STRENGTHENING GENDER STATISTICS Best Practices for Survey Design Contents I. SGS Project Overview II. Questionnaire Design for Better Gender Statistics 1. Asset Ownership and Control 2. Work and Employment 3. Entrepreneurship III. Data Collection Process for Better Gender Statistics 1. Respondent Selection 2. Fieldwork Implementation Annex References Links to Sample Modules I. SGS Project Overview Background on the SGS Project Collaboration between World Objective: partner with 10 Bank Gender Group, Poverty countries over the next 2 years and Equity Global Practice, and Funded by the Bill and Melinda to narrow gender data gaps Development Data Group’s Gates Foundation in national statistical systems, Living Standards Measurement especially those related to Study team economic status and outcomes Create stronger capacity to Focus is on survey design and Not financing new surveys but produce, analyze, and interpret post-survey dissemination improving existing systems gender data SGS Project Details Premised on a demand- Provides strategic and targeted Informed by collaboration driven model to close technical assistance to partner with internal and external gender data gaps, based NSOs to improve the production experts (WEDGE, Paris21, on the WB’s significant and of gender statistics prioritizing UN Women “Women repeated engagement with upcoming surveys, censuses, Count� project) NSOs around the world other data sources Leverages ongoing WB Will tailor support based on statistical capacity projects country needs taking into in partner countries and consideration the timing aligned with IDA-financed of survey operations and Data for Policy Framework country priorities What are gender statistics? Concepts and definitions No gender bias Sex-disaggregated Data reflect accurately capture in data collection data gender issues information on methods women and men Focus often exclusively on two components... ...but also need to consider these Landscape of Gender Statistics • Increased demand for gender statistics • SGS is a concerted effort to work at the country- » Sustainable Development Goals, national level with partner NSOs to make specific, strategic, development strategies, and World Bank’s and targeted fixes to surveys and censuses to priorities address gaps • Many reports discuss the importance of gender data…but also the significant gender data gaps. » Recent examples: – UNSD 2016 Integrating a Gender Perspective into Statistics – Data 2x Mapping Gender Data Gaps and Bridging the Gap − Only 22 % of the 54 gender-specific indicators in the SDGs are produced regularly worldwide SGS entry points for addressing gender data gaps Data not collected Collected but methodologically weak Methodologically strong but not processed & analyzed Processed & analyzed but not disseminated & used • Lack of surveys overall • Inappropriate or • No calculation of • Lack of timely gender Problems • Lack of special topic incomplete relevant indicators statistical abstracts and surveys questionnaire design • Limited tabulation factbooks • Insufficient • Flawed data collection • No disaggregation by sex • No communication and administrative data approaches and other characteristics dissemination strategy Proposed solution SGS Component 1 SGS Component 2 SGS Component 3 Outside of scope of SGS Data Production Data Analysis Data Dissemination Outside the scope of the project SGS Project Review of questionnaires Technical support for the Support for the production Offers (insertion of questions or production of relevant and dissemination of modules) andReduced field gender data gaps gender in the economic indicators domain gender statistics factbooks protocols What are gender statistics? Macroeconomic Social, economic and statistics demographic statistics Gender Statistics • Bussines statistics • Population • National accounts • Migration • Tourism • Health Gender Statistics is • Transport • Education not about women • Prices • Income and poverty only, but about the • Government finance • Justice and crime role of both women and men in society • Trade and balance of • Employment and payments entrepreneurship • Asset Ownership and Control SGS Project Focus – Economic Domain • Project targets economic status indicators Why this focus? • Government international commitments 1 2 • Two of WB Gender Strategy Ownership of Access to more pillars productive assets and better jobs • Instrumental to ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity (WB Twin Goals) • Complementary to 3 Entrepreneurship other partners’ efforts in improving gender data (UN Women, 50x2030 initiative) SGS Partner Countries 1. Bangladesh 2. Benin 3. Burkina Faso 4. Cameroon 5. Djibouti 6. Ghana 7. Laos 8. Madagascar 9. Mali 10. Republic of Spillover influence on closing gender Congo data gaps in World Bank statistical 11. Somalia capacity operations and production of 12. Tanzania guidance material as public goods Development of Guidance Documents SGS Component 1 SGS Component 2 SGS Component 3 The Sheet for Guidance Guidancedocument document Development of Gender Guidance document on best Products Engendering Data in for engendering for engendering Statistics training Course practices for producing gender COVID-19 Response household householdsurveys surveys abstracts / factbooks Household Surveys Practical guidance Extensive guidance on collecting Focus on generating analytics Compiling best practices and Description on collecting gender data on assets, employment, for statistical reporting and recomendations for developing data through phone entrepreneurship, anchored in dissemination with regards to a product most useful to data surveys existing international standards gender data areas users and policymakers and guidelines Status Finalized, publicy finalized, Draft finalized Underway Underway available undergoing per review Application in partner countries through trainings, worshops, and output-oriented TA Reduced gender data gaps in the economic domain II. Questionnaire Design for Better Gender Statistics New evidence and guidelines • New international guidelines on how to address methodological concerns and practical challenges • Women’s Work and Employment Partnership related to economic gender data. • Gender Asset Gap Project • However, advances in measuring women’s economic • Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) status are often not translated into survey operations. » LSMS+ is the exception and was the first phase • Methodological Experiment on Measuring Asset of the WB’s efforts to mainstream advances into Ownership from a Gender Perspective national household surveys • Measuring Individuals’ Rights to Land • Project will build on this momentum and provide • Living Standards Measurement Study-Plus (LSMS+) targeted and strategic advice on how to adapt existing • WEDGE data collection tools and processes. • Women Count • Paris21 Approach • Present rationale and importance of adequately capturing information on asset ownership, employment and entrepreneurship • Based on Guidance Note on Gender-Sensitive Survey Design and Implementation o Present best practices for Asset, Employment, Entrepreneurship Questionnaire content (WHAT TO ASK) o Explain the importance of proper respondent selection (WHO TO ASK) o Cover best practices for fieldwork implementation Combined, these recommendations present an opportunity to: o Accelerate progress towards measurement of international policy commitments (SDG indicators) o Meet data requirements for StatCap project progress reporting (UNSD indicators) 1. Economic Domain: Asset Ownership and Control Rationale – Asset ownership and control Why does asset ownership and control Accurate data on assets is needed for: matter? • Policymaking • Can ease access to credit » Design of land reforms » Initiatives on economic empowerment • Help boost productivity and income • Monitoring of national and international goals such as • Provide security amid income shocks the SDGs • Improve bargaining power and decision- making within households SDG/UNSD asset-related indicators UNSD Minimum # Indicator Description SDG Indicator Indicator Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other 1 8.10.2 I.11 financial institution or with a mobile-money service provider 2 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex 5.b.1 I.18 a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights 3 over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights- 5.a.1 I.12 bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with 4 legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as 1.4.2 secure, by sex and type of tenure What asset categories should be considered? • Assets vary in nature and can include physical items • Additionally, UN EDGE Guidelines advise such as housing, land, livestock, household countries to determine additional assets on which durables, nonfarm business assets, as well as to collect data based on policy needs and financial assets. prevalence of assets within a given country. • The UN EDGE Guidelines recommend that • Asset categories to consider include countries collect, at a minimum, information on a nonagricultural enterprise assets, livestock, large “core� set of assets that has been found to and small agricultural equipment, financial assets comprise most of personal wealth. This core set of and liabilities, valuables, and consumer durables assets comprises: such as vehicles. • principal dwelling, • agricultural land, and • other real estate. Defining relevant asset classes and categories • Asset-related questions need to be informed by legal context and relevant asset types may differ by country. As you develop the questionnaire take into account: • Legal framework and customary norms that • Consider government programs and policies govern property rights, including those related to regarding core assets, including the distribution and marital and inheritance regimes; titling of land and housing; • Regional and sub-national differences: Remember • Review existing quantitative studies providing that laws and norms may differ across different information on the prevalence of asset ownership, at areas of the country; both individual and household levels, and wealth • Think about the link between asset ownership distribution across different population groups; and and other development issues, including poverty, studies related to land tenure systems across the livelihoods, entrepreneurship, agriculture, country. women’s empowerment, and gender equality; Ownership definitions Reported Ownership Economic Ownership Documented Ownership Bundle of rights to an asset – refers to the persons – refers to the persons – documented – includes the right to who consider who would have control ownership refers to the sell, right to bequeath, themselves to be over the proceeds of existence of any right to rent out, right to owners of the asset in from the sale of an document recognized use as collateral, and right question, irrespective of asset. by the Government that to make whether they possess an individual can use to improvements/invest. legal, or documented, claim ownership rights ownership of the asset. in law over an asset by virtue of the individual’s name being listed as an owner on the document. Scope of recommended asset data collection Reported Economic Documented Asset Classes Bundle of Rights Ownership Ownership Ownership Land X X X X Financial Accounts X X Mobile Phones X Livestock X Durables X Individual vs. joint ownership of assets • Assets can be jointly or individually owned - this important distinction is sometimes overlooked in questionnaire design. • Collecting information on exclusive or mutual • The questionnaire should allow for a unique ownership is particularly important to understand identification of any joint owners/right holders marital and inheritance regimes. both inside and outside the household. • It is recommended (LSMS 2021) to ask who owns, • To capture individual-disaggregated microdata, manages, and inherits key assets, allowing for the specific questions in each module should be identification of at least three individuals within linked back to the household roster for the the household for each question. unique identification of individuals that are associated with specific phenomena, such as ownership of an asset or management of an agricultural plot. Spotlight on land ownership • Given its importance for wealth storage and accumulation, land is considered a core asset and as such deserves special attention in questionnaire design. • To collect land data well, it is suggested to start • Importantly, this also includes the land/parcel on with a listing of all the land owned by the which the dwelling is located meaning that household. ownership/rights questions should be shifted from the housing module. • The recommendation is to collect data on all land – both agricultural and non-agricultural – to address the data needs for both SDG indicators 1.4.2 and 5.a.1. This covers all land owned or accessed via use rights and follows recent recommendations by the FAO, WB, and UN Habitat released in 2019. Spotlight on land ownership (continued) • If possible, ownership and rights questions should • The recommendation for land ownership is to be asked separately to all adult individuals in the provide identification of: household for all parcels that they own. • (a) respondent, • Develop a land roster to include all parcels used, • (b) reported owners (at least two individuals), owned, or accessed via use rights by any • (c) documented owners (at least two household member, irrespective of use (that is, individuals) along with information on formal including agricultural, residential, pastoral, forest, document, and commercial parcels). • (d) bearers of right to sell (at least two • This roster should be created with participation individuals), and from as many household members as possible to • (e) bearers of right to bequeath (at least two ensure its completeness. individuals). Summary: Land Ownership Best Practice: Thoughtful Fix: Ask about different ownership constructs: Ask about different Reported Ownership Quick/Simple Fix: ownership constructs: Documented Ownership Standard Reported Ownership Economic Ownership Capture intrahousehold Documented Ownership Bundle of Rights Questionnaire: asset ownership and ask Economic Ownership for the ID of 2-3 Bundle of Rights Allowing for up to 2-3 Does your household household members household members for own any parcel of land…? who own the asset Allowing for up to 2-3 each household members for each Ask each joint owner to self-report full set of questions Recommendations at a glance Questionnaire Design: Asset Ownership and Control Define relevant asset categories for a country and ensure the inclusion of priority assets in the questionnaire. Allow for multiple owners to be recorded for the same asset: exclusive versus joint ownership. Ensure that all types of land are considered. For land include questions on different ownership constructs and the bundle of rights. 2. Economic Domain: Work and Employment Rationale – Work and employment Why does employment matter? Accurate data on employment is needed for: • Economic inclusion (income generation • Policymaking though market-based work) » Design of labor policies and training programs » Initiatives on employment generation • Capturing different types of work • Monitoring of national and international goals such as • Improve bargaining power and decision- the SDGs making within households SDG/UNSD employment-related indicators UNSD Minimum # Indicator Description SDG Indicator Indicator Average number of hours spent on unpaid domestic and care work, 5 by sex, age and location 5.4.1 I.1 6 Average number of hours spent on total work (total work burden), by sex I.2 7 Labor force participation rate for persons aged 15-24 and 15+, by sex I.3 8 Proportion of employed who are own-account workers, by sex I.4 9 Proportion of employed who are contributing family workers, by sex I.5 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment, or 10 training, by sex and age 8.6.1 I.7 SDG/UNSD employment-related indicators (continued) UNSD Minimum # Indicator Description SDG Indicator Indicator Percentage distribution of employed population by sector, each sex (sectors 11 I.8 here refer to Agriculture; Industry; Service 12 Proportion of informal employment in total employment, by sector and sex 8.3.1 I.9 13 Unemployment rate, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities 8.5.2 I.10 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age, 14 8.5.1 I.13 and persons with disabilities 15 Proportion of employed working part-time, by sex I.14 Prime-age employment-to-population ratio by sex, household type and 16 I.15 presence of children SDG/UNSD employment-related indicators (continued) UNSD Minimum # Indicator Description SDG Indicator Indicator 17 Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status 2.3.2 18 Proportion of women in managerial positions 5.5.2 Proportion and number of children aged 5–17 years engaged in child labor, by 19 8.7.1 sex and age Frequency rates of fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries, by sex and migrant 20 8.8.1 status Work and employment • The 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS-19) overhauled the definitions of work and employment Intended destination For own final use For use by others of product Production work… Volunteer work… Employment Forms of (work for Unpaid Other work …in households producing… work pay or trainee work activities …in market …of services …of goods profit) and non- market units …goods …services Activities within the SNA production boundary Relation to 2008 SNA Activities inside the SNA general production boundary Work and employment Consistent adoption of the 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS-19) definitions of work and employment will enable a better picture of gendered differences in employment. • The new international definitions for work and • Key gender-relevant changes in the new framework employment require survey instruments to be are the classification of own-use production of updated with a skilled understanding of the goods as work (not employment) and the inclusion nuances of new concepts, without which countries of own-use provision of services as work. will lag in producing new measures accurately. • In some questionnaires, “work� and “employment� continue to be used interchangeably, even though the definitions differ. • Employment includes wage and salaried work and any for-profit work in household enterprises or self-employment Gender implications of new work and employment definitions The updated ICLS-19 standards offer several opportunities to better capture women’s work and employment. • First, the ICLS-19 standards recognize that individuals • From a gender perspective, it is important to ensure may be engaged in different forms of work that people with small-scale or informal jobs or who simultaneously during a particular reference period. help in family businesses or on farms are captured This is particularly relevant for women who often by the surveys as employed (if the work is for pay or engage in more than one form of paid and/or unpaid profit) or engaged in the own-production of goods work. (if the work is intended for own use). • Second, the revised labor standards define boundaries • Currently, employment figures in many countries between market and own-use production. Importantly, still do not reflect this updated classification, distribution of individuals across the different forms thereby undercounting women’s work and of work is not gender-neutral. Broadly, women tend to employment, and ultimately their contribution to perform more activities that fall under production of society. own-use services than do men, who tend to provide more own-use goods. Screening questions to capture all forms of work Employment screening questions and recovery questions can help to identify all forms of work undertaken by all household members. • The LSMS+ guidance suggests adding a seven-day • Similarly, recent ILO and World Bank research shows employment screening question for different activities that recovery questions to capture work and at the beginning of the employment module to elicit a employment information for individuals who may not more complete answer because some activities may identify their activities as such can significantly not be regarded as work. improve the accuracy of employment and work • These screening questions should include a broad classifications for both men and women. range of activities reflecting different types of work. • Recovery questions are very context-specific and as • It is recommended that the questionnaire list specific such need to be carefully worded. When crafted economic activities for respondents to choose from, thoughtfully, they are an important tool in correctly rather than asking for a “yes or no� answer. classifying people’s labor contributions. Market or own use of agricultural goods Agricultural production has a particularly large employment gap by gender • Underreporting in agriculture is common because • To properly capture women’s involvement in women are less likely than men to define their agriculture, surveys should include a question on activities as work and because women tend to work intended destination of agricultural production longer hours than men. (market or own use). Record the number of hours spent on specific activities such as preparing meals, childcare, and cleaning Given women’s outsized role in the provision of domestic and care work, the inclusion of own-use provision of services as work has significant implications. • Unpaid domestic and care work is often inadequately • Collecting these data can be achieved by asking accounted for in traditional survey design, which survey participants to record the number of hours prevents a better understanding of gendered labor spent on specific activities such as preparing meals, allocation patterns. This type of work can absorb many childcare, and cleaning, or by including time diaries hours daily or weekly, particularly for women. in household surveys or conducting specialized • Persons who are employed, unemployed, and outside time-use surveys. the labor force can engage in domestic and care work. Collect information on primary and secondary wage jobs over the last seven days A thorough understanding of the primary and secondary wage jobs is indispensable for meaningful gender analysis • The international standards establish that the share of • If needed, for entrepreneurship and other employed population, share of employment in indicators, a module on jobs held over the last 12 different sectors, and employment in informality are all months can be added with questions that cannot be derived from information collected on the main and addressed with the seven-day module, for example secondary jobs in the last seven days. when there is high seasonality. • The questionnaire should contain information on primary employment—including characteristics by industry, sector, working time, earnings, job attachment, and level of informality—to enable a nuanced subsequent analysis. Control over earnings In addition to identifying all sources of income, investigate who gets to control the earnings. • Labor income is an important determinant of women’s • This recommendation extends to other sources of economic empowerment. However, a woman’s ability income such as agricultural income from crop sales, to earn income does not ensure that she has control livestock production, or fishery and also should be over how it is spent, saved, or invested. applied to non-labor income such as social transfers • The LSMS recommendation for labor/employment is to and remittances. ask for identification of • (a) respondent and • (b) household member(s) (a minimum of two individuals) controlling the use of earnings—asked separately for each job listed for the individual during the reference period of interest. Include questions on unemployment and job searching to understand labor underutilization Measuring labor underutilization can help make more visible women’s unmet need for employment and constraints to working more hours. • LSMS+ recommends countries to include questions on • Women often cite family responsibilities more than unemployment and job searching over the last 30 days men as a reason for not searching for employment and to ask for information on whether individuals are and almost four times as often as a reason for not searching for more or different work. being available to accept employment (Benes and • Underutilized labor is defined as the difference Walsh 2018). between the desire of individuals to work and their • Similarly, among those employed, women are ability to do so. It is included as a new category in the significantly more likely than men to mention family ICLS-19 standards. responsibilities as a reason for working fewer hours • This category is particularly relevant when exploring than a typical workweek. gender differences in access to more and better jobs. Recap: Definition of work and employment Work From a gender Work refers to any paid or unpaid activity to produce goods and services perspective it is (that is, any productive activity). critical to capture • This includes employment as well as all contributions of time spent providing or creating Employment women and men, services and goods for own use. to classify them • This “own-use production� includes Employment is a specific subset of work, correctly, and to both goods (for example, farming, apply the same defined as work performed for pay or fishing, preserving foods for storage, sewing your own clothes) and services profit. definitions and (for example, childcare, eldercare, concepts to both food and meal preparation for men and women immediate consumption, other household chores) Recommendations at a glance Questionnaire Design: Work and Employment Follow WWEP recommendations & ICLS-19 standards for definition of work and employment. Add a 7-day employment screening questions for different activities at the beginning of the employment module and include recovery questions to capture work and employment information. Collect information on primary and secondary wage jobs over the last 12 months. Record the number of hours spent on specific activities such as preparing meals, childcare and cleaning. Include a question on intended destination of agricultural production to distinguish between market and own use. Ask about the control over earnings. Include qxs on unemployment and job searching over the last 30 days & on whether individuals are searching for more or different work. 3. Economic Domain: Entrepreneurship Rationale – Entrepreneurship Why does entrepreneurship matter? Accurate data on entrepreneurship is needed for: • Contributions to economic growth and poverty reduction • Policymaking » Design of business reform • Entrepreneurs boost employment by creating » Initiatives on economic empowerment new jobs for themselves and others • Fostering a business-friendly environment • Generating income and professional opportunities • Broadening economic opportunities • Improve bargaining power and decision-making within households UNSD entrepreneurship-related indicators UNSD Minimum # Indicator Description SDG Indicator Indicator 21 Proportion of employed who are employer, by sex I.6 Entrepreneurship definition A clear methodological definition can help to generate internationally comparable information on entrepreneurship. • The EDGE project defined an entrepreneur as a person • Selecting the right survey type is important to fully who has direct control over the activities of an capture women’s entrepreneurship. For developing enterprise they own alone or with other individuals. gender indicators on entrepreneurship, two data • Even though this definition is still broad, it allowed for sources are particularly relevant: (a) data from the concept to be operationalized across the six household surveys; and (b) firm-level data from participating pilot countries. registers, enterprise surveys, and economic censuses with information on business owners. • Most women entrepreneurs are concentrated in micro or small enterprises, which are often household-based. Few additional questions can greatly improve understanding of entrepreneurship Include screening questions to identify potential entrepreneurship-related activities, and include data checks with labor module. • To capture the irregular nature of certain • Generally, it is recommended to work through existing entrepreneurial activities, the survey reference period national data collection instruments to ensure for entrepreneurship questions is often the last 12 sustainability of data collection. months. • Adding a few questions or appending a module on entrepreneurship to an existing labor force or other household survey can help keep costs manageable. Business ownership does not always equal business management From a gender perspective, this is an important distinction and needs to be reflected in the questionnaire. • It is international best practice to consider ownership • Furthermore, computer-assisted personal and management of the business separately, by interviewing applications should have embedded gender, without assuming that ownership implies data quality controls to flag any internal management or vice versa. inconsistencies between this module and the • Collect information from the associated manager for individual-level module on labor regarding each enterprise. household members who are enterprise laborers. • Similarly, it is advised that individual and joint ownership of both the business and its assets be probed because owners of the business may not necessarily own some of the business’s assets. Recommendations at a glance Questionnaire Design: Entrepreneurship Adopt a clear definition of entrepreneurship. Include screening questions to identify potential entrepreneurship-related activities, and include data checks with labor module. Reference period for entrepreneurship questions should be the last 12 months. Separate business ownership from management. Distinguish between ownership of business and ownership of assets. Collect information from the associated manager for each enterprise. Opt for self-reporting instead of proxy reporting for all questions regarding entrepreneurship. III. Data Collection Process for Better Gender Statistics What are gender statistics? Concepts and definitions No gender bias Sex-disaggregated Data reflect accurately capture in data collection data gender issues information on methods women and men Focus often exclusively on two components... ...but also need to consider these 1. Respondent Selection What do we mean by proxy respondent? Proxy Respondent • If a respondent reports on the properties or activities of There are another person or group of important persons (e.g. an entire Self-Reporting trade-offs when household or a company), the choosing the most respondent is said to be a suitable data • If a respondent answers on his or her proxy respondent. collection on behalf, the respondent is said to be • This is a common practice to approach. self-reporting. keep the cost of data • This practice can significantly improve collection manageable. the quality of data collected. • However, it can negatively • However, it is relatively more costly impact the quality of the data to implement than proxy reporting. collected. Respondent selection is the process by which you decide who will provide answers to the questions in the questionnaire and should be clearly defined and described in the respondent selection protocol. Why can proxy respondent use be problematic? Relying on proxy respondents can be a source of bias in the collection and generate misleading results. • Studies have shown that a proxy respondent may provide Employment: a different response than the actual individual, which can Kilic, van den Broeck, Koolwal and Moylan lead to bias in the analysis (see examples in box) (2020): the use of the “proxy respondent� leads to an underestimation of the employment rate • The sex of the proxy, as well as their relationship to the among employees and those who work on their target respondent, could also introduce additional bias. own account. • Proxy reporting aggravates issues of inaccuracy— particularly in settings with low rates of documented land Access to agricultural land: ownership; widespread seasonal and informal Kilic, Moylan and Koolwal (2020): The use of employment; and social norms or regulatory barriers that “proxy respondent� leads to greater exclusive can influence how proxy respondents provide information and economic ownership of declared on other household members’ economic roles and agricultural land among men. Among women, it ownership of and rights to assets. leads to lower declared joint and economic property. Every effort should be made to collect information directly from each household member • Ideally, each individual aged 18 years and older should • Giving all age-eligible members of the household self-report personal information on asset ownership the opportunity to report their own labor and control, work and employment, and activities increases data accuracy. entrepreneurship • Proxy respondents may not provide accurate • Self-reporting in gathering entrepreneurship data is key information on the income and labor inputs of because proxy reporters may have difficulty recalling others, including on that of their spouse. other entrepreneurs in their households and may not have full information on entrepreneurial motivations and aspirations, entrepreneurial resource and constraints, and entrepreneurial performance of other household members on whom they report. What to do if self-reporting is not feasible? • Despite its potential drawbacks, proxy reporting can • The questionnaire should provide specific be a valid option when budget and time constraints instructions on who is supposed to answer the do not allow for individual interviews with all questions and include the respondent ID. household members. • At the beginning of each new module, the • When individual interviews are not feasible, the use of questionnaire should clarify: proxy respondents is considered preferable to missing • (a) whether the respondent is reporting for data. him/herself and • Irrespective of self- or proxy reporting, it is essential to • (b) who is responding on behalf of (name) to ensure proper respondent identification. A core make sure each answer can be coded problem in past surveys has been that the inability to correctly. attribute an answer to a certain individual. 2. Fieldwork Implementation Recommendations at a glance: Fieldwork Implementation Careful planning and organization required for fieldwork set-up Raise awareness of gender concepts among interviewers – in training instructions, piloting, written guidance, and supervision To avoid transfer of information between respondents, consider interviews be conducted in private and simultaneously (or consecutively) Aim for gender match-up between enumerator and respondent, if appropriate in country context To achieve this, consider number of team members required & gender composition of teams Thank you! Annex International Guidelines Beegle, K., Buehren, N., Halim, D. and and Roberts, G. (2021). Tip Sheet for Engendering Data in COVID-19 Response Household Surveys. World Bank Operational Note. February 5, 2021 Durazo, J., Costa, V., Palacios-Lopez, A., Gaddis, I. (2021). LSMS Guidebook: Employment and Own-Use Production in Household Surveys: A practical guide for measuring labor. Washington DC: World Bank. FAO; The World Bank; UN-Habitat. (2019). Measuring Individuals’ Rights to Land: An Integrated Approach to Data Collection for SDG Indicators 1.4.2 and 5.a.1. Washington, DC: World Bank. Hasanbasri, A., Kilic, T., Koolwal, G., and Moylan, H. (2021b). LSMS+ Program Overview and Recommendations for Improving Individual- Disaggregated Data on Asset Ownership and Labor Outcomes. World Bank, Washington DC. International Guidelines (continued) Oseni, G., Palacios-Lopez, A., Mugera, H.K. and Durazo, J. (2021). Capturing What Matters: Essential Guidelines for Designing Household Surveys. Washington DC: World Bank. UN (2018). Measuring Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective: Lessons Learned from the EDGE Project. United Nations, New York. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division (2018). Technical Report. UN (2019). Guidelines for Producing Statistics on Asset Ownership from a Gender Perspective. The United Nations, New York. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistical Division. Studies in Methods. Series F No. 119. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/119 Recommended Sample Modules ASSET OWNERSHIP & CONTROL • A sample module covering the different types of asset ownership as well as different rights to an asset can be found in Annex 1 of the LSMS+ operational guidance. • On land specifically, see Questionnaire Module Version 4 of FAO/WB/UN Habitat Guidance. WORK &EMPLOYMENT • A recommended sample labor questionnaire module is in Annex I of the LSMS Guidebook on Employment and Own-Use Production in Household Surveys ENTREPRENEURSHIP • A recommended sample is the EDGE sample survey instrument (see Annex 1 of EDGE Entrepreneurship Report).