop storage should be emphasized in productivity improvement programs as currently there is a lot of emphasis placed on productivity, but little on storage • Post-harvest losses due insect pests are high, and this leads to food insecurity; • There is a lack of capacity in most government institutions. The Project should therefore be implemented using existing structures in order to build capacity in the institutions • Extension services are weak because the government allocation is very low, and it is often disbursed very late. 25/10/2016 Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO) COMACO was implementing community conservation plans in 24 chiefdoms. The activities being undertaken include the following: • Climate-smart agriculture: integrated soil fertility management; conservation agriculture – minimum tillage; agroforestry – fast growing species and drought resistant i.e. Gliricidia sepium; dam construction with guidelines of dos and don’ts; agro-processing; small scale poultry; small scale vegetable farming; community based conservation areas; promotion of agro-crops that are environmentally friendly and do not get rid of forest stands such as cereals and legumes; discourage crops that need farmers to clear huge pieces of land and utilize wood during processing; seed inputs banks-legumes and vegetables i.e. tomatoes and spices; environmental calendar to guide different seasons and possible calamities to be avoided e.g. fires, erosion, rain pattern – awareness information is aired on radio and through posters and leaflets; local leaders meetings on sensitization for rain patterns, agroforestry, markets and planning; compliance scoring of chiefdoms through stakeholder meetings to show case how each area is fairing in conservation agriculture and provision of feedback to chiefs for action; provision of markets driven by conservation efforts to get a better price i.e. premium price, which is the highest and below market price, which is the lowest; guide and sensitize communities on crops to embark on and solutions in areas in conflict with wildlife especially near the parks. • Sustainable forest management: woodlot establishment – fast growing species i.e. Gliricidia sepium; community managed natural regeneration through community conservation areas and green zones; forest fire management; beekeeping (honey and bees wax) – use of modern bee hives and not bark hives; non-timber forest products e.g. fruits, mushrooms and bamboos; fuel efficient technologies – rocket cook stoves; Alternative energy sources –usage of briquettes made from groundnut shells and rice husks; community conservation plans – to guide the dos and don’ts; creation of community conservation areas with allowed practices clearly spelt out; adding value to non-timber forest products e.g. drying mushrooms and caterpillars and extraction of juice from fruits; restricting insecticide and pesticide use in order to preserve insect life; creation of better markets for non-timber forest products e.g. mushrooms and wild fruits; encourage gender participation in bee-keeping, tree planting and fire management; Adding value to the beauty of forests by creating lodges, bush camps and heritage sites; involving local leaders in planning, implementation, benefits sharing and challenges in management of Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. ii Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework the forests and communities such as cooperatives; carry out patrols with local leaders on the activities that are being discouraged and coming up with plans on how to deal with such issues. • Wildlife conservation and improvement of rural livelihoods: involving chiefs; partnerships with other NGOs, fire management; reducing poaching- voluntary surrender of guns and snares; conservation incentives - markets, inputs and compliance assessments; creation of community conservation plans and green zones to govern conservation areas; continuous sensitization meetings, leadership with communities and their leaders; capacity building of community conservation leaders in governance, conservation and income generating activities; diversification of agricultural activities i.e. beekeeping, vegetable production and poultry; introduction of new technology in conservation i.e. rocket cook stoves to address habitat loss, agroforestry to supply fuel wood to stoves as an alternative to natural forests; production of impact stories that are aired on radios, relayed in leaflets and other publications e.g. transformation of poachers’ lives. 26/10/2016 Kabinga Camp Conservation Area Andrew Mbewe - farmer Simon Mwale - farmer Japhet Banda – principal farmer Standwell Kamanga – lead farmer • Creating community conservation areas and green zones with a view to achieving community managed natural re-generation. • Establishing woodlots using fast growing species e.g. Gliricidia sepium. • Livelihood enhancement activities are key to preventing the cutting down of trees. Activities being implemented include agroforestry, beekeeping using modern bee-hives and not bark hives, use and the development of markets for non-timber forest products such as fruits, mushrooms and bamboos. • Challenges faced include the illegal selling of land in conservation areas by the royal establishment. Once the land is allocated and put on title in a customary area, then it is difficult to prevent unsustainable activities at such a farm. There are too many people in the traditional hierarchy with powers to allocate land, and often land is allocated to people illegally at an illegal fee. There is need to restrict the practice of land allocation to only a few people in the royal establishment. 26/10/2016 Titukule Women’s Club in Chikomeni Misozi Zulu Gladys Mwanza Beauty Nkata Eliza Zimba Involved in Poultry, beekeeping, and management of a green zone where they will be able to harvest mushrooms and create a habitat that could eventually be used for eco-tourism. • The use of rocket stoves, which require only a small amount of firewood, means that they can spend less time collecting firewood. • They do not need to collect logs of firewood as twigs are sufficient for cooking. • Twigs can be obtained from fry pieces of wood that have fallen off the trees naturally, as opposed to cutting down large trees and causing deforestation. Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. iii Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework • Women do not have to travel long distances to collect large pieces of wood and face the risks of being raped whilst they are own their own in the bush. • Poultry activities are generating a steady income for the families. This allows them to buy essential goods and pay for their children’s schools and hospital bills. • Overall, the use of rocket stoves results in the following benefits: use of less firewood; less smoke is generated improving the health and safety of women; reduced labor as a smaller amount of firewood has to be transported; reduces the chances of women being attacked by elephants, lions snakes; reduces the chances of women being raped as they do not have to go far to fetch the twigs; more energy efficient than conventional wood fires used for household cooking. • Benefit sharing mechanism for the honey harvested from apiaries: Honey is currently sold at K1.20/kg; K0.70 is retained by the women club, whereas K0.50 is paid to the chief and his/her council of indunas as an incentive for the traditional authority’s support for the venture, and as a way of saying thank you to the chief in line with Zambian tradition norms. • The apiaries are located in “Green Zones” in the Lukusuzi-Kasungu TFCA, which provide mushrooms, masuku and other fruits. • The bees in the apiaries need water, but this is a challenge in the dry season as most streams in the area dry up. • In long-term, the club hopes to create animal habitats in the “Green Zones” and venture into eco- tourism. 27/10/2016 Kenani Village Conservation Farm • Most people in the area were involved in unsustainable activities such as sand excavation, cutting down trees (for charcoal, firewood and brick making), and poaching, but they are being persuaded to stop such activities as they are not sustainable. • Conservation farming activities being encouraged and involve crop rotation; minimum tillage; manure application; retention of crop residues; and fire management. • A four-year crop rotation cycle can be groundnuts/ soya beans – maize – sunflower – cotton. • Water availability is generally a problem, especially during the dry season as most streams in the area are ephemeral. • Drought spells cause a reduction in yields in some years, and the loss of yields causes farmers to clear more land in the following season to make up for the losses. Therefore, agroforestry using the drought resistant Gliricidia sepium is being encouraged so that farmers stick to one homestead and avoid clearing more land and impacting on forests. • Extension Officers are encouraging the use of Gliricidia sepium for agroforestry because it is fast growing, and drought resistant. In addition, it fixes nitrogen in the soil and its twigs can be used as firewood for the rocket stoves that are being promoted in the area. The flower part of the tree is a good source of pollen for foraging bees. • It is estimated that the use of Gliricidia sepium for agroforestry has resulted in a 60% reduction in the use of fertilizers in the area. Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. iv Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 27/10/2016 Mwasemphangwe Evicted Illegal Lukusuzi National Park Settlers Dawson Tembo (also Councillor of Diwa Ward) Masauso Lungu Enoch Mtonga Edward Banda • They settled in the Park in 2011 after the DNPW Camps in the Chinunda and Mwasemphangwe areas were closed down. • They moved into the park in search of fertile agriculture land. • The areas they settled in the Park are called Kamwankunku, Mbuluzi, Mnyamazi, Msikizi and Kamaibe. It was widely known that the place had been dormant for a long time. They settled in the Park with their families and had a park community with a social fabric that included a borehole and football field. • Some evicted settlers claim that they bought the land in the park from an Induna (Chieftainess • Mwasmphangwe’s Adviser) – the individual fees paid were up to K10,000. • There were 199 Zambian households and 15 Malawian households living in the Park, with a total population of 2,917 people. • They were involuntarily evicted from the Park between 31 October 2015 and 4 November 2015. • The evictions were not undertaken in accordance with good practice international standards • i.e. the settlers were loaded in trucks, their housing units set on fire and dumped along the Chipata- Lundazi main road. • When the community was evicted, they were promised that Government would make arrangements for the chief’s in the areas where they originally came from to allocate them alternative land. • However, land has not been allocated to any of them, and as a result their livelihoods have been severely destroyed. • This is why they keep going back into the Park illegally. 27/10/2016 Department of National Parks and Wildlife – Lukusuzi National Park Moses Mbewe – Park Ranger Mable Shibata - Park Ranger • The General Management Plan for Lukusuzi Park needs updating. • There is no buffer zone on the eastern side of the Park. • Lukusuzi NP has an ecological connectivity with Kasungu NP in Malawi, and this linkage is being disturbed as a result of population increase. This in turn is resulting in human-wildlife-conflicts (HWCs). • The rivers in the Park are seasonal, and the lack of water in the dry season triggers the movement of animals to areas outside the Park. • Edge effects around the Park cause HWCs e.g. animals leaving the Park into human locations and people going into the Park to access fertile farmland and natural resources and poach animals. Illegal settlement in the Park also introduce domestic animals into the Park, which results in HWCs as the wild animals raid the settlements for kill the domestic animals. • Illegal activities in the Park include poaching, small scale mining and settlements. Illegal settlements were created in the Kamwankunku, Mbuluzi, Mnyamazi, Msikizi and Kamaibe areas of the Park, but Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. v Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework all the illegal settlers, totaling 2,917 people were evicted by the DNPW last year (2015) in October and November. • Some people went in illegally again but were apprehended and the cases are in court. • Seven families are reported to have gone in again, and these will also soon be evicted. • In terms of Park Management, late wildfires are a constant problem that need to be managed. • The Park is intact with a number of species, but capacity needs to be built e.g. fire breaks, road infrastructure, sensitization, buffer zones, staffing (currently only 10 out of a complement of 75 required staff), operational vehicles and equipment, watering holes, office and staff accommodation, water and sanitation in staff compound. • The Park also has rock painting, caves and iron smelting artifacts of the late Stone Age. 28/10/2016 Chamukoma Camp Conservation Area Steaby Zimba - farmer Maganizo Chibambo - farmer Betty Chunga - farmer Andrew Banda - farmer • Undertaking forest conservation activities within the framework of the Community Conservation Plan. • The Community Conservation Plan consists of: Community Conservation Areas that have been zoned; general land and natural resources management needs and responsibilities; and conservation plan governance. • Livelihood activities in the area include agroforestry, apiaries and gardening (cabbage, potatoes, bananas, chili peppers, tomatoes, okra, garlic, egg plants, Chinese cabbage, sugarcane, guavas, lemon, rape (spring greens), chibwabwa and bondwe). • It was noticed that the gardens were too near the stream (a buffer zone is required in order to protect the stream) and that pesticides which are distributed to the farmers as part of the cotton input supplies (e.g. Fortis K50 EC supplied by Dunavant) were being used for vegetables. This could present a serious health and safety risk. In addition, no personal protective equipment was being used whilst handling the chemicals. • The farmers in the area experience human-wildlife-conflicts, especially from monkeys and baboons from the Lukusuzi National park, which tend to feast on their bananas. To protect the bananas, the farmers cover the bananas with sacks. 03/11/2016 BioCarbon Partners (BCP) Godfrey Phiri • BCP is implementing REDD+ activities under the Community Forests Program (CFP) in the Lumimba GMA, specifically in Mwanya Chiefdom adjacent to the Lukusuzi national park, the South Luangwa National Park and Luambe National Park to the north. • The aims of the CFP are bringing 700,000 ha of intact and uninhabited community forests under agreement for Emissions Reduction; livelihoods development targeting 10,000 Households; and capacity development. • The activities undertaken to date on the CFP include: chiefdom consultations for REDD+ implementation using participatory methodologies; seeking letter of consent/ support for CFP permission to proceed with Viability Assessments; participatory community mapping and identification Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. vi Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework rough boundaries of forest to be protected under REDD+; comprehensive data collection for Participatory Forest Management Plan (PFMP) Generation. • The forest selection process involves: participatory forest demarcation meetings in 5 village area groups (VAGs) of Mwanya; initially done using of Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) community mapping tools and techniques/ map sketches on the ground; drawing on chiefdom map using community mapping; collection of Key features data using GPS; group discussion of maps and validation by community members through several feedback meetings; and final draft map done and validated in all 5 VAGs. • Validation of forests selected: “Flying Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC)” process; driving and ground-truthing to physically confirm/ clarify proposed Participatory Forest Management Areas (PFMA) boundaries; a total of 7 community VAG level consultative meetings have been conducted; facilitated by local community ambassadors, GRZ Forestry Department, Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs; and Ministry of Agriculture; using participatory learning and action methodologies and tools; culminating in the development of Participatory Forest Management Plans. • Zonation of Participatory Forest Management Area: Conservation Forest (CF) (REDD+ “project area” intact forest; stays forest, through implementation of the terms of the PFMP; successful implementation results; long-term forest protection; performance-based revenue share payments to stakeholders and deforestation in the Conservation Forest is a breach of the PFMP); Sustainable Development Zone (SDZ) (area surrounding the Conservation Forest within the Chiefdom; settlement, agriculture, (sustainable) harvesting of resources and other development will take place according to a Sustainable Land Use Plan, which is to be collaboratively developed by key implementing partners and stakeholders in Mwanya Chiefdom; deforestation in the Sustainable Development Zone may take place; REDD+ project supports sustainable development and farmer support in the Sustainable Development Zone). • Community activities have included: 3 (three) partnership impact projects (PIPs) have been implemented in Mwanya communities (a banana boat has been procured for the Lukusuzi community to help in the crossing of the Lukusuzi river during the rainy season, specifically in the Mukwela Village Action Group; furniture has been procured for the Yakobe Community Health Post; and at Mukasanga a Maternal Child health Annex is under construction and to be completed by 30th November); BCP have been conducting sensitization on REDD using Theater for Development; Assisted to form the CRB and a capacity assessment is being conducted for local governance structures for capacity building; community forest boundaries have been confirmed; and capacity is being built for Conservation Fees role out in the second quarter of 2017. • Key milestones: forest selected, and boundaries confirmed; needs assessment done; community consent letters given; official REDD+ start date letter given in relation to DNPW letter; and CFMG application to the Director - Forestry Department done pending response. 28/11/2016 Chitungulu Community Resource Board Ray Chazangwe – COMACO Monitoring and Evaluation Officer Joshua Banda – farmer Matias Mvula – farmer Nelson Phiri – Chitungulu Community Resource Board Mike Sakala - Chitungulu Community Resource Board Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. vii Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework • The Community Resource Board (CRB) activities include: village scouting; overseeing community infrastructure projects; forest resource management; forest conservation awareness; general natural resource awareness e.g. no use of poisons chemical when catching fish; blasting using gun powder to scare away animals; and managing community funds from hunting concessions and animal fees. • Animal fees – the community retains 50% and the DNPW gets 50%; 5% of the amount that the community retains is given to the chief. • Hunting concession permit fees - the community retains 20% and the DNPW gets 80%. • COMACO is teaching the CRB a lot of skills. • Challenges: operational funds come late and are misused at time; To date K199,000 has not been received from government; no Personal Protective Equipment; sensitization meetings are only supported by COMACO – the DNPW does not support this activity; HWCs – a child was killed and eaten by a lion recently whilst sleeping at night; the CRB is unable to compensate for assets destroyed by animals, and therefore, gets a lot of abuse from the community; government does not help with blasting materials – only COMACO is helping; adjacent protected areas are getting encroached e.g. the Lundazi National Forest is heavily encroached along the Lundazi-Chitungulu Road. 28/11/2016 Mwanya Community Resource Board Clement Phiri Mendrick Phiri James Tembo Andsen Zimba • Activities include village scouting; overseeing community infrastructure projects; forest resource management and forest conservation awareness. • They have employed 21 village scouts. • Challenges: no salaries have been paid for the last 6 months; no Personal Protective Equipment; no transport; no operational rations; area gets cut-off during the rainy season – a power boat is required. 29/11/2016 Eluhangeni Village, Lundazi Abel Tembo • Mr Tembo is part of an Energy for Agriculture pilot project in Lundazi District. He has invested in a 6m3 bio-gas plant that converts animal manure into combustible methane gas, which is also known as biogas. This clean energy source can be used by low-income small-scale farmers with no or unreliable access to electricity. • The biogas can be used for domestic cooking and lighting, and reduces the need for traditional fuels and charcoal, which exhaust the environment and increase the workload of women and children. The gas is also more affordable than charcoal in the long run. • The by-product, bio-slurry, is an organic fertilizer that can be used to increase agricultural production. 29/11/2016 Sustainable Integrated Land Management Solutions Project Zaccheaus Mtonga Mercy Lungu • The goal of the SILMS Project is to develop a gender and business inclusive climate-smart agricultural business model that increases income generating opportunities in rural areas through the sustainable use of natural resources. Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. viii Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework • The key aspects/ partners of the project are integrated soil fertility management; agroforestry; deforestation-free supply chains; gender; input suppliers; processors/ traders; finance; agro-dealers; and farmers. • The project ends in 2018. 30/11/2016 Kakumba SNV Camp, Lundazi Nevers Gondwe - farmer Rachel Chunga - farmer Kapwela Mwale - farmer Chisala Melwa - farmer • These farmers recognize that agriculture is a major driver of deforestation and are, therefore, involved in sustainable land management practices with the support of SNV, Netherlands Development Organization. • Their activities include integrated soil fertility management; agroforestry; deforestation-free supply chains; seed multiplication enterprises; tree nurseries; establishment of farmer associations for bulking purposes Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. ix Asian Consulting Enterprises Pte. Ltd. Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP)- Updated Process Framework. Key Issues Raised during Stakeholders Consultations (held in 2019) There were 25 consultations held with the different Government officials working in various positions in the EP. The officials have actively participated in the consultations and shared the environmental and social issues as well as their experiences on the REDD+ programme going on in the area. These government officials have also made suggestions on how to accomplish the REDD+ programme successfully. The issues, concerns, and suggestions received from these government officials have been listed below in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2. 1 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. Table 1.1: Inputs Received from the Ministries During Consultations held in 2019 S. Name of the Date District Department Major Discussion Points No. Officials 1. 19.06.2019 Lusaka Mr. Stanley Ministry of Agriculture i. Informed that the Ministry is planning a training for the farmers where Banda and Livestock they will train them on how they can avoid deforestation and adopt Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices ii. Suggested us to consult District Farmers’ Association in the Eastern Province iii. Suggested us to approach Zambia Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI) for forest emission data 2. 19.06.2019 Lusaka Mr. Agneli Ministry of Energy and i. Mr. Kafue informed that the Ministry is involved in promoting Kafue Water Development awareness on clean and effective energy use in the Eastern Province. It is involved in strengthening the production of biogas instead of the use of charcoal. ii. The ministry is also preparing an action plan on the Ministry’s engagement with the communities in the Eastern Province. 3. 19.06.2019 Lusaka Mr. Ephraim Ministry of Lands, i. The Ministry will be a part of the coordination and implementation Mwepya Natural Resources and programmes related to climate changes in the Eastern Province. Shitima Environment ii. The ministry has already drafted the work plan to cooperate ZIFLP Protection which will be finalised soon. 2 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. Table 1.2: Issues, Concerns and Suggestions of the Government Stakeholders (consultations held in 2019) S. Name of the Date District Department Outcomes of the Consultations No. Officials 1. 23.12.2019 Petauke S. Muimui Petauke Town Issues or concerns: Council • Agricultural land and production concerns of the people Suggestion: • Identify the CSA activities and sensitise the communities so that that can produce more, even on a small portion of land. 2. 23.12.2019 Petauke Likando Planning Issues or concerns: Imangolata Department • Encroachment of GMAs. • Continuous pressure on the forest due to increment the population. Suggestions: Suggestions to overcome the above issues: • Approve the land use plans of GMAs. • Sensitise the local people about environmental degradation. • Introduce livelihood alternatives to the communities. • Requirement of support from different cooperative partners and others. 3. 23.12.2019 Petauke Aiphas Banda Forestry No issues or concerns or suggestions regarding the concerned project. Department 4. 23.12.2019 Lusangazi Likando Planning Issues or concerns: Imangolata Department • Encroachment of GMAs • Increase in population is continuously putting pressure on the forests. Suggestions: Some measures suggested by the Planning Department in order to overcome the above issues are as follows: • Land use plans for the GMAs should be approved. • Environmental sensitisation process • Propose alternative livelihood to the communities. • Urgent support from the cooperative partners is required. 3 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. S. Name of the Date District Department Outcomes of the Consultations No. Officials 5. 23.12.2019 Lusangazi Aiphas Banda Forest Department No issues/concerns/suggestions regarding the concerned project. 6. 23.12.2019 Sinda Pio. C. Mwanza Sinda Nyanje Issues or concerns: Chiefdom • No concerns Suggestions: • Introduce the feed formulation in order to stop compromises related with Sustainable Agricultural Land Management (SALM) activities. 7. 23.12.2019 Sinda Agricultural No issues or concerns or suggestions regarding the concerned project. Department 8. 23.12.2019 Sinda DMT (District Issues or concerns: Multisectoral • The displacement of all the people due to the project implementation. team). Suggestions: • Compensation to displacement people. • Take the environmental and social issues into consideration resulting from the implementation of programme under ZIFLP. 9. 23.12.2019 Sinda Chamber Council Issues/Concerns: • People tendency to reside in the forest reserves. • Unsustainable agricultural activities in forest. Suggestions: • Raise the community awareness on the successful implementation of REDD+ activities. 10. 23.12.2019 Sinda CODEP Issues or concerns: • The unsustainable activities in forests viz. forest encroachments, clearing of new areas for agricultureand charcoal burning or fuelwood cutting Suggestions: • Fence the forests in order to protect them. • Sensitise the communities about the forests. • Provide an alternative livelihood to the communities. 4 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. S. Name of the Date District Department Outcomes of the Consultations No. Officials 11. 23.12.2019 Sinda Central Business Issues or concerns: District • No concerns and issues Suggestions: • Implementation team should be aware of the concept of taking land for CFMs. 12. 23.12.2019 Sinda Forest Department Issues/Concerns: • The farmers are fear of losing their land. • Requirement of support and manpower for project implementation. 13. 12.12.2019 Katete Natasha Ndumba Planning Feedback or Issues or concerns: Department • People are appreciating the REDD+ programmes as they are benefitted in terms of better environment and agriculture. • Fund sources of the project should be decentralised. • Improvement of agricultural production from conservation farming. Suggestions: • Alternate sources of livelihood such as beekeeping should be provided to the communities. • Involvement of NGOs to improve the livelihoods 14. 12.12.2019 Katete Zebron Chititibwe Forestry Feedback or Issues or concerns: Syeluef Chipita Department • District chiefs are complaining about not being involved in the and Mathews implementation of the projects. Benda • The Department told us that the community and district administration is positive about the projects. • The level of deforestation is high in Katete as compared to other districts. • Requirement of better forest management to improve the environment. Suggestions: • Involve district chiefs in project implementation and meetings. • Requirement of support to practise CSA methods. 5 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. S. Name of the Date District Department Outcomes of the Consultations No. Officials • Agricultural improvement from conservation farming. • Requirement of more funds/support to become the most productive district as the district is having potential to produce more. 15. 13.12.2019 Chadiza Raymowa Forestry No issues or concerns or suggestions regarding the concerned project. Aghubwe Department 16. 12.12.2019 Chadiza Kabange Masenga Agricultural • Issues or concerns: Gender inequality. Department • HIV or AIDS is an endemic disease of the district. Suggestions: • Measures should be taken to mainstream gender in the project’s implementation process. • Adopt/support conservation agriculture. 17. 10.12.2019 Chipata Chinyauta Agricultural • Issues or concerns: Lack of proper tools (like oxidon ripper ), Kambole, Department bicycles, and payments for the farmers to let them adopt and new Cathervne Jere practices in farming and work efficiently. and Maybin • Use of herbicides in the area adversely affecting the soil and water. Sorenje • Residue crop burning is causing forests loss, soil degradation and other health hazards. • No understanding of local people about the project implementation in certain areas. • Delay in flow of funds during the implementation of REDD+ project. Suggestions: • Promote the use of manure and botanical synthesised fertilizers for crops. • Promote small-scale farming. 18. 11.12.2019 Chipata Jackson Mukosha Planning Issues or concerns: Department • No issues/concerns. Suggestions: • To capacitate the officials in quantifying carbon storage of the forest area. 6 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. S. Name of the Date District Department Outcomes of the Consultations No. Officials 19. 18.12.2019 Chipata Vernica Megawa Forestry • Issues or concerns: Forests encroachment by the local people. Department Suggestions: • People residing in the project implemented area within forest should be relocated to alternative land and their stay should be legalised (if possible). 20. 17.12.2019 Kasenene Comfort Chama Planning • Issues or concerns: Possibilities of land disputes at the time of gwa Department REDD+ implementation. • Farmers have the fear of losing their land for tree plantation. Suggestions: • Adoption of poverty alleviation measures during the REDD+ implementation. • Involvement of traditional leaders at the time of REDD+ implementation. • promotion of the use of manures and rippers (if they are not having the cattle). 21. 17.12.2019 Kasenene Adamson BJ Agricultural • Issues or concerns: Trees are cut for charcoal and firewood as a gwa Mwale Department source of energy. • Use of conventional agricultural practices by small-scale farmers which cause forest degradation. Suggestions: • Involvement of traditional leaders during the project implementation. 22. 20.12.2019 Lundazi Januarj Tambo Planning Feedbacks or Issues or concerns: Department • Deforestation due to relocation of the locale. • People appreciate the REDD+ project Suggestions: • Relocating the people in order to maintain the forest landscape. 23. 20.12.2019 Lundazi Joseph Bwalya Forestry • Feedbacks or Issues or concerns:The department appreciates ZIFLP and Patrick Department for helping communities to maintain forests. Chibesa 7 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. S. Name of the Date District Department Outcomes of the Consultations No. Officials • Land degradation and land disputes between the chiefdoms can arise during the implementation of the project. Suggestions: • Engaging ministry of lands and councils for the matters related to land. 24. 20.12.2019 Chasefu Lucy Mbewe and Planning • Issues or concerns:High rate of forest degradation and deforestation. Felistus Sinongr Department • Land disputes in the districts. Suggestions: • Suggested participatory planning, community sensitisation, early involvement and consultations with public. 8 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. The consultations with the Government departments revealed that they are optimistic about the outcomes of the project. They have highlighted some of the issues, which need proper attention to make the project more successful, such as lack of understanding of the people about the REDD + project implementation, gender inequality, fear of losing the land by the farmers, land degradation and land disputes between the chiefdoms. To overcome these issues, the following suggestions were received 1. Involvement of the district chiefs and traditional leaders in the REDD+ implementation along with the local communities. 2. Adoption of poverty alleviation measures along with the REDD+ implementation. 3. Need to have definitive participatory plan and its implementation, community sensitisation, and a rapid compensatory process to relieve the displaced people. 4. Increased support and manpower for project implementation. There were 17 FGDs conducted in total over 10 districts. These FGDs were based on the structured questionnaires specifically designed by the ACE. The primary objective of these consultations is to collect the data related to the environmental and social issues emerging from the project implementation, as well as to know about the existing E and S status of the area. The traditional leaders were consulted along with the following groups. The issues, concerns and feedback shared by the different consulted groups in each of the consulted district are presented below: A. Lead farmers: The lead farmers were consulted at Nyimba and Petauke., Among the 18 lead farmers consulted, six were female and 12 were males. 1. As per the lead farmers, they are facing the present problems due to the altered weather patterns, that is, droughts and poor rainfall patterns, depletion of the water table, increase of pests in the fields and the rise in temperatures. 2. They are also facing the problems related with cost for farming inputs affecting the livelihood of local people, poor rainfall patterns, early marriages, pregnancies, high level of divorces, outbreak of HIVor AIDS disease and child labour. 3. Farmers informed that the REDD+ projects have changed their mindset about technologies. The project has helped them to grow their small businesses. 4. They also mentioned that the REDD+ project has also made them more empowered and capacitated. 5. Farmers groups were more concerned about the demands of trees for plantation and the need of women empowerment. 6. Lead farmers were excited about the developed alternative sources of energy such as cooking stoves and biogas. 7. The lead farmer groups are also expecting better transport facilities to cover the long distances to their fields through this project. B. Village Action Groups: Village action groups were consulted at six (06) districts, namely Petauke, Katete, Kasenengwa, Mambwe, Vubwi, and Lumezi. Out of the 53 village action groups consulted, 13 were female groups and remaining 40 were male groups. Their major concerns or issues or feedback are mentioned as follows: 9 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. 1. The problems in the area occur due to the changes in the climate e.g. poor rainfall: frequent droughts and floods, rise in temperatures and decrease in groundwater table. 2. The major social issues are disturbances in the cropping pattern due to altered weather conditions, low returns from the cash crops, no employment /involvement of the youth, frequent outbreaks of various diseases (HIV or AIDS.) 3. The groups suggested to conduct community sensitisation programmes by involving the districts chiefs in them. 4. In order to obtain good returns, village action group farmers have now started adopting the CSA (Climate-Smart Agriculture) practices, crop diversification and improved irrigation systems under the ZIFLP project. 5. The timely distribution of farming inputs and plantation of more trees along with early maturing varieties has been suggested by these groups. 6. They also told that REDD+ projects have changed the mindset of people about technologies, which has helped the small businesses to grow and become more empowered. 7. The groups have shared a positive feedback on the alternative sources of energy, such as cooking stoves and biogas. C. Small Hold Farmers: The consultations with the smallholder farmers were conducted at Katete, Chadiza, Vubwi and Lumezi. The total consulted number of smallholder farmers was 68 in which 23 were females and the remaining 45 were males. The major concerns observed from the consultations were given below: 1. The major issues in the area is related with the change in climatic conditions as per the farmers. 2. Social issues of smallholder farmers are related with the low-income returns, low agricultural production, hunger and malnutrition, outbreak of diseases, and disturbances in the crop pattern. 3. Smallholder farmers are expecting entrepreneurship programmes and other alternatives to overcome the dependency on the forests. 4. Farmers are very much concerned about the deforestation, construction of more borewells, conservation of agriculture and water resources 5. They suggested the identification and demarcation of the community forests along with the fencing of the village forests under the REDD+ programme to prevent further deforestation and forest degradation. 6. More training programmes related to the conservation are expected by small hold farmers. 7. The farmers groups expect to receive distribution of the farming inputs on time paving the way for them to plant more trees, especially those varieties that mature early. 8. The group was also concerned about the forest preservation and forest protection in order to have sufficient rainfall and harvest. 9. The group of smallholder farmers is expecting support from the ZIFLP to protect the forest and its resources. 10. The smallholder farmers have advised the ZIFLP staff to have frequent visits in order to check the status of the implemented programmes, such as tree plantation and rainwater harvesting. 10 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. D. Demo Farming Field Group: This consultation carried out in Chipangali had 16 participants with seven (07) females and nine (09) males. a) Demo Farming Field Group experiences the environmental issues like depletion of the groundwater level, poor rainfall patterns and deforestation. b) The group revealed that it has adopted the CSA practices introduced by the REDD+ programme, and they are hopeful that it will help them to increase their agricultural production. E. Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs): The NGO COMACO consulted at Chipata by the ACE team had three members from this organisation, one being female and the other two males. i. Floods, frequent occurrence of droughts and depletion of the groundwater level are some of the environmental issues experienced by the NGOs. ii. Social issues of NGOs include: ▪ Crops getting damaged due to floods ▪ Drought episodes in the district leading to the incidences of water scarcity in the area ▪ Loss of crops and livestock from project implementation ▪ Resettlement of the local people affected from the project iii. They told that villagers have adopted the COMACO’s Conservation Agriculture, which has provided markets to them. iv. The NGOs informed that the villagers are now expecting from the ZIFLP to: a. conserve the groundwater as it is fast depleting b. increase forest cover to reduce siltation in rivers c. involve the local people in project implementation 1. Mentioned below are the concerns or feedback related to the environment and social issues shared by the community groups in each district a. Nyimba The consultation in Nyimba was carried out on 24th December 2019 with the Lead Farmers (at Janet Nyimba central) (Photo plate 1.1). Photo Plate 1.1: Consultations with the Lead Farmers at Nyimba 11 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. Major issues and concerns raised in this forum were: i. Environmental Issues: a. Changes in rainfall patterns b. Depletion of the water table c. Increase of pests in the field ii. Social Issues: a. The high cost of farming inputs is affecting the livelihood of local people. b. Farmers are concerned about the increased necessity of planting the trees. a. Petauke The consultation in Petauke was carried out on 23rd December 2019 with Village Action Groups (at Matonga, Nykawise ward) and the Lead Farmers (at Kawale Camp) (Photo plate 1.2). Photo Plate 1.2: FGDs at Petauke The issues and concerns raised at Petauke have been summarised below: i. Environmental Issues: a. Droughts b. Poor rainfall patterns: Rains start late and end early in comparison to the previous years c. Rise in temperatures d. Increase in the number of pests e. Gradual decrease in the groundwater level of the district ii. Social Issues a. Extreme hunger issues b. Early marriages, pregnancies c. High divorce rate d. Outbreak of various diseases (HIV or AIDS) e. Child labour. iii. The REDD+ projects have changed the mindset of people about technologies, which have helped the small businesses to grow and become more empowered and capacitated. 12 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. iv. People have received the news of getting alternative sources of energy like cooking stoves and biogas with enthusiasm. v. They are now more concerned about the tree plantation and empowerment of women in the district. vi. Farmers are expecting better transport facilities to cover the long distances to their fields. b. Katete The consultation in Katete was carried out on 12th December 2019 and 17th December 2019 with the Village Action Groups (at Chikumbwe Village) and the Smallholder Farmers (at Lunga) (Photo plate 1.3). Photo Plate 1.3: FGDs with the Village Action Groups at Katete The issues and concerns have been summarised below: i. Environmental Issues: a. Changes in the rainfall patterns b. Rise in temperatures c. Depleting groundwater levels ii. Social Issues: a. Disturbances in the cropping patterns of the region b. Farmers are not getting high returns from the cash crops like cotton c. Other issues, such as poverty and hunger iii. It was suggested to have frequent visits from the ZIFLP staff to check the status of the implemented programmes, iv. In order to obtain good returns, farmers have now started adopting the CSA practices, crop diversification and improved irrigation systems. c. Chadiza The consultation in Chadiza was carried out on the 13th of December,2019 with the Smallholder Farmers (at Changaya) (Photo plate 1.4). 13 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. Photo Plate 1.4: FGDs with the Smallholder Farmers at Changaya Village The issues and concerns have been summarised below: a. Environmental Issues: i. Frequent droughts have affected the water resources of the district b. Social Issues: i. Low agricultural production resulted in less income returns, which gave rise to the problems of hunger and malnutrition. ii. Construction of more borewells are required to fetch water. iii. The farmers are expecting programmes related with entrepreneurships, and other alternatives to overcome the dependency on the forests. iv. They are too concerned about the deforestation. v. It is suggested to have activities like identification and demarcation of the community forests along with the fencing of the village forests under the REDD+ programme to prevent the deforestation and forest degradation. vi. They suggested that more training programmes on the conservation, plantation and afforestation should be conducted. c. Kasenengwa The consultation in Kasenengwa was carried out on 18th December 2019 with Village Action Groups (at Malambalala) (Photo plate 1.5). Photo Plate 1.5: FGDs with the Village Action Groups at Malambalala 14 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. The issues and concerns have been summarised below: i. Environmental Issues: a. Changes in rainfall patterns b. Rise in temperatures c. Water scarcity ii. The groups suggested tree plantations in the whole district. d. Mambwe The consultation in Mambwe was carried out on 16th December 2019 with Village Action Groups (at Masumba Ward) (Photo plate 1.6). Photo Plate 1.6: FGDs with Village Action Groups at the Masumba Ward The issues and concerns have been summarised below: i. Environmental Issues: a. Decrease in the amount and duration of precipitation b. Frequent floods and droughts c. Deforestation in the area from charcoal burning d. During droughts the fields are illegally burnt for mice hunting. ii. Social Issues a. Frequent floods and droughts in the district damaged the crops which resulted in no income generation which, in turn, led to the condition of hunger and poverty in the area. b. The group also suggested to conduct community sensitisation programmes by including the district chiefs in them. e. Vubwi The consultation in Vubwi was carried out on 11th December 2019 with the Village Action Groups (at the Mbezi Agriculture Camp, Mbozi Camp) and the Smallholder Farmers (at Vubwi Central Camp and Matemba) (Photo plate 1.7). 15 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. Village Action Groups at the Mbezi Village Action Groups at the Mbozi Camp Agriculture Camp Smallholder Farmers at the Vubwi Central Smallholder Farmers at Matemba, Vubwi. Camp Photo Plate 1.7: FGDs at Vubwi District The issues and concerns have been summarised as under: i. Environmental Issues: a. Deforestation b. Rise in temperatures c. Changes in rainfall patterns d. Poor water quality and dry boreholes ii. Social Issues: a. Hunger b. Water scarcity c. Outbreak of diseases iii. Villagers suggested to distribute the farming inputs on time and to plant more trees along with early maturing varieties. iv. They are concerned about the conservation of agriculture and water resources as well as the forest preservation and protection for good rainfall and harvest. v. They are expecting support from the ZIFLP to protect the forest and its resources. f. Chipata The consultation in Chipata was carried out on 16th and 17th December 2019 with the NGOs (like COMACO) and the Smallholder Farmers (Photo plate 1.8). 16 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. Photo Plate 1.8: FGDs at Chipata District The issues and concerns have been summarised below: i. Environmental Issues: a. Floods, b. Frequent droughts, c. Depletion of the groundwater. ii. Social Issues: a. Crops getting damaged due to floods b. Drought episodes in the district leading to the condition of water scarcity in the area c. Loss of crops and livestock from project implementation d. Resettlement of the local people affected from the project iii. Villagers have adopted the Conservation Agriculture which has provided markets to them. iv. Villagers are now expecting an initiative from the ZIFLP to: a. Conserve the ground water as it is already depleting. b. Increase forest cover to reduce siltation in rivers. c. Involve the local people in the project implementation. g. Chipangali The consultation in Chipangali was carried out on 18th of December 2019 with Demo Farming Field (at Chikuni village) (Photo plate 1.9). Photo Plate 1.9: FGDs with Demo Farming Field at Chikuni Village 17 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. The issues and concerns are summarised as under: i. Environmental Issues: a. Depletion of the groundwater b. Poor rainfall patterns c. Deforestation ii. The group has adopted the CSA practices introduced by the REDD+ programme, which will help them to increase their agricultural production. h. Lumezi The consultation in Lumezi was carried out on 19th and 20th December 2019 with Village Action Groups (at Mgodi) and the Smallholder Farmers (at Blangete village) (Photo plate 1.10). Small Hold Farmers at Blangete Village Village Action Groups at Mgodi Village Photo Plate 1.10: FGDs at Lumezi District The issues and concerns have been summarised below: i. Environmental Issues: a. Altered weather patterns like droughts and poor rainfall b. Water scarcity c. Decrease in ground water levels 18 Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP).- Updated Environmental and Social Management Framework. ii. Social Issues: a. Trend of early marriages follows here too. b. No employment or involvement of the youth. c. Crops are damaged due to the frequent occurrence of floods in the region. d. Hunger and unemployment are the major social issues prevalent in this area. e. They are expecting better transport facilities to cover long distances to reach to their fields from the project. The consultations at a glance show that these areas are suffering from the climate change issues, such as rise in temperatures, droughts, floods, changes in rainfall patterns, depletion of water table. The increase in the pest invasion is also one of the consequences of all these adverse climatic conditions. The local people are concerned about the changes in the environmental conditions as these changes are affecting their farming practices and production. Meanwhile, the social-economic issues raised during the consultations the high cost for farming input and low return from crops. The communities also suggested the involvement of the local people in the project implementation activities, conducting more awareness and training programmes to educate them on other alternative livelihood opportunities such as beekeeping. Besides, they also expressed the need p of more training programmes to upskill them on Climate- Smart Agriculture and conservation farming. Apart from this, it is observed that most of these community-based groups are aware of REDD+ activities, its objectives and are in favor of the programme. The REDD+ programme has made people more aware about the tree plantation and women empowerment. They have also started adopting the climate-smart agricultural practices, crop diversification, and use of improved irrigation systems. The communities have asked to initiate the programmes related to the entrepreneurships and other alternatives of income generation to reduce the dependency on the forests. 19 A N N EX U R E-V II ZIF L P LA N D S TU D Y M IS SIO N P R OG R A M M E Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework ANNEX VII: ZIFLP LAND STUDY MISSION PROGRAMME Eastern Province | Nyimba, Chipata and Lundazi Aggregated Field Notes Kaala B. Moombe, Consultant-land Study 22nd – 30th December 2016 Nyimba, 22 & 30.12.16; Lundazi, 27 & 28.12.16, Chipata, 23-26 & 29.12.16 1. Resettlement and Settlement Two sites/areas were visited to learn from resettlement experiences. Thus, Better Life Schemes (BLS) speared by COMACO and Lukusuzi National Park (LNP) that was led by DNPW. 2. Resettlement schemes (Office of the President, OVP), OVPRSs • Purpose and target. The Land Resettlement program (LRP) is an inter-ministerial activity. The department of resettlement (DOR) executes the LRP. The DOR is under the OVP. These schemes provide social services and as such target retired public servants, public servants serving on contract or within four years before retirement, unemployed youths and adults, the internally displaced, and vulnerable groups since 1990. The latest on the program is the Mnukwa scheme that is two years old and obtained to resettle the Nkwengwe internally displaced people. They promote planned settlement. The aim is to give free land to people who are willing to engage in productive agriculture on land to which they will have a title. The broad concept for the LRP is to increase the food security. • There are seven (7) OVPRSs in eastern province with a total land size of 600,000 ha located in six (6) districts with largest (31, 000 ha) in Petauke at Ukwimi (former refugee camp). • The schemes are on state land that was acquired from customary areas. A provincial committee meets to interview the applicants to the scheme. The 9-member committee is: resettlement, lands, water Engineer. Others are district secretary or council secretary, chiefs and traditional affairs, community development officer, a representative of the Chief for the area within which the scheme is situated, area councilor and members of parliament. • Land acquisition process for the LRP: o The district commissioner informs the council. o The council requests for land from the chief. o The DOR inspects the land for boundary demarcations and map preparations. o The chief endorses and signs on the site plan. The plots are numbered. o Application by applicants on DR 1 forms obtainable from the DOR at provincial and national offices. o DOR screens the applicants for authenticity and rejects those who do not qualify. o The 9-member committee (ibid.) interviews applicants. o Counselling of successful applicants on a number of issues concerning rules and regulations in the scheme, community-based leadership structures, and sustainable farming practices. o Physical allocation of land to the successful applicants whereby they are first given offer letters (date of offer, farm plot size and beacons defining boundaries). o The farms plots are visited each year before and after the rain season to check on land practices and abandoned plots are reclaimed by the state. o Making recommendations for title to the ministry responsible for lands is only done after a two-year observation window. The criteria for recommendations include consistence in participation in community projects (self-mobilisation), development done on the farm plots. Once title is given, the mandate of the DOR ends, and land department takes over. i Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework o There has been no resettlement of people from state protected areas like national parks, forest reserves, etc. • The main activities on the schemes are agriculture related, and the DOR ensures that there are multi- disciplinary extension services provided to the communities. The form is filled in triplicate for the applicant, receiving office and for title deed application. • Institutional arrangements and infrastructure. The DOR organizes the settlers into self-managing communities. There are three categories of plots: 4-10 ha (50% of the land), up to 20 ha (35% of the land) and up to 50 ha (15% of the land). The following infrastructure is provided: schools, health centers, roads network, water services, etc. However, boreholes are provided only for up to 10 ha category of plots. Challenges • Encroachments into resettlement schemes. The resettlement development is done in stages, so people move in area without authority so that they are included allocation of land. The resettlement scheme has no direct supporting law. Thus, law enforcement becomes difficult at times. • The scheme infrastructure is not developed up front. This creates some problems in access where settlers are impatient and move in willingly and knowingly that there is no basic infrastructure and later start complaining about the same, despite settling on their plots • People refused to go to Mnukwa Resettlement scheme. Half of the scheme is still open for settlement. The families do not want to lose their business of crashing stones along the roadsides. They say they will no generate money if they moved to Mnukwa. • Chief do resettle people in land offered for the LRP. • Low budget (resources) for the program 3. Settlement schemes (Agriculture Department) • There are 20 settlement schemes in 113 camps with 1,089 plots covering a total of 66,743 hectares of land in six districts of Katete, Lundazi, Chadiza, Nyimba, Chipata and Petauke. The largest scheme is in Nyimba with 10,205 ha. The Mwasemphangwe scheme is in Lundazi and operational with a lot of land wrangles amongst the settlers. • Conservation agriculture program; the Conservation Agriculture Scaling Up Project (CASU) o Purpose. Promotion of Conservation Agriculture among the small holder farmers in the province o Target. 6,500 lead farmers and 97,500 follower farmers o Achievements: 5,080 lead and 76,185 follower farmers trained, improved productivity from the national average of 1.6 tons per hectares to 3.5 – 4.2 tons per hectare o The numbers of farmers have doubled in almost all the schemes due subdivisions by the farmers. Challenges • Uncertainty in weather patterns • Non-support to follower farmers, which discourages adoption of CF practices. At the start there was 100% follower farmer involvement but dropped due to non-support. • Withdrawal of packs to lead farmers, thereby impacting negatively adoption • Untimely and inadequate funding [structures are ok, transport situation at camp level is that all ii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework camps have motorbikes] • Boundary wrangles • Chiefs holding back land for settlement due to extended periods of no engaging in developing the areas. • Contradicting messages to farmers. For example, on planting spaces, some NGOs advise farmers to plant at the spacing of 75 cm x75 cm while government advice is 90 cmx75cm. • Low and poor release of funding, for example K12, 500 released against 256,000 for land husbandry budgeted for per year. • Dependency syndrome of farmers, which results in extended demonstration of technological practices and no or delayed graduation of programs from demonstration to upscaling Farm blocks There is one farm block in Chikumbilo that is underdeveloped. The farm block has been dormant for a long time despite having surveys and EIA done. 4. The COMACO Better Life Scheme The Better Life Scheme (BLS) spearheaded by COMACO in Chamilala area of Nyalugwe chiefdom • The genesis. COMACO initiated the process to relocate the communities. Efforts to relocate and establish the scheme started in 2012, but some meaningful progress was made in 2013 when some people accepted to move even though actual movement occurred in June 2015. • Drivers. The people were relocated to try and reduce the destruction of trees for charcoal production that the people had been engaged in along the Great East road starting from the Luangwa River Bridge. This practice is not compatible with the carbon management that COMACO engaged with communities and other stakeholders. • There are 38 households from the 55 that had been earmarked for resettlement. The settlers do not know how many they are except for the number of households. Some family members (children) are yet to join some family members. • Land tenure and acquisition. Chief Nyalugwe allocated the land for BLS in his chiefdom. Each household is allocated five hectares. The majority if not all of the livelihood activities at household level are supposed to be on this land. The land is customary land and no titles will be issued to anyone. However, the settlers appear to think that titles will be given. COMACO has made applications for land allocation and result of this application is still awaited from community development. However, the situation does not clear as it appears to be in conflict with the land allocation and conditions spelt out in the certificate put on a display by HRH Chief Nyalugwe (during the interview at his own palace). • Infrastructure. The infrastructure in the scheme is still basic and very limited and temporary. Some people are using tents as dwelling units. There are also pole-structures as living units. There is one borehole, and some space has been cleared just outside the BLS demarcated area for a solar grinding meal siting. • Resettlement process. The process involved: o Initial discussions with the HRH Chief Nyalungwe and COMACO o Search for land where to settle the people within the chiefdom. This included COMACO, traditional leaders or headmen/women. o Inspection/assessment of the area by multidisciplinary team to check its suitability for human iii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework settlement. The team included government departments (agriculture, forestry, policy, education, community development, etc.). The area was assessed as having good soils and near social welfare facilities like a school, water sources, access road, clinic, etc. o Resettling people. This was done after the chief’s consent. It happened only four years after the idea was hatched with one of the headmen moving to the area. The others followed but others refused to move out saying that they would not want to move to a camp as if they were refugees and are still there. Yet others went and tried to settle in Chief Mpanshya’s chiefdom. However, they were refused settlement because they did not follow the normal procedures for seeking settlement. • Institutional arrangement. The institutional arrangement in the BLS is nontraditional. There is non- traditional governance arrangement. There are no headmen/women or indunas but chairpersons, committees, etc. these structures are governing the residents in resources management, dispute resolution, etc. COMACO and the chieftaincy are also engaged in management of the settlers but at higher level and from different perspective. COMACO is running an out grower/contract farming and has since recruited people • Livelihood activities. People just moved into the area in June this year (2015). They are engaged in the first agricultural season. COMACO is supporting the settlers through its contract farming model. They have planted various crops including maize, soybean, groundnuts, etc. They have also put up Top bar hive apiaries at individual level. The settlers have been given small ruminants (10 goats) and local free-range chickens are scheduled to be given (4/household). All these as part of the outgrower scheme. Under this scheme, people are trained in conservation farming. Activities include soil ameliorating technologies like planting Gliricidia. • Challenges. There are what may be called teething issues that include: o Lack of roads. Currently the plots are accessed through other people’s plots. There is concern from the settlers that the five hectares, which they already think is not enough, may not be reduced to 4 when roads are constructed. o There are some immigrants from Mozambique that have occupied land left by the BLS settlers. The structures were not destroyed at the time of relocation. However, the settlers said they have no idea about what is happening there because they have never returned there. o Limited water. The place gets very dry in the hot season. o Lack of entrepreneurial financial capital for stop gap measures as the outgrower support is yet to mature. o Even if beekeeping is one of the practices already adopted, managing the bees on the five- hectare land is not only difficult but also of great risks from bee stings. They think the hives are too close to homestead and will be stinging people in the scheme. • Impact of resettlement. So far, COMACO says there is reduction in the unplanned and illegal use of natural resources especially trees for charcoal production. There is good access to roadside for, which offers a good opportunity for product marketing beyond COMACO. • Future outlook. There are plans to increase and improve the infrastructure in the scheme. The community Development Department will build permanent structures for the settlers. The exact position for this is known. There will be two to three more boreholes to be drilled to adequately carter for the population. Roads are yet to be done. However, the settlers feel the future is bright. They are happy. They are optimistic about their settlement area and lives being a lot better in future than where they relocated from and now especially once the challenges highlighted above are addressed. iv Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework 5. Protect Areas Forest reserves and customary wood/forest/tree lands • Issues in Lundazi regarding forests reserves include: o Encroachments/settlement. There are people in the forests from all chiefs from the district. Some are migrating from Mwase Lundazi where the soils are depleted/poor. The squatters are evicted, some fine through courts of law, but pay and return to the forests. People have permanent structures in forest reserves (brick structures with iron sheets roofs) including Chimaliro which is the source of the Lundazi stream o Low capacity of the forestry department o Lack of clear demarcations; forest reserves are mistaken for customary areas o Requests for changing of forest reserves to customary land resources e.g. Chief Magodi is asking for degazzetion of Chimaliro forest reserve o Mining in forest reserves. There is Rudolf mine (discovered in 2013) with official documents during baseline for Lumimba planning. • There 90 hectares of plantation forest lands. However, they are not properly managed due to limited resources. The trees are attached by termites, some have been suppressed by regrowth. There is tree planting individually (woodlots, scattered, etc.) in Mwasemphangwe and others • In customary lands trees are cut down for especially from tobacco product (especially in Mwase Lundazi area) • There is collaboration with a number of actors in the forestry sector in Lundazi: o COMACO, agriculture, care, DNPW, chiefs and traditional affairs. o BioCarban partners (BCP): 98, 000ha have been set aside in Mwanya Chiefdom for conservation under the community forestry program with financial support from USAID. There are participatory forest management plans developed. • In Nyimba the issues are similar to those in Lundazi; like encroachments in Kacholola where some people have settled/lived in there for at least 40 years!; unclear or no marked reserve boundaries, chiefs allowing people to settle in reserves, charcoal production especially illegal especially in Nyalugwe chiefdom, other players in the sector include agriculture, council, resettlement, community ( resettled people are assisted with inputs, infrastructure, transport, etc.), DNPW (law enforcement), police (law enforcement), land alliance, BCP (CFM program: in Nyalugwe, Luembe and Mwape chiefdoms), COMACO (outgrower schemes, mitigation against forest loss, etc.) • BCP has employed 5 community mobilisers in Nyimba and plans to engage them for a year in 2017. It has built infrastructure under its CFM program in Nyalugwe and Luembe. Originally, there were fears that BCP would alienate land, but this has changed due to the promise the social enterprise has made in its operational areas. Nyimba District Land Alliance • works at three levels of (1) general awareness on land laws (process of conveying land, etc.); through community land advocacy committees, study circles) share information, land laws, property rights), targeting civic leaders, (2) paralegal services/desk to empower communities; (3) conducting research (academic, has pilot projects for evidence-based, study on traditional land holding document and how it will work alongside the statutory process.) The idea is to create parity between statutory and customary land tenure (there will be a symposium in April 2017 to discuss and analyse all these issues) • The traditional land bill is on hold. The interest is to standardize land administration. The chiefs’ v Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework concern on it include 1/ having standards on land administration, 2/ reducing bureaucracy, 3/reduce cost of land transfer e.g. from K500 to between K100 and K300, thus quicken land transfer process • There are more than 1,000 titles given out in Nyimba through NDLA programs and structures like the Ndake village land committee, but some chiefs are apprehensive about this like Chieftainess Mwape • Issues include: o Chiefs concerns include who will be issuing titles under the proposed land administration policy? Why not just empower communities o Seemingly remove of the powers of the chiefs through the land board proposal. The chiefs say they are chief due to land. What will be their role if not included in the land transfer process. o There are [boundary] disputes between the Mchimazi resettlement scheme and customary areas o Nyimba township boundaries are expanding but, in the process, swallowing up villages (thus, disputes) National parks, GMAs and GRs • There are 2 categories of land tenure: state land (National Parks) and customary (GMAs or open areas). There is private investment in open areas like game ranches (GRs). GRs are under title in customary areas and are number of them in Nyimba district. The process of land acquisition from GRs: o Investor approaches chief o Chief consults the traditional council of elders (village headmen/women, etc.) and sell the ideas o Community discuss community pledges with the investor in which they indicate what they need in their communities, with minutes of the meeting to the Town council o Council considers and approves. GRs are up to 5,000 ha in size. If more than this, then the request seeks approval of Commissioner of Lands in Lusaka. o Investor receives letter of consent (it usually gets rejected if the proposal encroaches into other properties e.g. schools, etc.) • There are no titles in the GMA, but controlled human settlement is allowed to promote conservation and community livelihood symbiosis. The West Petauke was declared as such in 1991. There are 2 hunting blocks (HBs) and 5 camps (3 in open areas and 2 in HBs) in the West Petauke GMA: the Nyalugwe (27% of the GMA) and Luembe 973% of the GMA) HBs. There is no HB in Mwape chiefdom even though their prospects with the adjustment of boundaries between Mwape and Luembe Chiefdoms that results in part of the former chiefdom having been in the Luembe HB. There are concession agreements and entitlements in the HBs in Nyimba district. The CRBs (community resources boards) partners with government and through these Zambian community based natural resources management (ZCBNRM) receives benefits from non-consumptive use (NCU) of wildlife resources. The agreements are up to 15 years. There is not hunting including resident hunting quotas (RHQs) are allowed in this time period. During this period, the investor commits to pay K200, 000/year into the DNPW account and K200, 000 into the CRB account (which is like buying a hunting quota). In addition, the investor employs 20 village scouts (VSs) and equips them for law enforcement, etc. the NCU/Tourism concession is signed by the DNPW, the CRB headed by Chief Nyalugwe, Luembe, etc.) • There are GRs on titled land i.e. Munyamdzi and Kazumba, while Nkalamu is on MoU that is subject to evaluation every five years. vi Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework • In Luembe HB, there is Mopani Hunting Safaris operating. The communities are happy because the company has opened new camps in the area and has employed 16 new VSs additional to the 14 existing VSs making the total number of VSs 30; contributed to the construction of the Chiefs Palace. • BCP is also running the USAID supported CFM in Nyimba district. For its REDD+ program it has the following land coverage: Nyalugwe HB=74,526.70 ha with ca. 60,302 ha under the REDD+ program and ca. 14, 223 ha under social development zone. In Luembe HB=353,486.64 ha, with the social development zone covering ca. 75,516 ha, while the REDD+ zone is ca. 277,970 ha. There is a draft letter of consent from chiefs but no agreement yet for the community forests. However, there are investments for local development through what is called PIP (participatory impact project) like K80, 000.00 in Nyalungwe for school infrastructure and K140, 000 for a medium size house to be handed over after the rain season. There have been viability training and assessments involving communities. The PIP was initiated from the Fly FPIC (free, prior informed consent) exposure flights for deforestation/resource status assessments, resources mapping together with communities. There are community mobilisers who collect data on households and act as links between with the communities. 20 local community members have also been trained in muzzle loading guns to blast chilly to protect hippos and bush pigs, elephants eating damaging crops in fields. Because of this, farmers in Mwape have in the last two years harvested agriculture crops and are very happy. • Issues/challenges: o Community may not understand the implications of some clause in the agreements. For example, community think they can still have RHQs under the current agreements, which is not the case. For example, there has been claims for RHQs in Nyalugwe. o Limited manpower e.g. in Nyalugwe there are 11 VSs when 6 per camps are needed and 8 camps are needed. No patrol kits e.g. engine boats, since all camps are not on the side of the GMA thereby posing challenges to cross the Luangwa River for patrols. For the Nyimba sector, at present (2016) there are 23 (less than half of the required number of) wildlife police officers (WPOs) when 50 is considered adequate o No communication equipment (radio network systems) o Depletion of soils in areas where the illegal cultivators came from resulting into encroachments into national park for farming and cultivation in dambos (i.e. type of wetlands), which are water sources for wildlife. Therefore, human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) occur. o There is theft of baits (for lions, leopards, etc.) for hunting thereby disturbing the hunting industry o Displacement of people by wildlife especially in Mwape chiefdom, as so wildlife is viewed as retarding progress in such areas. o In Mwape Chiefdom, the CRB is not active since 2007 due to lack of HB (discussion are going on -ibid- to establish one since there has been some adjustment of the chiefdom boundary between Luembe and Mwape. • The issues associated with national parks include: o Encroachments by people from the neighbouring community as well as from a far as far as Copperbelt and including having fields even by some government officers o Allocating and selling land in parks o Unstable river water flow o Decreasing resources: minerals, trees, reeds, fish, o Soil excavation vii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework o Fires o Poaching • Impact of out grower schemes on national parks o Offers options for livelihood sources and therefore offsets pressure from the national parks. o When the products are sold (have markets) the pressure on wildlife is reduced o Even some DNPW officers are members of the outgrower schemes About Evictions from Lukusuzi National Park • Around 2011/2012 people started settling in the LNP up to about 40 km in the park • There were people from all neighbouring chiefdoms, and there were also people from outside Lundazi district both from rural and urban areas. • The squatters moved into the national park due to poverty and in search of better livelihoods especially from agriculture. The soils were degraded where they had come from. The said that soils in the national park are more fertile than those in the customary areas. • The illegal settlers were involved in agriculture, poaching and had all kinds of social and physical like village heads, church structures, community schools, one well, fields for cotton, groundnuts, soybeans growing, and even football grounds, where even tournaments were held among themselves. • Livestock was also allowed to enter the park. Some livestock killed by lions. • The situation was getting out of control and unacceptable to government and so the eviction process was initiated by the DNPW in 2015 • There were all kinds of challenges including being restrained by politicians who had been promising settlers that the national park would be given out to them as some campaign messages having been close to the national elections. • When evicted, for those who were willing and found in the national park during the eviction operations, transport was provided for to move them together with their belongings. Most moved out of the park voluntarily and there have been no claims/complaints of being harassed in the process of removing them from the protected area (PA). To manage grievances, sensitization meetings that involved other government departments including the district commissioner for Lundazi were • conducted. None of the evictees moved to the areas that were proposed for resettlement areas in Mwasemphangwe chiefdom and so no further assistance was provided to them. However, the non- Zambians like the Malawians were deported. The two major reasons for refusing to in the two areas offered were: 1) poor soils in the two places, and so agriculture productivity would be low 2) They did not want to settle or be regrouped in a crowded place. They wanted space to themselves. • As the squatters left the park, they were allowed to salvage their properties. The structures were destroyed, and some by the owners before they left. Some people tried to return to the park after some time this year. Operations to remove them ended in having 10 people from this group being arrested, prosecuted and imprisoned. Since then no one has ever settled in the park. There are no settlers in the park at the moment. 6. GIZ and others • There is a project launched on 20th October 2016 to run for a year between 201.10.2017 and 20.03.2018, with a work plan made in December 12-15, 2016 with a total budget of Euro733, 000. The Peace Parks Foundation (PPF) will disburse the funds. The planned thematic activities include viii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework capacity building (governance training, CRB/community associations support, ) , law enforcement (training, conservation awareness, problem animal control training, etc. ), infrastructure development (houses, radio control room at Chikomeni, High Radio Frequency tower-equipment), livelihood activities. The majority of the activities will be in Mwasemphangwe area focusing on the TFCA (Trans-Frontier Conservation Area). • There is also an intervention called International Fund for National Welfare Project, which is already operational in Malawi’s Kasungu National Park (KNP) in the area of law enforcement and will extend to Lukusuzi National Park (LNP) in January 2017 for similar activities. The project will run for 2 years. • {There was also some talk about NEW World Bank by the LNP Park Ranger! It appears to be associated with COMACO. It was not clear what it is all about}. 7. Land tenure scenario Land acquisition process For customary land, the process involves the village head is approached by anyone looking for land or space to settle. The village head man or woman will assess the person and make a recommendation to the chief. This is done if the respective head person approached some land in their village where some can settle. Some people approach the chief first. In such a case, the chief advises and refer people to headmen. When the land seeker has been assessed, the chief calls his/her traditional council of elders. The Royal highnesses brief the council and sell the idea to them. • Should the decision of the traditional council be in the affirmative, then the chief writes a letter of recommendation to the council. The Town council will consider the recommendation. This process includes physical inspection of the area to check if there are any issues surrounding the land whose rights are proposed for transfer. A decision is made based on the findings. In case of acceptance, the land transfer is processed further according to the council’s calendar days (or program). The person is eventually given an offer letter and title issued from the ministry of lands upon submission by the Town council. Then the land is acquired. • For those who settle in customary land, they are recognized and registered in the village registers. • If the land is more than 250 hectares, the council has no authority and will seek advice from the ministry of lands. With such huge chunks of land, even the office of the president gets involved and investigates. They would be interested in why such land is proposed for transfer. They want to under the circumstances and justification for acquisition of vast parcels of land. • There is vast land only in the GMAs (Game management Areas) e.g. the West Petauke GMA in Nyimba district. • In the province, there have been pilot interventions on land tenure security. In Chipata, the District Land Alliance has facilitated land recordation in 134 villages in four chiefdoms with an output of 6005 non-legal certificates being generated. The mapping is fields and shared resources, although the certificates excludes the latter. In Chieftainess Mkanda all (including her own) certificates in the Kasonjela Royal Establishment have been signed and await distribution. Other chiefs are yet to sign as soon as they finish verification of records. Chief Nyalungwe has also traditional customary land certificate issued with conditions (No disputes over land, title processing, no misbehavior or witchcraft) • This is similar to what the CDLA2 have been promoting in Chieftainess Mkanda where there is certificate of ownership issuance has conditions attached to them: not for sale, not transferrable and no titles to land. The certificates do not give powers to the holder to sell and convert land through a title deed. People are happy with the certificates as it gives some form of tenure security specially to widow who otherwise always lose access to land once the husband dies. ix Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). -Updated Process Framework Challenges • Once someone successfully acquires land on title, they no longer respect traditional institutions. Chiefs are not respected and in some cases. HRH1 Chief Nyalugwe narrated a case where he had given and facilitated transfer of 15,000 ha of land for game ranch investment. After acquiring title, the investor stopped respecting HRH and his investment never benefitted his people anymore. In some cases, the people including the chiefs are denied access and told off that this is no longer there land and have no control over it anymore: “What the chief should know is that this is not his land anymore, so he can go back”. The investor was suspected of having been feeding lion meat to the local people (his works), which caused a lot of health problems like skin rush, etc. The relationship with the chiefdom got so sour that the chief sought intervention from the then Republican President. The investor was almost deported. He was saved by the bell of having another investor who offered to buy his land with huge sums of money. The land has since changed many hands. • Titling land means raising the value of land from nothing to huge sums of money that does not even benefit the locals at in some cases. • CDLA2 observed that there are high illiteracy levels among the locally based surveyors, which affect data communication. • Old maps of chiefdoms, causing a lot of disputes except where there are natural boundaries. • Difficult to for Town councils to expand townships due to difficult land negotiations with chiefs. For Chipata, this is complicated by land around Chipata having farms within the township area. There has been the Nkwengwe Farm case whereby 7000 ha with no improvement since it was acquired from the previous owner (Diary?). There have been efforts to repossess the land including through compulsory routes but unsuccessful because the owner renewed the title, in the process. Only a compromise was reached where 50 ha were acquired for light industrial area site. • Double allocation of land • Clients complain that the land acquisition process is very long. The decentralisation process has taken long too. 1 HRH, His/Her Royal Highness 2 CDLA , Chipata District land Alliance x Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Process Framework 8. Future outlook • The land board clause in the draft land policy that seeks to have these local institutional entities is very contentious among chiefs. It is perceived as aimed at reducing their powers as chiefs. They are not chiefs without land royal highnesses dispute. The fears concerning the draft land policy especially the land boards were expressed in the December 2015 consultative meetings. • “The Chiefs must be mandated to have authority over customary land. Chief Nyalugwe said he would want the 99 years leasehold to be abolished instead introduce a renewable 15-year leasehold, whose renewal would depend on how beneficial the investment would have been to the local people. For Chieftainess Mkanda, in addition, the 99 leave should be reduced to 45 years on title. This would avoid having huge parcels of land being transferred from customary to private/state land as was the case now [in the province and elsewhere in the country]. • Despite stages and oral guidelines being clear among the local people, some people sell land without the knowledge of the chief. They do this as they recommend land seekers to the chiefs. During the visit to Chief Nyalugwe, there was a palace (court) session over such a case, whereby someone had sold another person’s agricultural field. • Land records should be formalized. Chieftainess Mkanda has reached a stage where she has about 1 Contract or out grower farming situation Stakeholders/Partnerships • There several companies involved in out grower schemes in the eastern province: NWK agri services, COMACO, SNV4 (Katate, Lundazi), Cargill, JTI (Japanese Tobacco International), China-Africa Company Manjet, etc. involving a number cash and non-cash crops like groundnuts, cotton, soyabeans, beans, rice and so on. Cargill buys soybeans and conducts strong consultation with COAMACO. It also supports with beehives for women. The honey produced is bought by COMACO. • The outgrower schemes under some companies like COMACO work with seed companies e.g. Kamano. Seed is obtained from the companies and distributed to farmers. In the case of COMACO, the seed is distributed to its centers and from there the farmers • Farmers receive inputs as loans with interest. For COMACO, the interest is 30-33% (e.g. for 20 kg of seed, the farmer returns 26 kg). The returned input is given to new recruits into the outgrower scheme. COMACO encourages a spirit of asset ownership. It supports establishment of bulking sheds, and other income generation activities like poultry production. The farmers are free to sell the surplus to other markets (China Africa) only after COMACO has bought. • The outgrower schemes have agreements with sharing arrangement for example for the SALM (sustainable agricultural land management) under COMACO, 40% for COMACO for project /scheme management, 55% for the COMACO producer groups/cooperatives and 5% to the chief. • Despite competition in the industry, there are partnerships like between COMACO and Cargill whereby the later supports COMACO farmers with beehives (for women) and the former trains the producers and buys the honey. xi Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Process Framework • The COMACO scheme started around 2004 but established in 2005 giving some 11 years’ experience in the development model. Currently, COMACO says there are 80, 000 farmers in eastern province engaged in its outgrower schemes producing and/or growing rice, soybeans, cowpeas, maize, honey, groundnuts. The maize is used in protein supplements at the rate of 30% soybeans to 70% maize per supplement product produced. Institutional arrangements • There producer cooperatives made up of scheme members that include principal lead farmers, lead or role model farmers (responsible for 20 producer groups), there are producer groups (PGs) with chairpersons (20 PG chair persons report to or are supported by a lead farmer), and individual farmers. Cooperatives supervise VAGs (Village Action Groups). In Lundazi District, there are 8 CCAs of which 2 are in Chikomeni chiefdom (Kabinga and Chamkoma), where there are 2 cooperatives, and 5 VAGs. One principal lead farmer (PLF) is responsible for many PGs (for example in the PLF in Chikomeni has 140 PGs). • COMACO also works with multi-sector task forces as strategies to for enhancing conservation efforts. There are round tables where other partners also participate for example the TLC (total land care), CFU (conservation farming unit, ICRAF/WAC. Institutional task force members include governemt and non- and government actors: district commissioner as chairperson, resettlement, agriculture (DACO5s forestry), chiefs and traditional affairs, DNPW, community development, health, churches, Zambia police, etc., • There is also planting of trees especially for intercropping agriculture (agroforestry) like Gliricidia (25 million planted so far in individual woodlots on customary land parcels/field, homesteads) SNV3 • The organization runs a SILMS (sustainable integrated land management solutions) project in Lundazi that develops gender and business inclusive climate-smart agricultural business model within a sustainable natural resource’s framework of income generation in rural areas. • SILMS component include integrated soil fertility management, agroforestry and deforestation-free supply chains. • 50,000 trees have been raised: Faiderbia albida, Gliricidia sepium, sesbania; trained 10 lead farmers. • Difficulties. • As motivation 200 farmers given 200 euros as motivation for first adopters; there is a 10,000-farmer target. • All activities are on customary land. • Market based incentives are given to farmers. • The project involves working with agro dealers like the Sedia Agro services of Lundazi. The agro dealers have been trained to test soils and make recommendations on what type of inputs are to improve productivity. This is to avoid blanket recommendations on soil management. • A number of crops are grown with the SILMS project catchment areas (i.e. Mwase Lundazi and Kankumba, Zumwanda, Kapichila) that include 3 The Netherlands Development Organisation. xii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Process Framework • Collaboration is with the ministry of agriculture, ZARI4, ICRAF/WAC5, NutriAid Trust (agro- dealers, experts in training), COMACO. o COMACO collaboration is in Mfuwe against deforestation where it has helped purchase 50 tons from farmers to help then shift from cotton growing to other crops. o Input suppliers help increase local availability of ISM and agroforestry technology and modern farming inputs to farmers, and in turn get increased sales from the resulting demand. o Processors/trader help in increasing smallholder farmer (SHFs) access to market, that then benefits processors/traders through stable and increased quantity and quality of bulked produce from the SHFs o Agro dealers help to increase local availability of ISFM and agroforestry technology and modern farming inputs, and access to extension services (soil testing, and finance to SHFs) o SNV works with farmers to establish seed multiplication enterprises and tree nurseries. Incentives are provided to SHFs to use sustainable production practices and to join or establish farmer associations for bulking purposes. SHFs benefit from market access and increased yields. • Institutional structure: at local level there is CAC (camp agriculture committee), zones, villages, leader farmers and then field. • Market linkages: the major output markets for SNV include Mt. Meru (Lusaka), Cargill, NWK Agri Services, ETG (Export Traders Grower) • There is a biogas program under SNV. NWK Agri Services • Finances small scale farmers in growing cotton since 2000 with a 50/50 spread in the valley and plateau (mwasemphangwe, chikwa, chilupula, nabwalya (Mpika). All chiefdoms on up land are covered • About 15,000 farmers or farmers? • The company uses what it calls a Distributer Model. The model uses shed. There 11 sheds. Each shed has distributors who work on commission. There are 139 distributors for the Lundazi catchments. Distributors have agents, who recruit farmers. Challenges. • Default by farmers, estimated at 40 – 50% in some cases especially cotton in the valley areas. However, there are as good recoveries as 90-95%. Some factors driving the violation of contracts are bad rain season causing a lot of breach especially in the Luangwa valley and vice versa for a good rain season (good season, less violations, bad season more violations. Some Zambians of Asian origin are fueling violations by by offering exploitative prices in times of low financial standing of COMACO. • Uncontrolled cattle movement causing damage to crop, etc. • Some crops like cotton cause huge destruction of forests through clearing virgin land for production in the province There is competition for products from the farmers with other players in the sectors buying from the COMACO supported farmers before COMACO declares what it may not purchase (which 4 Zambia Agriculture Research Institute 5 International Centre for Research in Agro-Forestry/World Agroforestry Centre) xiii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Process Framework becomes surplus for individual farmers) Because of these and other factors, farmers breach their contractual obligations with COMACO. • Working capital for COMACO is not sufficient to purchase everything farmers producer. There is a huge shift from growing cotton to producing legumes, which means that COMACO must scale up its capacity as an output market (Some Zambians especially those of the Indian origin take advantage of this and offer exploitative prices to the farmers as they become vulnerable when COMACO fails to buy their commodities). • Corruption including in the natural resource’s management subsector. SNV • Low attendance in trainings (so subsidy is used a motivation to improve participation) • Market availability: SNV may not manage to buy all the produce from farmers NWK • How to reduce crop losses and inflation • Weak work culture among some farmers • Porous border that cause movement of produce across countries • Skills gap • Limited data for planning, and therefore there is use of old data for planning. Farmers have no information to guide them • Soybeans and maize production going down due to huge supply and the market like Mt Meru getting saturated, which may lead to low prices. • There is politicization of business Community Conservation Areas Landscape Tenure aspects • So far in eastern province, only COMACO has some functioning CCAs under its REDD+ component of the Landscape Management Project (LMP). The CCAs are on customary land. There are 29 CCAs located in 17 chiefdoms, 5 districts with a total size of 550,664 ha. One of the areas, The Nyalungwe Conservancy, borders the BLS area and the settlers there are members of the CCA. In Zumwanda, there is already functioning law enforcement. Charcoal production has been banned. There has been leadership training. • COMACO cooperates with other players in loan recovery, seed bank management, training and transformation of people from destructive resource harvesting practices like poaching into farming, apiculture/beekeeping, etc. • General: COMACO is involved in 2 areas; food and income generation/security. It provides markets for products. Its core business is conservation including watershed management. • 9 chiefdoms are participating in carbon project, while others are making requests to be included • There are 700, 000 beekeepers working with COMACO in eastern province • However, they are not legally recognized as they have not been granted the community forests status that is provided for in the forests act, 2015. Under the LMP, the World Bank (and not COMACO) is yet to conduct assessments for the carbon credits, and so there is no sharing of proceeds from the project. xiv Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Process Framework • Market for the CCAs. COMACO buys their products. COMACO buys and dries mushrooms and mangoes Institutional framework/production • There are some benefits in form of products in the CCAs. For example, the Kabinga CCAs was reported to have 27 apiaries with 5 top bar hives/apiary that produces 15-20 Kg of comb honey per hive. The current price when sold to COMACO is K7/kg. The CCAs has offered loans with some small interest (no disclosed). Aside from this benefit, there is no large financial sharing of benefits with COMACO. The agreed sharing arrangement once benefits start accruing and being shared is COMACO – 30%, CCA development committee – 40% and chief – 20% for plan implementation oversight. Impact/benefits. o Some communities have started having honey. For Kabinga, for example, about K1000.006, which is managed collectively through a saving scheme, has been generated from the beekeeping venture in 2015 (the first year of the livelihood activity). Challenges o People settled next to conservation areas engage in destructive practices such as charcoal production, poaching, etc. 6 i.e. ca. USD100 [exchange rate:1USD=K9.75 - K10 xv Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Process Framework List of people consulted during the mission (in 2016) S.No District Name Title Organization Mobile number email 1. Chipata Joseph Cheelo Senior Agriculture agriculture department 0967/5-846270 Specialist, Land Husbandry, 2. Chipata Lazarus Ngulube Principal Resettlement resettlement 0977/66-714495 lazingulube@yahoo.com Officer department 3. Chipata Mable Ranger DNPW (Dept. of National Parks and Wildlife) 4. Chipata Makungu Angel GIS Specialist COMACO 966310973 amakungu@itswild.org Chishimba 5. Chipata Nemiah Tembo Conservation Manager COMACO 977946465 ntembo@itswild.org 6. Chipata Patrick Mukuka Lands Officer Lands Department 976806553 mpmukuka@yahoo.com 7. Chipata Sylvester Siame Forestry Officer Forestry Department 978074991 slsiame@yahoo.co.uk 8. Chipata Titus Nkhoma Scheme Manager Resettlement 979454797 titus_nkhoma@yahoo.com Department 9. Chipata White Daka Project Manager COMACO 10. Chipata HRH Chieftainess Mkanda own Palace 11. Chipata Noreen Miti Coordinator Chipata District Land Alliance 12. Lundazi Moses Mbewe Park Ranger, Lukusuzi DNPW 974433695 mosesmbwe187@gmail.com National Park 13. Lundazi Rabson Mbewe Wildlife Police Officer, DNPW 977356310 14. Lundazi Yoram Phiri, 979059604 15. Lundazi Clara Mwale, Secretary Chikomeni Community 973310462 Resources Board (CRB) 16. Lundazi Francis Kamanga, Chairperson, Resources management 973584583 committee (Chikomeni CRB) 17. Lundazi Boyd Banda Chairperson Chikomeni CRB 18. Lundazi Peter Zulu Community Representative Mugaya village 975393120 19. Lundazi Andrew Mbewe Community Representative Chikomeni Village 977967646 20. Lundazi Lyson Nkhata Wildlife Police Officer DMPW xvi Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Process Framework S.No District Name Title Organization Mobile number email 21. Lundazi TimothyJohn Extension Manager COMACO 0979835455, timothyjphiri@gmail.com Phiri 0974670998 22. Lundazi Luke Lungu, Poultry Specialist COMACO 973000184 luke.lunguj@gmail.com 23. Lundazi Amuke N. District Forest Officer Forestry Department 966278588 amukenanmusiwa@yahoo.com Musiwa 24. Lundazi Joseph Senior Extension Assistant Forestry Department 979477918 jsimuyota@gmail.com Simuyota 25. Lundazi Davison Kamuli Town Planner Lundazi District Council 976886412 kamulidavison@yahoo.com 26. Lundazi Joseph Bwalya Park Ranger, Luambe NP, DNPW 98762627 josephbwalya@yahoo.com Upper And Lower Lumimba GMAs 27. Lundazi Japhet Banda Principal Lead Farmer 0974104954/09690251 83 28. Lundazi Zaccheaus Agribusiness/Natural Netherlands 0977/66-454538 zmtonga@snvworld.org Mtonga Resources Officer [SILMS] Development Organisation (SNV) 29. Lundazi Dennis Regional General Manager- NWK agri-services 977713424 Mawelera Lundazi 30. Lundazi Precious Agro Dealer Sedia Agro Services Mudenda 31. Lusaka Dale Lewis President/Conservation COMACO Director 32. Nyimba Lloyd Mambwe Area Manager COMACO 97608643 lloydmambwe3@gmail.com 33. Nyimba Converse Extension Coordinator COMACO 968593594 cmwiinga@itswild.org Mwiinga 34. Nyimba Raymond Kaima Coordinator Nyimba District Land 979246896 rkaima096@gmail.com Alliance 35. Nyimba AndrewGoods Community Liaison Officer DNPW Nkhoma 36. Nyimba Gibby Njovu Community Mobiliser BioCarbon Partners 37. Nyimba Harrison Lungu Principal Lead Farmer Chamilala Better Life Scheme 38. Nyimba Kamuzu Zulu Scheme Chairperson Chamilala Better Life Scheme xvii Jurisdictional Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for Zambia Integrated Forest Landscape Project (ZIFLP). Updated Process Framework S.No District Name Title Organization Mobile number email 39. Nyimba Marvis Phiri Committee Member Chamilala Better Life Scheme 40. Nyimba Catherine Phiri Farmer Chamilala Better Life Scheme 41. Nyimba Alice Mvula Cooperative Member Chamilala Better Life Scheme 42. Nyimba Ibak Daka Cooperative Member Chamilala Better Life Scheme 43. Nyimba Ibak Sakala Cooperative Member Chamilala Better Life Scheme 44. Nyimba Harryford Zulu Cooperative Works Chamilala Better Life Committee Scheme Chairperson 45. Nyimba Daniel Phiri Cooperative Member Chamilala Better Life Scheme 46. Nyimba Nsofwachilupula Trustee Chamilala Better Life Scheme 47. Nyimba Josephina Chairperson Chamilala Better Life Mumba Scheme 48. Nyimba Rosemary Extension Assistant Forestry Department Chongo Banda 49. Nyimba HRH Chief Nyalugwe Own Palace 50. Nyimba Shadreck Senior Community BioCarbon Partners Ngoma engagement manager xviii