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Cover: Port city of Roseau in Dominica. © Nancy Pauwels | istock.com Cover design & layout: ULTRAdesigns Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Report for Dominica’s Tourism Sector Table of Contents ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................................ v Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................................................vi Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................................... ix Glossary of key terminology ............................................................................................................................. xi 01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Need for Timely, Inclusive and Resilient Recovery in the Caribbean.............................................................. 2 1.2 Assessing Sectoral Recovery Capacity in the Caribbean region..................................................................... 2 1.3 Specific objectives of the SRCA for the tourism sector in Dominica............................................................. 4 1.4 Assessment methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 4 02 The tourism sector in Dominica................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Disasters in Dominica .......................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Climate change impacts on tourism...................................................................................................................10 2.3 COVID-19 impacts on tourism..............................................................................................................................11 2.4 Infrastructure ..........................................................................................................................................................13 2.5 Gender, tourism, climate change, and disasters ..............................................................................................14 2.6 Disability and Tourism ..........................................................................................................................................16 03 The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment implementation process in Dominica................................ 18 04 Results Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 20 4.1 General Findings.....................................................................................................................................................21 4.2 Findings for Governance ......................................................................................................................................23 4.3 Findings for Competencies...................................................................................................................................27 4.4 Findings for Resources and Tools.......................................................................................................................30 4.5 Findings for the Inclusion of Gender and Disability in Recovery Processes............................................... 33 05 Recommendations..................................................................................................................................... 36 06 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 39 References .................................................................................................................................................42 Annex 1. Specific recommendations to strengthen the capacity of Dominica’s Tourism sector for resilient and inclusive recovery........................................................................................................................ 46 Annex 2. Inundation scenario maps for Dominica............................................................................................ 50 Annex 3. Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Questionnaire................................................................... 52 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Figures iii Figure 1. Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment results overview. ...........................................................................viii Figure 2. Disaster Risk Management cycle. ......................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3. The SRCA framework structure. ............................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 4. Areas affected by Sea Level Rise in Dominica by 2100 under a high climate change scenario (RCP 8.5).....................................................................................................................................................................................12 Figure 5. Diagrammatic representation of the assessment process.............................................................................19 Figure 6. Recovery Capacity Index for the components assessed in the sector: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and skills, and Resources and tools. ............................................................................................21 Figure 7. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (knowledge and skills); Human resources, Profile suitability; Natural-hazard data and risk information; Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) and Project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. ............................... 22 Figure 8. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 1: Policies and Legal Framework, Strategies and Plans, and Institutions and Coordination. ................................................................................................23 Figure 9. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 1: Policies, Legal Framework, Foundations for recovery, Mainstreaming DRM & Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), Gender and disability inclusion in policy, Building codes and regulation mechanisms, Strategies and Plans, Build Back Better, Gender and disability inclusion in planning, Institutions, Coordination, Building codes and regulation compliance, and Gender and disability coordination mechanisms. .............................................................................................................24 Figure 10. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 2: Workforce, Capacity (knowledge and skills) and Human Resources, Profile suitability. ........................................................................................................27 Figure 11. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 2: Workforce; Gender; Private sector; Skills; Training activities; Proven capacities; and Human Resources, profile suitability. ............................................ 28 Figure 12. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 3: Natural hazard data and risk information, PDNA and Project portfolio planning, Resilient recovery project design, Financing, and Project implementation. ........................................................................................................................................................................30 Figure 13. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of the key elements of Component 3: Data collection and management, Use of risk information in the sector, PDNA mechanisms, Planning of recovery priorities, Gender and disability inclusion in PDNA, Availability of BBB tools, Use of risk information for recovery, Building codes and regulations in project design, Gender and disability inclusion in project design, Availability of sources of funding, Accessibility to recovery funds, Budget for recovery, Resources, Project management, Building code implementation resources and M&E at project level. .........................................................................................................31 Figure 14. Recovery Capacity Indexes for a. Gender and b. Disability inclusion at the level of the components assessed: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and Skills, and Resources and Tools. ........................ 33 Figure 15. Recovery Capacity Index for Gender and Disability inclusion in recovery processes at the level of the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (Knowledge and skills); Human resources, profile suitability; Natural hazard data and risk information; PDNA and project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. ........................................................................................................................................................................34 Table of Contents SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR iv Tables Table 1. Scoring system for the quantitative evaluation of qualitative responses to questions in the SRCA questionnaire................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Table 2. Traffic light system used to categorize Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) values.............................................. 6 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Table of Contents Acknowledgements v This Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment (SRCA) Agency (CDEMA) for its active involvement in govern- was prepared by a World Bank team composed of ment engagement and stakeholder consultations. The Clara Ariza (Senior Disaster Risk Management and assessment was financed by the Canada-Caribbean Climate Adaptation Specialist, Consultant), Roberto Resilience Facility, a single-donor World Bank-execut- Mendez (Senior Disaster Risk Management Special- ed trust fund managed by the Global Facility for Disas- ist, Consultant) and Francesco Varotto (Disaster Risk ter Reduction and Recovery. Management Specialist, Consultant), with inputs from Linda Anderson Berry (Senior Disability Specialist, This report has benefited from discussions with gov- Consultant) and Marcela Natalicchio (Senior Gender ernment officials, development partners, and members Specialist, Consultant), and overall guidance from of the community, and the team would like to thank Naraya Carrasco (Senior Disaster Risk Management key informants and participants in the focus-group Specialist) and Suranga Kahandawa (Senior Disaster discussions and semi-structured interviews. The team Risk Management Specialist). The team is grateful collected data with assistance from CDEMA, GFDRR to the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management and governmental staff. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR vi Executive Summary Dominica is highly exposed to the impacts of natural The SRCA assessed in detail the existing capacity for hazards, including earthquakes and hurricanes, has resilient recovery in the tourism sector in enabling poli- suffered major disasters in the past decades, and cies and legal frameworks, institutional arrangements, continues to cope with the impacts of the COVID-19 and available resources and tools. The assessment al- pandemic. Based on sustained damage, estimated at lowed the identification of gaps, bottlenecks, deficits, 226 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), the and other factors limiting the planning, design, imple- International Monetary Fund (IMF) ranked Dominica mentation, and monitoring and evaluation of resilient as the country that suffered the greatest economic and inclusive recovery projects, as well as of capacity impact from worst natural disasters between 1980 building interventions, investments, and opportunities and 2017. With more frequent and intense extreme to solve pressing issues. The report includes practical weather events expected due to climate change in the recommendations, including proposed interventions coming decades, there is an urgent need to prepare for to facilitate the prioritization and decision making on timely, effective, and efficient disaster recovery, while investments by national and international agencies building resilience at all levels and sectors of govern- supporting disaster risk management (DRM) and de- ment and society. This involves strengthening the ca- velopment efforts in Dominica. Figure 1 presents the pacity of key national sectors to develop and execute results of the SRCA for each of the assessed issues. climate resilient recovery project portfolios that are gender responsive and disability inclusive. At a high and strategic level, the assessment deter- mined that the capacity of Dominica’s tourism sector This report presents the results of the Sectoral Recov- to implement resilient and inclusive recovery projects ery Capacity Assessment (SRCA) undertaken in Dom- in a timely, efficient, and effective manner is moder- inica to assess the capacity of the country’s tourism ate. However, key results of a more detailed analysis sector to plan, design, implement, monitor, and evalu- indicate that although major policy and strategic prog- ate resilient and inclusive recovery projects. Tourism ress has been made to integrate resilient and inclusive was selected as the priority sector for the SRCA by the recovery at the center of national and sectoral policy Government of Dominica due to its economic impor- to support Dominica in achieving its vision of becom- tance and high exposure to natural hazard impacts. ing the first climate resilient nation in the world, the The assessment followed a consultative process facil- level of knowledge and skills of sectoral actors is still itated by the Ministry of Tourism, International Trans- insufficient to plan and implement rapid and effective port and Maritime Initiatives, and the Office of Disaster recovery interventions. The SRCA identified a critical Management (ODM). It was supported by the Cana- need to strengthen and sustain resilient and inclu- da-Caribbean Resilience Facility (CRF), hosted by the sive DRM and recovery capacity within the Ministry of Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Tourism International Transport and Maritime Initia- (GFDRR) at the World Bank Group, and the Caribbean tives to enable the implementation of strategic recov- Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA). ery projects and to ensure other sectoral decisions are risk informed. The assessment also found limitations SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR in the availability of hazard and risk information, and of a platform that provides simple and useful risk vii in the offer of and access to financial mechanisms for information to stakeholders in the tourism sector. recovery, including insurance. » Strengthen sectoral budgets for DRM and recov- ery by including a contingent annual recovery al- The SRCA identified the following as crucial for build- location in the Ministry of Tourism’s budget and ing recovery capacity in Dominica’s tourism sector: ensure legislation and procedures enable the rapid reallocation of annual budgets to support recovery » Strengthen the enabling national and sectoral poli- efforts. cy and regulatory environment for recovery through » Enhance resilience and recovery funding instru- the completion and approval of the Comprehensive ments for subject matter experts (SMEs) in tour- Disaster Legislation and the National Action Plan ism by improving the availability of and access to and Strategy on Disaster Risk Reduction contem- financial mechanisms for resilience and recovery, plated in the NRDS, the elaboration of a recovery including insurance, and creating a database of in- policy for the tourism sector and a national envi- ternational recovery funding opportunities for tour- ronmental policy as well as through the prepara- ism. tion and implementation of the Resilient Dominica » Create a plan to finance software updating and Physical Plan and the updating of building codes maintenance at the Ministry of Tourism to facilitate and design guidelines for the tourism industry. All project management operations. these documents should ensure the integration of » Raise awareness, at the strategic and operational operational aspects for DRM, gender, and disability levels, of the added value of acquiring and sus- inclusion. taining DRM, gender and disability inclusion main- » Reduce the vulnerability of critical infrastructure streaming capacity for the sector’s development. to climate change and weather extremes to lower This can be achieved through well designed aware- the risk of disruptions that affect Dominica and the ness raising campaigns and events for public offi- tourism sector and invest in new climate resilient cers. infrastructure to support national development. » Build and sustain the required knowledge and skills This can be achieved by supporting the new invest- for the implementation of resilient and inclusive ments and policies that are being identified and recovery projects in the sector through the recruit- costed by Climate Resilience Execution Agency of ment of specialized staff in areas specific to DRM, Dominica (CREAD) and the government ministries. the institutionalization of training in DRM, gender » Encourage owners of hotels and other tourism fa- and disability inclusion for public and private sec- cilities to retrofit assets exposed to climate change toral stakeholders, and the improvement of public by creating a technical assistance plan with a range recruitment protocols, among other measures. of risk reduction interventions, including improved It is expected that the results and recommendations guttering and drainage, and increasing septic tank made in this report will be taken into consideration and volumes to compensate for flooding. The plan implemented by national and international agencies should be accompanied by a suit of interventions to supporting Dominica’s efforts to build resilience. encourage owners to invest such as cost–benefit analysis to show positive rates of return on invest- ments, reduced insurance rates, tax reductions, or subsidies to cofinance the investments. » Strengthen the generation, management, and use of baseline information as well as risk and recovery relevant data and information by completing the update of DomiNode and through the construction Executive Summary SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR viii FIGURE 1 Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment results overview. The issues addressed in the assessment were classified under three main components: Governance, Competencies and Resources, and Tools. For each issue, the level of existing capacity within the sector was determined using the Recovery Capacity Index. Component 3: Resources and tools Component 1: Governance 1.1.1. Policies 3.5.4. M&E at project level 100 1.1.2. Legal Framework 3.5.3. Building codes and regulations in project implementation 1.1.3. Foundations for recovery 3.5.2. Project management 1.1.4. Mainstreaming DRM&CCA 3.5.1. Resources 80 1.1.5. Gender and disability inclusion Low or 3.4.3. Budget for recovery 73 1.1.6. Building codes and regulation absent 60 53 (0–24) 3.4.2. Access to recovery funding 71 56 50 1.2.1. Strategies and Plans 46 44 3.4.1. Availability of funding sources 40 58 Basic or for recovery 72 1.2.2. BBB incipient 25 75 (25–49) 3.3.4. Gender and disability inclusion 20 28 1.2.3. Gender and disability inclusion in 50 40 strategies and plans in project design 25 81 44 3.3.3. Building codes and regulations 1.3.1. Institutional responsibility for recovery Moderate 25 0 38 in project design 25 (50–74) 1.3.2. Disaster risk management and 50 83 3.3.2. Use of risk information 25 25 25 recovery coordination 25 50 38 Advanced 3.3.1. Availabilities of BBB tools 45 1.3.3. Building codes and regulations (compliance) (75–89) SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 42 38 100 40 44 3.2.3. Gender and disability inclusion in PDNAs 1.3.4. Gender and disability inclusion (coordination) 75 Recovery Capacity Index (Capacity Level) 3.2.2. Planning of recovery priorities 75 Full 2.1.1. Sector's workforce (90-100) 3.2.1. PDNA mechanisms 2.1.2. Gender specialists 3.1.2. Use of risk information 2.1.3. Private sector (contractors for recovery) 3.1.1. Risk data collection and management 2.2.1. Skills 2.3.1. Human Resources, profile suitability 2.2.2. Training activities Component 2: Competencies 2.2.3. Proven capacities Executive Summary Acronyms ix BBB Build Back Better CAFF Climate Adaptation Financing Facility CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CDEMA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDM Comprehensive Disaster Management CERF Central Emergency Response Fund CRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities CREAD Climate Resilience Execution Agency of Dominica CRF Canada-Caribbean Resilience Facility DANA Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis DIMS Disaster Information Management System DAPD Dominica Association for Persons with Disabilities DRM Disaster Risk Management EnGenDER Enabling Gender-Responsive Disaster Recovery, Climate and Environmental Resilience in the Caribbean ESL Extreme Sea Level GBV Gender-based violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GIS Geographic Information Systems GoCD Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica IOM International Organization for Migration M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MTDS Medium Term Development Strategy NRDS National Resilience Development Strategy ODM Office of Disaster Management PCM Project Cycle Management PDNA Post-Disaster Needs Assessment PwD Persons Living with Disabilities SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR x RCI Recovery Capacity Index RCP Representative Concentration Pathway SIDS Small Island Developing State SLR Sea Level Rise SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises SRCA Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment TORs Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNCRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WBG World Bank Group XCD Easter Caribbean Dollar SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Acronyms Glossary of key terminology xi Building code: A set of ordinances or regulations and contributing to the strengthening of resilience and re- associated standards intended to regulate aspects of duction of disaster losses. the design, construction, materials, alteration and oc- cupancy of structures which are necessary to ensure Disaster risk reduction: Disaster risk reduction is human safety and welfare, including resistance to col- aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disas- lapse and damage.1 ter risk and managing residual risk, all of which con- tribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the Build back better: The use of the recovery, rehabil- achievement of sustainable development. itation and reconstruction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities Disaster risk assessment: A qualitative or quantitative through integrating disaster risk reduction measures approach to determine the nature and extent of disas- into the restoration of physical infrastructure and soci- ter risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating etal systems, and into the revitalization of livelihoods, existing conditions of exposure and vulnerability that economies and the environment. together could harm people, property, services, liveli- hoods and the environment on which they depend. Coping capacity: The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to Exposure: The situation of people, infrastructure, manage adverse conditions, risk or disasters. The housing, production capacities and other tangible hu- capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, re- man assets located in hazard-prone areas. sources and good management, both in normal times as well as during disasters or adverse conditions. Cop- Hazard: A process, phenomenon or human activity ing capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster that may cause loss of life, injury or other health im- risks. pacts, property damage, social and economic disrup- tion or environmental degradation. Critical infrastructure: The physical structures, facili- ties, networks and other assets which provide services Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities devel- that are essential to the social and economic function- oped by governments, response and recovery orga- ing of a community or society. nizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of Disaster risk management: Disaster risk manage- likely, imminent or current disasters. ment is the application of disaster risk reduction pol- icies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk, re- Prevention: Activities and measures to avoid existing duce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, and new disaster risks. 1 The following key terminology is provided by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Online resource available at: https:// www.undrr.org/terminology SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR xii Recovery: The restoring or improving of livelihoods and Retrofitting: Reinforcement or upgrading of existing health, as well as economic, physical, social, cultural structures to become more resistant and resilient to and environmental assets, systems and activities, of a the damaging effects of hazards. disaster-affected community or society, aligning with the principles of sustainable development and “build Reconstruction: The medium- and long-term rebuild- back better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk. ing and sustainable restoration of resilient critical infrastructures, services, housing, facilities and liveli- Response: Actions taken directly before, during or im- hoods required for the full functioning of a community mediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce or a society affected by a disaster, aligning with the health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the ba- principles of sustainable development and “build back sic subsistence needs of the people affected. better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk. Resilience: The ability of a system, community or so- Vulnerability: The conditions determined by physical, ciety exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommo- social, economic and environmental factors or pro- date, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects cesses which increase the susceptibility of an individ- of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including ual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of through the preservation and restoration of its essen- hazards. tial basic structures and functions through risk man- agement. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Glossary of key terminology 01 1 Introduction Photo: David Madison| istock.com 2 1.1 Need for Timely, Inclusive and mitment for the development of recovery policies Resilient Recovery in the Caribbean and programs (GFDRR, 2020) more rapidly. This is particularly important in the Caribbean Small Island The Caribbean region is highly prone to disasters, in- Development States (SIDS), where long-standing and cluding hurricanes, earthquakes, droughts, flooding, pervasive human-resource constraints and coun- and landslides. Higher temperatures, changing precip- try-specific technical-capacity gaps, both at the na- itation patterns, more frequent, intense, and extreme tional government level and in all sectors, represent weather events, and sea level rise (SLR) resulting from major obstacles for planning and implementing timely climate change, further exacerbate disaster risk in the and efficient disaster–recovery operations. Conse- region. Major hazard impacts destroy infrastructure quently, a better understanding of capacity gaps and and property, result in losses from foregone output a focus on strengthening existing recovery capacity of and incomes, and escalate costs as individuals and the development sectors most affected by disasters businesses are forced to work around disruptions. in these countries can increase the efficiency and ef- Disasters jeopardize hard-won national development fectiveness of recovery investments. The Canada-Ca- gains and growth prospects, erode fiscal cushions, ribbean Resilience Facility (CRF) has engaged in the and disproportionately impact the wellbeing of the standardized assessment of recovery capacity needs poor. Caribbean countries lost an average of 3.6 per- in key development sectors of six Caribbean nations cent of aggregate Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per as a first step to assist countries to bridge recovery year Between 2000 and 2019 to damages related to capacity gaps and build resilience to climate impacts natural hazards, compared to 0.3 percent in all emerg- and disasters. The countries are Antigua and Barbuda, ing markets and developing economies (World Bank, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vin- 2021). Indeed, the economic cost of disasters in the cent and the Grenadines and the assessment could be Caribbean region is so high that it often exceeds the undertaken in other countries, depending on demand. size of the economy of the countries affected (Ötker and Srinivasan, 2018). 1.2 Assessing Sectoral Recovery Capacity However, more timely and inclusive recovery efforts in the Caribbean region and consequently, faster and better reconstruction can lower social and economic burdens and allow a In order to assist Caribbean governments prepare for more rapid recovery of pre-disaster development lev- timely, efficient, and effective implementation of inclu- els. This critically depends on strong public systems sive, climate-resilient recovery projects, the CRF de- that can rapidly coordinate and cost-effectively mobi- veloped the Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment lize resources, reconstruct infrastructure, deliver ser- (SRCA) in partnership with the Caribbean Disaster vices, and enable the rebuilding of local economies in Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) and has the aftermath of disasters. Confronted with recurrent coordinated activities with the Enabling Gender-Re- extreme weather conditions and the prospect of more sponsive Disaster Recovery, Climate and Environmen- frequent and intense hydrometeorological events with tal Resilience in the Caribbean (EnGenDER) project climate change, resilient recovery planning and in- for its implementation. The SRCA has been included vestments have become a priority for the Caribbean in CDEMA’s Comprehensive Disaster Management region. (CDM) Audit Tool, which covers the different phases of the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) cycle (figure Preparing for recovery entails enhancing ex-ante the 2), to complement the national recovery component of capacity of national governments to recover from the tool, and to facilitate the identification of solutions losses and damages, define and strengthen institu- to sectoral capacity issues that could delay the imple- tional and financial systems that support the recov- mentation of recovery projects. ery process, and obtain the necessary political com- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Introduction Results of the SRCA are expected to serve as plan- governments and other stakeholders. Based on their 3 ning instruments and benefit national governments, own criteria, priorities, and needs, each government sectoral stakeholders, national DRM agencies, and selects the sector to be assessed. The Government CDEMA in their efforts to enable a rapid and effective of Dominica selected tourism in view of its economic recovery in the aftermath of disasters. Recommenda- and social importance, the consequences of previous tions emerging from the assessment will also inform disasters and the vulnerability of the sector, its infra- the prioritization, design, and implementation of recov- structure and investments vis-a-vis projected climate ery-related capacity-building activities under the CRF, change impacts, including more frequent tropical and inform potential investments to prepare for recov- storms and sea level rise. ery as well as additional activities to be led by national FIGURE 2 Disaster Risk Management cycle. Asterisks indicate the phases of the DRM cycle that are most relevant for the SRCA. These are the recovery phase and the preparedness phase, where the necessary actions for recovery need to be implemented. Limita tion Event of da m Preparations a ge for interventions s Intervention Preparedness > Management * > Early warning and early Recondition Respo actions systems nse > Resources for interventions ss ne > Emergency planning ion an repared > Training and exercises > Individual preparations Understanding dP duction > Risk transfer systems, e.g - Insurance Risk - Safety nets Event analysis ent > Forecast-based financing > Documentation of event ity re Re ev > Lessons learnt for co Pr ver Even preparednesss, response y and recovery l Prevention and mitigation bi t ra > Policy and planning E lne > Structural measures and val nature-based solutions Recovery, rehabilitation and u * u V - Technical measures a reconstruction (”Build back better”) tio - Biological measures > Strengthening resilience n > Organisational measures > Livelihoods and ecosystem restoration > Financing recovery, rehabilitation and DRR Actions - Development reconstruction & Humanitarian Nexus Emergency Response - Humanitarian Actions Source: Adapted from FOCP (2020). Introduction SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 4 1.3 Specific objectives of the SRCA for each key element covers a series of topics, referred to the tourism sector in Dominica as sub elements. Gender and disability inclusion are crosscutting issues. The assessment structure estab- The objectives of the SRCA are to: lishes a relational cascade between the components at policy-making level, their key elements at strate- » Improve the understanding of the existing capac- gic and programmatic level, and the sub elements at ity of the Government of Dominica, its Ministry of operational level of each key element. This structure Tourism, and other key stakeholders in the tourism therefore allows addressing key enabling factors for sector to take the necessary actions to prepare for recovery at each level of the framework (figure 3). and undertake timely and efficient climate resilient, gender responsive and disability inclusive disaster Data collection and analysis: The assessment is recovery projects. based on data and information retrieved from a desk » Identify capacity gaps, weaknesses, and challeng- review and a consultation process with key public es that limit the timely and efficient implementation and private stakeholders, who — over the course of of recovery projects in Dominica’s tourism sector. multiple sessions carried out online —completed the » Identify opportunities for investments to support SRCA questionnaire, which was designed following Dominica’s tourism sector and institutions in over- the SRCA framework structure (see Annex 3). When coming recovery capacity gaps, weaknesses, and stakeholders disagreed on the response to specif- limitations—policy reforms, institutional restructur- ic questions, the team in charge of the assessment ing, training, and investments—and prioritize inter- moderated discussions, based on evidence whenever ventions to be financed by the government as well possible, until an agreement was reached. Additional- as by bilateral and multilateral donors to improve ly, where the responses differed from the results of the the sector’s capacity to prepare for recovery. desk review, the team posed additional questions to identify the reasons for the mismatch. 1.4 Assessment methodology For the analysis of the collected information, the SRCA methodology uses semi-quantitative approach- The SRCA methodology was designed to evaluate the es that enable the translation of qualitative and value conditions and extent to which existing national and judgments into numerical values within established sectoral capacity enable timely, effective, and coor- ranges. These approaches include a scoring system dinated gender-informed and disability-inclusive cli- that assigns quantitative values to the qualitative in- mate-resilient disaster recovery in the framework of formation collected for each of the questions in the national DRM policy. Specifically, the SRCA assesses SRCA questionnaire, including the narrative responses the conditions under which recovery considerations that stakeholders provide during consultations (Table have been integrated into sectoral policies, plans, in- 1), and the Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) calculated stitutions, and administrative, financial, and operative from the scores assigned to the responses. Resulting processes, as well as the extent of the integration. RCI values describe the extent to which the consider- ations necessary for effective recovery are taken into Assessment Framework: The SRCA framework con- account and integrated by the sector as part of stan- sists of three main and interrelated components, dard sectoral processes and operationalization of the namely, (i) Governance, (ii) Competencies, and (iii) country’s DRM policies. Resources and Tools. Each of these components in- cludes a series of complementary areas covered under the component, referred to as key elements. In turn, SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Introduction FIGURE 3 5 The SRCA framework structure. C1, C2, and C3 are the main and inter-related components of the assessment, each consisting of a set of key elements (KE) and their respective sub elements (SE). The information required for the analysis of components, key elements, and sub el- ements is provided by answers to a set of questions per sub element (Q) included in the SRCA assessment questionnaire. The yellow and purple circles represent crosscutting issues. The triangles indicate the relational cascade among the dif- ferent levels of the structure and the dotted circle denotes the interconnectedness of the three main capacity components. Q1, Q2, …, Qn SE1, SE2,…, SEn KE1, KE2, …, KEn r nde lity C1. Governance Ge abi Dis RECOVERY nd C2 ols s a .C To urce n om KE KE pe En o …, 1, es te ,S SE KE 2, .R nc Qn 1, 2,… KE 2, ie C3 SE Q1 s …, …, SE 1, 2,… ,Q KE KE 2, 1, ,Q 2, ,S n SE …, En Q1 Qn TABLE 1 . Scoring system for the quantitative evaluation of qualitative responses to questions in the SRCA questionnaire. Score Type of response to the question Evidence 4 A qualified YES Minor problem / No need for action or Yes Adequate no problem measure 3 In progress (> 75 percent completed) Moderate Need for action and Partially Acceptable problem measure 2 In progress (> 50 percent completed) Major problem Need for action and Partially Scarce measure 1 Planned or started with minimum Severe problem Immediate action No Minimum actions and acute measure 0 A definitive NO Catastrophic Immediate action No None problem and acute measure Introduction SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 6 The RCI values obtained for each level of the assess- timely, inclusive, and resilient recovery — and of those ment are presented in spider charts and a traffic light in need for urgent capacity building or other interven- system categorizes RCI values. This provides a rap- tions — areas with absent or low level of integration of id overview of the areas where recovery capacity is factors enabling a timely, inclusive, and resilient recov- strong — high level of integration of factors enabling a ery. Table 2 presents the traffic light system. TABLE 2 Traffic light system used to categorize Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) values. RCI value range Appreciation of the extent to which recovery considerations are integrated in the sector Low or absent Absent integration of recovery considerations across the sector due to specific limiting integration elements. Low level of awareness and knowledge about the importance and added value HIGH 0–24 of recovery integration for sectoral development. Basic or Incipient integration of recovery considerations takes place at different levels of the incipient sector. Some elements are under development, with a certain level of incidence to generate integration an institutional culture. There is a certain level of awareness and knowledge about the 25–49 importance and added value of recovery integration for sectoral development. CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS Moderated Evident integration of recovery considerations takes place at the majority of levels integration in the sector. An institutional culture that supports and updates recovery factors and 50–74 includes them in sectoral planning processes is identified. A good level of awareness and knowledge about the importance and added value of recovery integration for sectoral development exists. Advanced Evident integration of recovery considerations takes place at most levels in the sector, integration as it is part of sectoral strategic planning processes. Adaptation tools are available to 75– 89 enable the continuity of operations during contingencies, in a coordinated, practical, and documented way. There is also a high capacity to value the impact and contribution of recovery integration to the sector development, and to programmatic efficiency and efficacy. Full integration Integrating recovery considerations at all levels is a working principle, managed as part of 90–100 the sector’s organizational culture. Tools and protocols for the continuous improvement of the sector’s performance and impact are available. LOW SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Introduction 02 7 The tourism sector in Dominica Photo: tentpole | istock.com 8 Dominica has been pursuing tourism as an effective external shocks and crises. For instance, the effects means of economic diversification from its traditional of the COVID-19 global pandemic have been severe reliance on agriculture, with the result that the sector and underscore the high dependency of Dominica on is the most important one for the economy. Tourism tourism and tourist revenues. Dominica ranks ninth is considered a key engine of development which gen- globally, and fifth in Latin America and the Caribbean, erates foreign exchange, employment, and opportuni- on the Tourism Dependency Index, which assesses a ties for better livelihoods. Therefore, the development country’s dependency on tourism using five-year av- of tourism-related services and businesses has been erages for the total contributions of tourism to export encouraged through implementing several public pro- receipts, GDP, and employment (WTO 2020). grams, including the Eco-Tourism Development Pro- gram, the Tourism Sector Development Program, the Dominica can market itself as an authentic Caribbean Upgrading of Eco-tourism Sites Project, and the estab- destination, with its niche product of nature, heritage, lishment of the Discover Dominica Authority. and adventure tourism well positioned to meet the de- mand of those seeking experiential tourism in these Tourism constituted about 36 percent of Dominica’s areas. However, the tourist sector is undergoing a rap- gross domestic product (GDP) considering the 2014– id and radical transformation and is exposed to chang- 18 average, employed about a third of the labor force, ing global market and consumer trends, the disruptive and contributed roughly 76 percent of total export re- nature of technology, increased competition in the ceipts (Mooney and Zegarra 2020). Specifically, tour- international markets, and the devastating effects of ism constituted 32.2 percent of total GDP for 2019, the pandemic, natural disasters, and climate change, employed 35.9 percent of the labor force, and visitor among other important issues. This points to the cru- expenditure was estimated to be USD165.9 million, or cial need for Dominica to develop a tourism industry 82.6 percent of total export earnings (WTTC 2021). Al- that is resilient, and this involves action by the public though Dominica has the natural and cultural resourc- sector—national, regional, and local—tourism busi- es on which to sustain a thriving tourism industry, the nesses, communities, tourists, development partners, number of arrivals has not grown over the past two de- and financial institutions (World Bank 2020). cades (World Bank 2021d). Close to half of businesses active in the tourism industry affirm that the number of The tourism industry has great potential to gener- tourists coming has declined over the past 10 years, ate economic and job growth in Dominica. Yet it has while regionally it is 17 percent of firms that indicate suffered and is still recovering two large shocks; first a decline in tourists according to a 2021 study devel- Hurricane Maria and then the crisis created by the oped by the World Bank (Erman and Dallman 2021). COVID-19 global pandemic, both of which have affect- Dominica receives more tourists from the Caribbean ed the whole industry. Firms face growing competition than other countries in the region, especially from the globally and are increasingly impacted by the negative French West Indies, but most clients still come from externalities generated by climate change. Although outside the Caribbean, particularly the US, France, the critical infrastructure is reportedly more reliable in UK, Canada, and other EU countries, which together Dominica compared to the regional average, a larger make up for almost all the rest of tourist inflow (WTO share of disruptions to water, energy, and roads are 2020). In the low season, domestic clients make up a caused by natural hazards, calling for more invest- larger share of clients, but Dominica still has a lower ments in resilient infrastructure (Erman and Dallmann share of domestic tourists than the rest of the Carib- 2021). bean (Erman and Dallmann 2021). The opportunities for growth for tourism businesses The impact of tourism on output, employment, and in Dominica in the prevailing environment are limited the balance of payments has been economically by the high costs of financing and access to credit, positive, yet the country is remarkably vulnerable to which represent standout factors that constrain the SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Dominica sector. Corruption, an unconducive business envi- of Hurricane Maria, 9,960 landslides were identified, 9 ronment—customs and trade regulations, business including 8,576 debris slides and 1,010 debris flows. licensing, and operations permits— crime, theft, and Thirty-five people lost their lives due to landslides be- disorder further constrain doing business in the coun- tween 1925 and 2015, and slide clearance and road try (Erman and Dallmann 2021). repair has had a long-term cumulative economic im- pact (GoCD 2017). 2.1 Disasters in Dominica A single disaster event can affect the entire territory and economy and cause a disproportionately high Dominica is exposed and vulnerable to the impact of loss of GDP and capital. People’s livelihoods, especial- meteorological and geophysical hazards including ex- ly those of workers in the tourist industry, are highly cess rainfall, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcano erup- dependent on stable and healthy ecosystems—coast- tions, and tsunamis. Recurrent disaster events have al, marine, forests, wetlands— and disasters cause a historically harmed the population’s socioeconomic widespread destruction of these habitats, resulting in well-being and the country’s general economic and fis- high losses of assets and incomes. cal stability. Based on sustained damage, estimated at 226 percent of GDP, the International Monetary Fund Disaster impacts on tourism (IMF) ranked Dominica as the country that suffered the greatest economic impact from natural disasters The Caribbean region depends on tourism and travel between 1980 and 2017 (IMF 2019). It is important for its GDP more than any other region in the world to mention that the devastating impact of Hurricane (Mackay and Spencer 2017) and is therefore high- Maria, which ravaged the island in 2017, represents ly affected by the impacts of climate change, disas- the single most important event contributing to such ters, and other external shocks on the tourism indus- a high ranking. try. Disaster impacts occur mostly through damage, destruction of assets, infrastructure access, and the On account of its location in the Atlantic hurricane belt, reduction in external demand. The latter is caused by Dominica is extremely vulnerable to hurricanes and the loss of reputation of tourist destinations, which tropical storms. In the last two decades only, various can deter visitors for years after major disaster events hurricanes have hit the country, causing significant (Erman et al. 2021). The 2017 hurricane season alone physical and financial damages. Category 5 Hurricane caused a reduction of more than 800,000 visitors in Maria devastated the island in September 2017, lead- the region, and more than USD 292 million losses to ing to 15 casualties and causing damages and losses regional GDP (WTTC 2018). equivalent to 200 percent of Dominica’s GDP (GFDRR 2018). Tropical Storm Erika caused total damages in When Hurricane Maria hit Dominica, it severely dam- August 2015, and losses were estimated at USD 483 aged 39 percent of the tourist accommodation stock, million, equivalent to 90 percent of Dominica’s GDP. disrupted the cruise season for more than a year, and caused damages to tour operators, vendors, and other Intense rainfall regularly provokes flooding and land- support services for at least USD 1.59 million. Hotel slides. Floods can be severe and take a variety of staff and support personnel had to struggle with un- forms including land-based floods, riverine and coast- employment as they rehabilitated their own damaged al floods, and ponding. Following the passage of Hur- or lost properties. Parks and natural areas, which rep- ricane Maria in 2017, almost all the country’s rivers resent the main tourist offers in Dominica, were equal- flooded due to intensive precipitations, inundating an ly impacted, which affected the attractiveness of Dom- area of roughly 13 square kilometers, or almost 1.74 inica as an idyllic Caribbean destination and delayed percent of the island’s territory. Dominica is also par- the recovery of the tourism sector and the economy ticularly susceptible to landslides. In the aftermath as a whole. The tourism sector in Dominica SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 10 Tourism is extremely important for local communities percent have flood mitigation measures in place (Er- and their respective economies, in part because of man et al. 2021). the tourist industry interconnectedness with other key economic sectors such as transport, construction, ag- riculture, and energy, to mention a few. When a disas- 2.2 Climate change impacts on tourism ter hits, its impacts are multifold and have cascading effects across economic sectors. While tourist inflows It is anticipated that the Caribbean region, largely con- may be directly affected, other sectors strictly related sisting of small island developing states (SIDS), will to tourism indirectly suffer as a consequence, as pro- be among the most severely impacted by changes spective construction developments are stalled, new in climate conditions. Higher regional temperatures airports or roads do not get built, food products largely and more uncertain precipitation patterns will possi- consumed at hotels lose their usual outlets, and less bly produce more transitory but severer phenomena local goods and services are demanded by tourist op- during the rainy season while correspondingly modify- erators across the board. ing the duration and harshness of the dry season. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) At the local level, disasters force tourism enterprises estimates that the consequences for the Caribbean to close, with immediate negative effects on sales region will be an intensification of the impacts from and employment. In the aftermath of disasters, busi- natural hazards, with extreme weather events becom- nesses close either to repair damaged assets or ow- ing both more frequent and more intense (IPCC 2022). ing to the lack of tourists. A survey conducted in 2020 with 1413 tourism-related firms in 13 Caribbean coun- The majority of Caribbean nations are small in size, tries, including Dominica, indicated that on average, feature high concentrations of human presence and firms close for 42 days after large hazard impacts, infrastructure along the coast, and are located in ar- with major disasters potentially leading to even lon- eas highly prone to extreme weather events. Dominica ger closures. After Hurricane Irma in 2017, 66 percent is no exception, and climate change has the potential of firms closed for 77 days, on average, and it took to result in serious human, financial, and environmen- them 131 days, on average, to recover their pre-shock tal losses. Sea level rise represents a major threat to revenue levels. Delays in the reconstruction of critical Dominica’s tourism sector, as it is expected to increase infrastructure and tourist attractions contribute to coastal flooding and accelerate coastline erosion. An the length of the recovery process in the sector. The analysis by Giardino et. al (2021) suggests that, across same survey, however, found that while countries af- all Caribbean countries, a 35-meter shoreline retreat fected by disasters lose tourism revenue, neighboring of sandy beaches is projected under a high climate countries often benefit from the re-routing of tourists change scenario by 2050, increasing to 98 meters by and increased demand, meaning that Dominica could 2100. economically benefit from a disaster happening else- where in the region. A further finding from the survey Climate change is expected to also increase the se- is that to prepare for hazard impacts, tourism enter- verity and frequency of hurricanes in the Caribbean, prises resort to investments in backup infrastruc- which would have ominous consequences for the ture—including power generators and water storage tourism sector. A study by Scott et al. (2020) finds that, facilities—and, wherever possible, insurance. In Domi- after accounting for fluctuations in global economic nica, 75 percent of tourist sector firms possess back- trends, disease epidemics, institutional capacity, and up infrastructure, 66 percent have improved physical adaptation investment, high damage hurricanes re- structures and disaster plans, and 62 percent have duce tourist arrivals by 11 percent during the following insurance plans. A significant number of firms, at 52 12 months, compared to a year with low damage or percent, also have business continuity plans and 41 no hurricanes. Powerful hurricanes force businesses to close, resulting in immediate losses in sales and SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Dominica beachscape, decrease its aesthetic value, and affect 11 tourist activities and the livelihoods of those depend- Climate change projections for ing on tourism, as well as the profitability of the tour- Dominica* ism sector as a whole (Thinh et al. 2019). Even under a relatively moderate carbon dioxide emissions path- » Higher mean annual temperatures (1.8° to way, RCP 4.5, 13 percent of nearshore hotels will expe- 2.3°C) by the 2090s. rience beach loss resulting in a 17 percent decrease » Lower annual precipitation in tourism revenue for the region by 2050, with the » (-137.21mm to 906.68mm) in 2040–2059. figures being even higher, at 30 and 38 percent respec- » Higher annual Maximum 5-day Rainfall tively, by 2100 (Campbell, Spencer, and Strobl 2021). (25-yr Return Level) » (-46.20mm to 202.84mm) in 2040-–2059 Figure 4 shows the areas affected by SLR under a high climate change scenario (RCP 8.5). Other inundation * Representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 ensemble. scenario maps for Dominica are presented in Annex 2. Source: World Bank, 2020. 2.3 COVID-19 impacts on tourism employment. But losses may also continue after firms reopen, as prolonged reconstruction of vital infrastruc- Of the 20 most tourism dependent small economies ture and tourist attractions often limit travel, making in the world, 13 are in the Caribbean region. Tourism tourists less willing to return to a country after a di- in the region depends especially on visitors from Can- saster. ada, Europe, and the United States, which have been severely affected by the pandemic. Most regional The repercussions of climate change on tourism are ports and airports were closed to prevent the spread multifold. Projected changes in aridity and less precip- of COVID-19, thereby hindering even intraregional tour- itation are expected to impose freshwater stress on ism. According to Tourism Analytics (2021), tourist ar- SIDS, and might lead to shortages of fresh water, on rivals in the Caribbean in January and February 2021 which tourism depends. Higher temperatures might decreased by 68 percent relative to 2020, and by 66 have devastating costs on natural resources, includ- percent from January to December 2020 compared to ing coastal and marine environments, land flora and 2019. The Caribbean Tourism Organization found that fauna, fisheries, and agriculture, thereby putting at the drop in arrivals in 2020 would take the Caribbean risk Dominica’s tourist offer. Projected climate and back to 1995–96 tourism levels, reversing 25 years of ocean-related changes will significantly affect marine growth in the sector (CTO 2021). The COVID-19 vac- and terrestrial ecosystems and ecosystem services, cine rollout is expected to gradually restore consumer which will in turn have cascading impacts across both confidence and contribute to an ease in travel restric- natural and human systems. Modeling of both tem- tions. However, the International Air Transport Associ- perature and ocean acidification effects under future ation (IATA) has warned that international passenger climate scenarios of RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, suggest demand may not recover to pre-pandemic levels until that some small islands will experience severe cor- 2024 (IATA 2020). al bleaching on an annual basis before 2040 (IPCC 2022), thereby reducing their tourist appeal. Dominica’s tourism sector was severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, given Dominica’s reliance on Given that tourist infrastructure is mainly located on tourist revenues, the small size of the economy, and or close to the coast, sea level rise represents a signif- the low level of economic diversification. Dominica icant threat for Dominica’s tourist sector, as incremen- is an island that is only accessible only by sea or air, tal sea level rise and erosion will potentially alter the so the tourism industry suffered heavily due to global The tourism sector in Dominica SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 12 FIGURE 4 . Areas affected by Sea Level Rise in Dominica by 2100 under a high climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) travel restrictions aimed at reducing the transmission try’s capacity to import necessary goods and services of the virus. (ECLAC 2020). The steep fall in tourism revenues is likely to have a significant impact on overall GDP Given the high dependency of Dominica’s economy on growth and employment levels in the medium term. In tourism for revenues and the large size of the labor Dominica, the prevailing tourism crisis caused by the force employed by the sector, the socioeconomic spill- side effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic reduced overs of the pandemic and related policies have been GDP by 11 percent and total employment by almost severe. According to the Economic Commission for the same amount, which might result in a profound Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Dominica socioeconomic crisis and negatively affect recovery might have faced losses of almost 80 percent of its prospects (IMF 2021 and ECLAC 2020). 2019 level of exports of goods and services, with the loss in tourism revenues strongly curtailing the coun- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Dominica 2.4 Infrastructure communities entirely cut off from the rest of the is- 13 land, particularly communities with single road ac- Dominica’s tourism infrastructure includes air and cess in and out. Dominica’s roads are built on steep seaports, the road network, the water supply system, topography, making them vulnerable to landslides. IT and telecommunications, and energy infrastructure, Moreover, the country has 365 rivers, which led to the and represents a crucial element for the continuous construction of culverts and bridges that—over time development and attractiveness of the tourism sector, and with the growing strength of recent hydromete- as well as in the push towards achieving climate re- orological phenomena—might struggle to cope with silience. It is key that the capacity and quality of infra- higher than usual flood levels. As a SIDS, construction structure continue to be ensured through investments costs in Dominica are high, and the maintenance of so that they keep pace with the changing necessities infrastructure assets puts significant strain on gov- of the tourism sector and international market trends. ernment budgets. Slope stabilization, dredging, and other necessary resilience measures are critical for Dominica’s geography and the country’s climatic, hy- the continuous operation of the roadway, but further drological, and geophysical characteristics leave its add to the financial strain. Given the country’s lack of infrastructure exposed to natural hazards such as road network redundancy, most roads must perform tropical storms, floods, and landslides. As a result of acceptably during natural disasters and should, at a climate change, the intensity and frequency of meteo- minimum, be accessible to first responders. Associ- rological phenomena affecting the island are likely to ated impacts are felt on communications, electrici- increase, and the level of compounded risk would re- ty, and water infrastructure, since most of these are quire the creation or upgrading of defense infrastruc- placed along major road networks. Dominica’s Growth ture that can offer protection against multiple adverse and Social Protection Strategy (GSPS) 2014-2018 un- events. derscores how Dominica’s terrain renders damage to physical infrastructure greater than in neighboring The operations of tourism enterprises in Caribbean countries, and the cost of rehabilitation higher (Com- countries depend heavily on infrastructure and infra- monwealth of Dominica 2014). structure services. As Dominica is sealocked, access to well-functioning and reliable infrastructure sys- In Dominica’s coastal areas, where most tourist infra- tems—in particular, maritime and air transport sys- structure is concentrated, natural flood management tems—is vital. Seaports, airports, and local road net- solutions such as mangroves or wetland areas might works are the lifelines sustaining the survival of SIDS, represent cost-effective investments, as they serve as particularly in the Caribbean region. They are especial- natural barriers against inundation phenomena such ly critical for the tourism industry, as underscored by as sea level rise, storm surges, and flash floods, while the fact that 98 percent of tourism firms in the region at the same time they benefit environmental and eco- see their customers arriving by air, and 70 percent of system conservation. In areas susceptible to land- the firms by sea (cruises and private boats). Once at slides, afforestation and reforestation are effective their destinations, the clients of 94 percent of the firms means to decrease the impacts created by this haz- use the road network to access the establishments. In ard, due to the retaining strength of root systems. In- addition, 80 percent of tourism firms rely on electricity, deed, revegetating areas have already improved slope water, phone, and internet services to maintain their stability on other eastern Caribbean islands and have revenue (Erman et al. 2020). been regarded as simple, cost-effective, and commu- nity-based risk reduction solutions (World Bank 2013). Most of the infrastructure in Dominica is prone to While more capital intensive to design, build, and several hazard impacts. Roads and utility infrastruc- maintain, large physical flood defense barriers such as ture are among the most vulnerable to landslides and seawalls can also provide effective defense systems storm surges, and adverse events sometimes leave against coastal flooding. The tourism sector in Dominica SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 14 Temporary defenses could achieve critical infrastruc- 2.5 Gender, tourism, climate change, and ture protection at a relatively lower cost, although disasters more site specific analyses might be required to en- sure temporary protection that effectively reduces Gender gaps remain in Dominica, although women hazard exposure. Design changes might include re- have a higher life expectancy compared to men—78.8 inforcing existing coastal structures, increasing ca- years versus 74.5 years (WDI 2019), and girls out- pacities in areas that are highly exposed, or enforcing perform boys in the educational system, with high- established building codes. Such design alterations er school enrollment rates—94.6 percent vs. 82.5 are inexpensive compared to large flood defenses but percent—and higher completion rates in secondary must be devised on a specific asset by asset basis. In- education—114.6 versus 98.2) (World Bank 2021a). frastructural design upgrades could include encourag- Existing gender gaps and traditional gender roles in ing developers and homeowners to strengthen gutter- Dominica may lead to different levels of exposure and ing or drainage, implement jetties and landing docks, vulnerability for women and result in differentiated im- use increased septic tank volumes to compensate for pacts, potentially widened after a disaster. flooding, or adhere to building design codes. Labor market indicators show that men outperform Dominica has set for itself the objective of being the women in economic outcomes and that a strong occu- first climate resilient nation globally. Yet, to accomplish pational segregation exists along gender lines. Wom- this, physical infrastructure must be able to endure en are prevalently employed in the services sector and in the informal economy, which makes them po- and recover quickly from natural disasters. The gov- tentially more vulnerable to natural disasters. Women ernment is preparing a comprehensive plan encom- are increasingly overrepresented in the tourism sector, passing all infrastructure, and the standards required mainly in low paid, informal jobs in housekeeping and to strengthen resilience. This plan will guide invest- waitering, and are therefore more susceptible to be ments in utility infrastructure, ports, roads, bridges, made redundant when a disaster strikes. Indeed, as- drainage systems, housing, schools, health centers, sessments following Tropical Storm Erika confirmed shelters, and coastal and riverine defense infrastruc- a higher level of vulnerability for women, as they were ture, emphasizing asset maintenance and considering engaged in approximately 55 percent of the informal the life cycle cost of investments. It will include a hy- economic activities disrupted and they additionally drological survey and flood or landslide risk mitigation reported major losses for home-based businesses plans, standards for resilient infrastructure and hous- and subsistence farming in the spaces directly around ing, sector master plans, and a redevelopment plan for their homes (GoCD 2015b). the cities of Roseau and Portsmouth (Commonwealth of Dominica 2020). A higher percentage of the poor live in female headed households. Single parent families headed by women The cost to Dominica becoming climate resilient are more vulnerable to disaster-related shocks. They by 2030 is estimated at approximately USD 3.5 bil- also given the double burden of reproductive and lion, of which the government has already invested productive roles, and have a more limited access to roughly USD 600 million on critical infrastructure financing, labor markets, social protection, support projects since 2017. The remaining financing gap is networks, and coping capacity (Bleeker et al. 2021). estimated at about USD 3 billion. Based on current In terms of Women have a more limited access com- government capital expenditures, the expected fi- pared to men in financing for housing and enterprise nancing gap would be approximately USD 90 to 130 development, which results in longer stays in tem- million annually, or USD 12,500–18,000 per capita to porary accommodations and in disruptions of liveli- achieve resilience by 2030 (Commonwealth of Dom- hoods in the aftermath of a disaster. This seems to inica 2020). be especially true for female headed households. For SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Dominica instance, after Hurricane Maria, single mothers were areas, all of which increased the risk of sexual harass- 15 prevalent among the uninsured whose house was de- ment and GBV (CERF 2017). stroyed by the storm, and the vast majority of micro- businesses—a sector in which women predominate Key policy documents on disaster risk management and 50 percent of the micro businesses are home- acknowledge that existing gender inequalities may based—were uninsured. (GoCD 2017 and Bleeker et al. affect the level of vulnerability of women in case of 2021). The disaster pushed many below the poverty natural disasters and define specific objectives and line, and members of female headed households were actions to be addressed: particularly vulnerable on account of their typically larger family units, more limited skills, and loss of as- » The National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduc- sets, and because they formed the highest share of tion (2018–2022) proposes to strengthen disaster displaced persons in the most affected communities recovery plans by including sociopsychology train- (GoCD 2015a). ing programs to minimize the adverse impact on victims, especially women and children (GFDRR The threat of gender-based violence (GBV) after a di- 2021). saster, especially in the form of intimate partner vio- » The Early Warning Systems Regulations (2014) re- quires an assessment of vulnerability and capaci- lence and child abuse, represents an additional issue ty to analyze gender and equity issues and ensure in the country. During the postdisaster recovery peri- warnings meet gender differentiated needs and ad- od, the incidence of GBV may increase because shel- dress cultural issues (GFDRR 2021). ters are not designed with gender considerationsto account. Particularly, issues such as overcrowding » The National Resilience Development Strategy 2030 acknowledges gender equality as a crosscut- and lack of privacy, inadequate support, and protec- ting area and directly aims to enhance women’s so- tion for victims of GBV, deprivation, and poverty are cial status, ensure the protection of their rights and widespread issues in shelters. Following both Tropi- health conditions, and eliminate the feminization of cal Storm Erika and Hurricane Maria, incidents of GBV poverty (GoCD 2018). and issues such as inadequate privacy and lacking » The Low-Carbon Climate Resilient Strategy in- security measures at shelters were reported (Bleeker cludes priority investments and actions to address et al. 2021). The International Organization for Migra- the vulnerabilities of women to climate change in tion (IOM) (2017a) reported that after Hurricane Ma- pre- and post-disaster situations, in relation to the ria, the majority of shelter dwellers slept in the same construction of community emergency shelters, area on floor mats, and while 62 percent of shelters training in vulnerability assessment and risk man- had gender separate lockable toilets, only 38 percent agement, and provision of social safety nets in the had separate bathing areas for women (IOM 2017b). form of microfinance and microinsurance to assist Even when the shelter population had significantly re- women in rebuilding their homes, businesses, and duced, in December 2017, 52 percent of shelters still livelihoods (GoCD 2012). lacked private living areas for households (IOM 2018). » The Enabling Gender-Responsive Disaster Recov- The prolonged period without electricity and reliable ery, Climate and Environmental Resilience in the lighting contributed to an unsafe environment in com- Caribbean (EnGenDER) Project project includes as munities, especially for women and girls at night (IOM two main outcomes the enhancement of practices 2018). Similar issues were discussed in a UN Central of relevant actors for the sustainable implementa- Emergency Response Fund (CERF) report, particu- tion of gender responsive climate change action larly highlighting how shelters hosting the displaced and disaster recovery and the improvement of gov- suffered from overcrowding, insufficient partitions in ernance by relevant actors for gender responsive sleeping areas, inadequate locks, and a generalized climate and risk resilience planning and decision lack of privacy for dressing and bathing in communal making (UNDP 2019). The tourism sector in Dominica SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 16 Despite such improvements, pending gaps still per- and enacted. This means that there are currently no sist on gender in the overall disaster risk management laws or requirements for any sector to be inclusive or policy framework that need to be addressed, including supportive of persons with disabilities, both in terms knowledge gaps. According to the World Bank (2021c), of training and employment opportunities or access to policies and practices still lack a requirement for sex- funds to establish small businesses—provisions that and age- disaggregated data collection on people af- are laid down in the CRPD—in Dominica’s vibrant tour- fected and on damage to buildings and property. This ism sector. clearly limits the quality of the information available to guide and plan interventions that directly address Public buildings, commercial premises, and housing existing gaps, as also confirmed by the Post-Disaster more generally can all provide safe refuge in time of Public Financial Management (PD-PFM) Review for a disaster to both locals and visitors. Dominica has Dominica (World Bank 2021b). planning legislation and building codes that include accessibility provisions for persons with disabilities, but these are poorly applied and do not seem to be 2.6 Disability and Tourism enforced. The only exception is when donor funds are used to retrofit or rebuild schools or hospitals that Disability in the tourism sector should be considered may be used in case of a disaster for evacuation and from the perspective of the people in Dominica who safe refuge. The Physical Planning Act 2002 includes live with a disability and of the visitors with disabili- a building code that makes specific provisions for the ties for whom the tourism industry ought to provide a accessibility of the disabled (Physical Planning Divi- safe and pleasant holiday experience with access to a sion Dominica 2002). Moreover, a “Guide to Dominica’s range of facilities and information, including emergen- Housing Standards” was released in May 2018, follow- cy warnings and preparedness instructions, to be able ing massive damage in 2017 related to Hurricane Ma- to make informed decisions while on the island. ria, when 90 percent of the national housing stock was damaged or destroyed, and the development of the It is officially estimated that less than 10 percent of Dom- guide was presented as a first response mechanism inica’s population live with a disability. Available data to address the need for climate resilient residential suggest that mobility and vision impairments have the housing construction (ECLAC 2018). Additionally, the greatest prevalence. The number of persons with dis- Building Code and Building Guidelines were reviewed abilities is higher among females across all categories based on standards for structural integrity and safe of disability, and disability is higher in poorer communi- refuge, and amendments to the Physical Planning Act ties and rural areas. Persons with disabilities in Dominica were proposed. experience relatively higher levels of poverty compared to the rest of the population, as they typically have less The Dominica Association for Persons with Disabilities access to employment and training (GoCD 2011). (DAPD) is a strong and well-organized support group for persons with disabilities. It has a solid working Dominica signed the United Nations Convention on relationship with emergency managers and disaster the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in risk reduction planners and has developed a range of 2007, then ratified it and gave consent for Accession emergency and disaster management related materi- to the Optional Protocol in 2012 (UNDESA 2006). How- als (DAPD 2022). These resources are specifically tar- ever, to date the UNCRPD has not been implemented. geted at people living with disabilities and their care- Additionally, no laws or constitutional provisions that givers but are also useful for disaster and emergency expressly prohibit discrimination against persons with management planners at all levels. They are available disabilities. In 2014, the government began discus- online and while directed specifically at the resident sions to initiate the process of developing an official population they also have some relevance to tourist policy on disability. However, it is yet to be developed industry providers and visitors. They include: SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Dominica » A disaster preparedness guide for persons with dis- pathways and poor sidewalk accessibility make many 17 abilities in Dominica. of the country’s natural attractions inaccessible, par- » A disaster planning info sheet. ticularly those that are far from the port or further in- » Earthquake preparedness for persons with disabil- land. Although the cruise port has a step-free access ities. and no cruise tenders, once on the island most taxis » A Dominica hazard map. and public transportation options are inaccessible for » Dominica volcanic centers.  people on wheelchairs. The capital, Roseau, presents a variety of wheelchair accessibility challenges, includ- To provide for visitors with disabilities, some efforts ing few sidewalk ramps and high curbs, deep trench- are underway across the tourism industry to improve es running between the street and the sidewalk that the accessibility of terminal facilities and selected lo- serves as drainage, and many of the shopping tents cal natural sites for people with limited mobility or in that are located on top of large, uneven cobblestones wheelchairs. Dominica’s landscape presents disabled (Sage 2015). visitors with steep hills and rough terrain. Uneven The tourism sector in Dominica SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 03 18 The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment implementation process in Dominica Photo: wanderluster | istock.com In Dominica, the Office of Disaster Management (ODM) presented in figure 5. It started with a briefing to the 19 bears the institutional responsibility for disaster man- ODM on the methodology and a desktop review. The agement. ODM works closely with and supports the Ministry of Tourism completed the assessment ques- work of ministries, line agencies, and other actors in tionnaire and coordinated a consultation, involving pri- risk management at the national and sectoral level. vate sector stakeholders, to confirm, complement, and This SRCA has been implemented under the leader- discuss the responses provided to the questionnaire. ship of the Ministry of Tourism, International Trans- Collected information was analyzed and results were port and Maritime Initiatives (Ministry of Tourism) and presented to and validated. the ODM. The implementation followed the process FIGURE 5.. Diagrammatic representation of the assessment process ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR RESILIENT RECOVERY Governance Competencies Resources and Tools COLLECTION DATA ANALYSIS OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF DATA AND ANALYSIS RESULTS FRAMEWORK INFORMATION Desktop review Data analysis Analysis of Gaps Technical Assistance and constraints Assessment Results Country resources questionnaire visualization Identification of solutions and recommendations Semi-structured Identification of Other investments interviews and constraints stakeholder Reporting consultations Data verification Gaps identification Results validation The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment implementation process in Dominica SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 04 20 Results Overview Photo: Renata Tyburczy | istock.com 4.1 General Findings Government of Dominica received for the elaboration 21 of the PDNA and the new development policy and The analyses conducted assessed the capacity of strategic framework. Therefore, such capacity does Dominica’s tourism sector to implement resilient and not reside within the Ministry of Tourism or ODM. This inclusive projects in a timely, efficient, and effective ministry does not have the mandate or capacity to manner as basic or incipient, with a sector-level RCI design and implement the full management cycle of of 49 (figure 6). The implementation of recovery proj- recovery projects. Priority recovery and development ects in the sector is enabled, at a moderate level, by projects are now being determined at the level of the CREAD and other ministries and funded by donors the advances Dominica has made in the transforma- according to their own interests. These funds are tion of its national and sectoral development policy, generally channeled through the Ministry of Finance strategies, legal and governance frameworks in the and restoration of services and reconstruction is im- aftermath of Hurricane Maria (RCI of 54); and by the plemented and monitored under the management of resources and tools available for recovery (RCI of 52). other ministries and sectors such as infrastructure However, incipient competencies, operational capacity and energy. At the private sector level, large and small and skills for planning, implementing and monitoring enterprises involved in tourism undertake recovery in- recovery projects at the level of the Ministry of tourism terventions using the resources at their disposal and, and private actors involved in the industry limit the im- for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), par- plementation of recovery (RCI of 38). ticularly, this occurs without sufficient tools, knowl- edge, and experience or mentoring to ensure the build The above findings are supported by the analysis of back better (BBB) approach leads their reconstruction results at the key element level (figure 7). It should be efforts. It is crucial to strengthen the capacity of the noted that whereas this more in-depth analysis sug- Ministry of Tourism to facilitate the acquisition of gests that an advanced capacity exists for conduct- gender- and disability-inclusive DRM and recovery ing postdisaster needs assessments (PDNAs) and knowledge and skills more effectively in-house and by planning recovery projects in the sector (RCI of 78); private sector actors in the industry is crucial (RCI of this capacity is mainly due to the external support the 38). This, along with an improvement in the quality, FIGURE 6 Recovery Capacity Index for the components assessed in the sector: Governance, Competencies (operation- al capacity) and skills, and Resources and tools. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Sector RCI: 49 Low or absent (0-24) 1. Governance Basic or 100 Recovery Capacity Index incipent (25-49) 80 Moderate 60 54 (50–74) 40 Advanced (75–89) 20 38 52 Full (90-100) 3. Resources 2. Competencies and Tools (operational capacity and skills) Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 22 FIGURE 7 Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (knowledge and skills); Human resources, Profile suit- ability; Natural-hazard data and risk information; Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) and Project port- folio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 3: Component 1: Resources and tools 1.1. Policies and Legal Governance Low or Framework absent (0–24) 3.5. Project 100 1.2. Strategies and Plans Implementation Basic or 80 Recovery Capacity Index incipent 60 52 (25–49) 51 55 1.3. Institutions and 3.4. Financing 40 Coordination Moderate 54 58 (50–74) 20 3.3. Resilient recovery 35 0 38 2.1. Workforce Advanced project design 38 (75–89) 32 38 78 Full 3.2. PDNA and Project 2.2. Capacity (knowledge (90-100) portfolio planning and skills) 3.1. Natural-hazard data 2.3. Human resurces, and risk information Profile suitability Component 2: Competencies availability, and access to relevant natural hazard data tion of inclusive recovery strategies and plans. A and risk information (RCI of 32), will enable public recovery policy for tourism could support these and private actors in the sector to adopt a risk-based efforts and ensure recovery creates opportunities approach to project design and implementation, and for and builds resilience of women, people with dis- build the foundations for effective DRM and recovery abilities, micro, small, and medium enterprises and integration, coordination, and action. other local livelihoods and trades associated with the tourism industry in Dominica. In general, capacity building interventions are required » Request donors that future PDNA development to: processes become an opportunity for training and building capacity of national technical staff. » Increase general DRM knowledge and basic DRM » Strengthen the generation, recording, and manage- implementation capacity, with a focus on gender ment of hazard data and risk information, and its and disability-inclusive recovery, across key public use in the design of resilient and inclusive recovery and private actors in the tourism sector. This can projects as well as in everyday operations. facilitate the coordination and execution of recov- » Improve and more widely disseminate informa- ery planning before a catastrophic event and en- tion on funding sources, opportunities, and access able better communication on the topic within the mechanisms for recovery in the sector. Information sector and across government agencies. should be shared using a range of communication » Strengthen and streamline strategic planning pro- platforms and networks utilizing accessible com- cesses for recovery in the tourism sector, including munications technologies, and with a deliberate ex ante definition of institutional arrangements for focus on reaching women, people with disabili- the development, coordination, and implementa- ties, and other excluded groups. These platforms SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results Overview should also support the sharing of information on the private sector are well represented. The current 23 risks, recovery opportunities, and performance of national development policy and strategic framework DRM interventions, including recovery programs is focused on climate resilient and inclusive recovery. and projects by communities. However, this framework represents a change in long » Strengthen gender and disability-inclusive DRM and term development and growth vision, and is to be ac- climate change integration in project design, im- companied by institutional, policy and legal reforms plementation, monitoring, and evaluation through across government agencies, including in the nation- early engagement and working in partnership with al DRM system – Policy and Legal Framework RCI of gender specialists, people with disabilities, or their 52. Some changes have already started, including the agents. creation of institutions to improve recovery and de- velopment coordination at the national level (Institu- The following sections offer a more detailed analysis tions and Coordination RCI of 58) and the alignment of the results obtained for each of the components as- of national and sectoral strategies and plans, including sessed. Key recommendations, are provided in Section for tourism, with the new climate-compatible develop- 5 and more detailed recommendations, including ca- ment and recovery objectives. However, the tourism pacity building interventions, can be found in Annex 1. sector still lacks a dedicated recovery strategy (Strate- gies and Plans RCI of 55). 4.2 Findings for Governance At the level of sub-elements (figure 9), the assessment supports the described results and highlights that the At the level of governance, the capacity and enabling advanced capacity for coordination of recovery activi- factors for recovery in tourism were assessed as mod- ties (RCI of 83) has been enabled by the establishment erate, with an RCI of 54 (figure 8). The country has a of the CREAD, as well as by effective collaboration clear DRM governance structure, where sectoral gov- mechanisms between the sector and the ODM. The ernment agencies, civil society organizations, and level of integration of gender and disability inclusion FIGURE 8 Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 1: Policies and Legal Framework, Strategies and Plans, and Institutions and Coordination. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 1 Low or Governance RCI: 54 absent 1.1. Policies and (0-24) Legal Framework 100 Basic or Recovery Capacity Index incipent 80 (25-49) 60 52 Moderate (50–74) 40 20 Advanced (75–89) 0 Full 58 55 (90-100) 1.3. Institutions 1.2. Strategies and and Coordination Plans Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 24 FIGURE 9 Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 1: Policies, Legal Framework, Foundations for recovery, Mainstreaming DRM & Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), Gender and disability inclusion in policy, Building codes and regulation mechanisms, Strategies and Plans, Build Back Better, Gender and disability inclusion in planning, Institutions, Coordination, Building codes and regulation compliance, and Gender and disability coordination mechanisms. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. 1.3 Institutions and 1.1 Policies and Legal Coordination Framework Low or 1.1.1. Policies absent 1.3.4. Gender and disability 100 (0–24) 1.1.2. Legal Framework coordination mechanisms 80 Basic or Recovery Capacity Index 1.3.3. Building codes and 1.1.3. Foundations for incipent 60 53 regulation compliance recovery (25–49) 38 40 44 50 50 Moderate 20 1.1.4. Mainstreaming (50–74) 1.3.2. Coordination 83 73 DRM&CCA 0 38 28 Advanced (75–89) 1.1.5. Gender and disability 1.3.1. Institutions inclusion in policy 40 58 Full 81 1.1.6. Building codes and (90-100) 1.2.3. Gender and disability inclusion in planning 75 regulation mechanisms 1.2.2. Build Back Better 1.2.1. Strategies and Plans 1.2 Strategies and Plans (RCI of 81) and of Build Back Better (BBB) measures functions through the National Emergency Plan- is advanced in new national and sectoral strategies ning Organization (NEPO), chaired by the Prime and plans (RCI of 75). However, in Dominica’s climate Minister. NEPO is responsible for the planning and resilient transformation, improvements in the legal organization of counter-disaster measures at cen- framework for DRM and recovery are still needed (RCI tral level. It has an advisory committee, in charge of of 44). Also needed are a disability policy and laws that developing and recommending policies, plans and specifically prohibit discrimination against persons guidelines for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, with disabilities as well as mechanisms that enable response, and recovery, as well as a national emer- the operationalization of the gender considerations gency executive committee with task forces or included in the new national and sectoral policies and subcommittees, in charge of specific disaster-re- strategies –Gender and Disability inclusion in Policy, lated functions —damage assessment; search and RCI of 28; Gender and Disability Coordination Mecha- rescue). Besides public institutions, nongovern- nisms RCI of 38. mental organizations (NGOs) and private voluntary organizations, regional and international agencies Other important findings of the assessment: participate in the task forces. The Office of Disaster Management (ODM) is NEPO’s Secretariat, respon- » The National Disaster Plan of 2001 governs disas- sible for coordination of disaster programing in all ter management in the country in the absence of phases of the disaster management cycle. Among a dedicated policy. It establishes the structure of multiple other functions, this includes establishing the national disaster management system, which and managing a national emergency operations SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results Overview center (NEOC) and coordination with district emer- » The Dominica Climate Resilience and Recovery 25 gency committees and community emergency Plan 2020–2030 (CRRP) is the roadmap to oper- committees for the establishment of emergency ationalize the NRDS. It is based on three pillars— operation centers at each of these levels. Climate Resilient Systems, Prudent Disaster Risk » The Government of Dominica issued the National Management Systems, and Effective Disaster Re- Resilience Development Strategy (NRDS) in 2018— sponse and Recovery), expanded into six results ar- a high level policy framework to guide national re- eas. Activities and projects within these areas will covery and development after Hurricane Maria. The be conducted to achieve the CRRP’s 20 specific tar- NRDS, elaborated through a highly consultative gets by 2030. The CRRP prioritizes 10 ‘high impact’ process, lays out the government’s new approach initiatives for implementation, but also includes the to development as “climate-resilient and sustain- profiles of additional projects that support its goals, able” and “seeks to respond to climate change in a including a project to build the resilience of the tour- comprehensive manner, cutting across all sectors ism sector. Whilst the CRRP mentions the intention and addressing issues of mitigation, rehabilitation, of mainstreaming gender and vulnerability consid- reconstruction and sustainable development.” The erations into its initiatives; this is not systematically NRDS also establishes a vision for resilient develop- manifested in the specific actions or their outputs. ment for each of the government’s ministries and » The NRDS calls for the elaboration and implemen- states the government’s intention to rebuild Domi- tation of a national action plan and strategy on Di- nica as the first climate resilient nation in the world. saster Risk Reduction (2018–2022) to strengthen This strategy also provides roles and responsibil- the national disaster management system, includ- ities for its implementation, with explicit mention ing its coordination mechanism and legal frame- for responsibilities and actions in disaster manage- work. The Government of Dominica has progressed ment at the household, community, district, and na- in this aspect, elaborating draft comprehensive di- tional levels. Good governance and gender equality saster management legislation. However, this Bill are crosscutting issues. Further, the NRDS includes was prepared before the COVID-19 emergency strategies that directly address data, information, and needs to be updated to include considerations and support mechanisms for persons living with for pandemics prior to its submission to Cabinet. disabilities (PwD) and a monitoring matrix, with ob- There is no evidence of progress in the formulation jectives, associated outcomes and indicators. of the national action plan and strategy on disaster » The NRDS is legally supported by the Climate Re- risk reduction (DRR), which has not been specifical- silience Act, approved in 2018, which establishes a ly included in the CRRP, and to date the level of in- six-person Climate Resilience Policy Board, chaired clusion of gender and disability considerations into by the Prime Minister, as the centralized political the draft DRM legislation is unclear. body defining resilience building, and by extension » Since its establishment, the CREAD has become an resilient recovery measures in all sectors. It also important mechanism to ensure the updating and creates the CREAD as the executive body for the in- integration of climate resilience, including recovery tegration of climate resilience into Dominica’s infra- considerations into national and sectoral policies, structure development, capital projects, recovery, strategies, and plans, including the Dominica Tour- and reconstruction interventions as well as in all ism Master Plan 2020–2030. However, the country government plans and policies. Within the CREAD, still lacks an effective institutionalized process to a major capital projects unit will be responsible for deliver timely updated legal frameworks. the implementation and supervision of large infra- » In alignment with the NRDS, the Ministry of Tour- structural projects of the government that relate to ism updated the National Tourism Strategy of climate resilient construction. Dominica and issued the Dominica Tourism Mas- ter Plan 2020–2030, which offers a comprehensive approach to the sector’s development, and has at Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 26 its core disaster recovery and environmental pres- Opportunities identified for strengthening recovery ca- ervation, to deliver the “nature island” brand prom- pacity at the governance level include: ise. These documents recognize the contribution tourism can make to national recovery and to the » Finalizing and approving the Comprehensive Di- links and importance of building resilience in oth- saster Legislation that has been drafted, ensuring it er sectors to realize Dominica’s tourism potential. contains clear inclusive and resilient recovery con- Despite their focus on recovery and resilience, siderations, and formalizes roles and responsibili- these are sectoral development documents and ties at the national and sectoral levels. do not represent a formal sectoral recovery policy » Strengthening the national disaster management that institutionalizes roles, responsibilities, and the framework through the formulation, approval, and delivery of recovery specific strategies and plans implementation of the national action plan and postdisaster. strategy on DRR contemplated in the NRDS, inclu- » The Strategy and Master Plan call for more strin- sive of a results-based management framework for gent land use planning and for the enforcement of DRM that includes all sectors. building codes—which exist for Dominica—were re- » Elaborating a recovery policy for the tourism sec- vised after Hurricane Maria but suffer from weak tor, with clear roles and responsibilities for public compliance owing to the government’s human re- and private institutions and mandating the devel- source shortages and budgetary constraints. Fur- opment of contingency plans for private stakehold- ther, the Dominica Tourism Master Plan and the ers involved in the industry. These documents will stakeholders consulted for this assessment also facilitate the development and implementation of request an evidence-based approach be used in the resilient recovery investments, following a BBB ap- process of updating of building codes, particularly proach and applying building codes. in coastal areas to climate proof investments from » Preparing and implementing the Resilient Domini- sea level rise and other shocks. The Master Plan ca Physical Plan that is included in the CRRP. This recommends the formulation, adoption and imple- includes an assessment of infrastructure and infra- mentation of an environmental policy for Dominica. structure needs, as well as issuing the standards > The government has made rapid progress required for the resilience of infrastructure that is in strengthening its postdisaster financing critical to the tourism sector. framework. It approved a disaster risk financ- » Updating building codes and the design guidelines ing strategy in 2022 that includes the mobili- for the tourism industry to reduce the vulnerability zation of multiple instruments and programs of new tourism developments, particularly along for improved disaster risk management. It also the coast, to the impacts of flooding and sea lev- approved the domestic sale of a parametric in- el rise and elaborating a national environmental surance product for hurricane risk. Also in 2022, policy to help protect infrastructure from climate Dominica obtained the approval of a USD 20 hazards using natural buffers. The environmental million DRM development policy credit (DPC) policy is key to the sustainability of ecotourism in with a catastrophe deferred drawdown option Dominica, the nature island. (Cat DDO) from the World Bank. This conces- » Strengthening the collaboration and direct engage- sional credit supports the implementation of ment of gender specialists and people with dis- the strategy and the development of the policy abilities or their representatives in NEPO and the basis and ability to mobilize and optimize the CREAD. This will facilitate integrating both gender pool of complementary financial instruments and disability inclusive recovery considerations in that address disaster and climate risk. These the review and sectoral policies, and in all relevant are all very recent developments that need to be development projects, including those on tourism. operationalized. » Raising awareness among government institu- tions, the private sector, NGOs, and other actors on: SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results Overview > The need to prioritize the preparation of recov- risk, gender and disability considerations into sectoral 27 ery plans and strategies at all levels of the sec- project design (RCI of 38); (iii) the incipient capacity of tor (from government to private enterprises), the public agencies working in the sector to recruit and > The need to coordinate the preparation of re- sustain human resources with the required profiles, covery plans and strategies between public and added to the availability of work opportunities abroad private actors, which attract qualified individuals (RCI of 38). > The critical role each of them plays on the re- covery process of the tourism sector in the af- The results at the level of sub-elements support these termath of disasters. findings (figure 11) and identify major capacity limita- tions in sectoral government institutions and private » Accelerating the operationalization of the disaster enterprises associated to the tourism industry for the risk financing strategy to ensure Dominica has the competencies assessed. These limitations refer to: (i) necessary financial resources to fund prepared- an inadequate number of trained staff for the sector’s ness, response, and recovery interventions. operations and the lack of DRM specialists and gen- der and disability inclusion specialists who can ensure projects are risk informed and inclusive (Workforce 4.3 Findings for Competencies RCI of 45, Gender RCI of 25); (ii) the absence of other technical officers at the Ministry of Tourism with the The capacity and skills existing in Dominica’s tourism required knowledge of DRM methods and tools (in- sector are basic and insufficient to design and imple- cluding a basic use of hazard maps), or with the exper- ment gender-sensitive and disability-inclusive resilient tise needed to implement resilient recovery projects recovery projects, as indicated by the RCI of 38 ob- (Skills RCI of 25): and (iii) the basic level of technical tained for the Competencies component (figure 10). capacity within the ministry for the implementation of This is due to: (i) institutional limitations in the work- project cycle management (PCM) activities, particular- force composition (RCI of 38); (ii) the basic knowledge ly monitoring and evaluation, budgeting and financing and skills of the workforce to integrate and implement tasks, as well as for the elaboration of quality Terms FIGURE 10.. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 2: Workforce, Capacity (knowledge and skills) and Human Resources, Profile suitability. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 2 Low or Competencies RCI: 38 absent 2.1. Workforce (0-24) 100 Basic or 80 Recovery Capacity Index incipient (25-49) 60 40 38 Moderate (50–74) 20 0 Advanced (75–89) 38 38 2.3. Human 2.2. Capacity Full Resources (HR), (knowledge and (90-100) Profile suitability skills) Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 28 FIGURE 11 Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 2: Workforce; Gender; Private sector; Skills; Training activities; Proven capacities; and Human Resources, profile suitability. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Key element 2.3 Human Key element 2.1 Workforce Resources (HR, Profile Low or suitability) 2.1.1. Workforce absent 100 (0–24) 2.3.1. Human 80 Basic or Resources, profile Recovery Capacity Index 2.1.2. Gender incipient 60 suitability 45 (25–49) 40 Moderate 38 20 (50–74) 25 0 40 25 Advanced 2.2.3. Proven (75–89) 25 2.1.3. Private sector capacities 44 Full (90-100) 2.2.2. Training 2.2.1. Skills activities Key element 2.2 Capacity (knowledge and skills) of Reference (ToRs), needed for the effective planning and knowledge of DRM methods and tools, such as and implementation of recovery projects (Proven ca- disaster risk assessments and the use of georef- pacities RCI of 40). For practically all areas assessed, erenced information systems. Technical persons the recruitment of staff with the needed profiles as working in the sector lack a basic understanding of well as training and other capacity building opportu- DRM or DRM tools, including hazard maps. Howev- nities are urgently needed, along with mechanisms to er, they have gained experience in the elaboration ensure long term DRM and inclusive recovery knowl- of PDNAs—after Hurricane Maria—and, advanced edge transfer within the sector. to a certain extent their capacity to translate PDNA results into actionable projects that include risk The assessment of competencies indicates the fol- mitigation and other resilience measures. lowing: » The number of qualified contractors that can sup- port the Ministry of Tourism in their recovery efforts » Dominica faces shortage of tourism profession- on a regular basis is low. For large reconstruction als and opportunities for their training and devel- efforts, the government has received international opment because of a lack of a dedicated training assistance on a project basis. institution. » Building capacity of government agencies on DRM » Few public servants working in the sector have and recovery has been sporadic and not part of knowledge and experience required to identify, the tourism sector development agenda. Public re- plan, design, implement, and oversee resilient re- cruitment protocols, such as ToRs, do not include covery projects. knowledge on DRM, gender, or disability inclusion, » Government officers associated with the Ministry which limits the likelihood of improving the compe- of Tourism do not have the necessary expertise tencies required for recovery in a sustained man- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results Overview ner. Although DRM, gender, and disability inclusion short-term tourism training delivered by the Discov- 29 figure high in the new national and sectoral policy, er Dominica Authority, and the training on tourism strategies, and plans, these documents were elab- delivered by the Dominica State College. orated with external assistance and their imple- » Implementation of DRM training activities included mentation depends on the creation of national and in the Dominica Tourism Master Plan 2020–2030. sectoral capacities. This includes training that can be provided in col- » General and specialized knowledge and skills in laboration with the Tourism and Hospitality Train- DRM and particularly in inclusive recovery are need- ing Institute, which concentrates its activities on ed both in private enterprises and government insti- the immediate and long term needs of the industry tutions associated to the tourism industry. Specific and on increasing opportunities in tourism for the areas where capacity building interventions are re- youth. This institute, in collaboration with the ODM quired include: and the Ministry of Tourism, can potentially estab- > Hazard and risk map use. lish regular training programs to educate tourism > Geographic Information Systems (GIS), model- operators on disaster preparedness, immediate re- ing, and scenario planning. sponse and recovery. > Gender mainstreaming: The Ministry of Tour- » Establishment, with international technical sup- ism lacks gender specialists working on a per- port, and within the Government of Dominica, of manent basis. As well, gender considerations continuous DRM, gender and disability inclusion included in new policy and planning documents and project management trainings for public ser- for the sector lack specifications for their imple- vants. An opportunity for this is provided by the mentation. Training on gender mainstreaming NRDS request for the development of a DRM plan for the ministry’s staff and the recruitment of for the Ministry of Education and Human Resource gender specialists is therefore needed. Development that includes training activities for > Disability inclusion: The Ministry of Tourism government institutions. is not equipped with staff trained in disability » Development of key training materials on gender inclusion. This training is required for all gov- and disability inclusion, to be offered on a regular ernment agencies involved in recovery as well basis, or made available online to project officers as for private contractors and enterprises to and operators working in the tourism industry. ensure recovery and development in general » Creation—with support from national contractors’ better addresses the needs and taps into the associations—of resilient infrastructure and BBB potential—including for employment and as trainings for local contractors working in the tour- guests—of persons living with disabilities. ism industry. This would include raising awareness > Project cycle management skills: Training all on all necessary accessibility compliance consider- Ministry of Tourism staff in PCM concepts and ations and further promote compliance with build- tools, including monitoring and evaluation can ing codes. improve their potential to design and effectively » Design and implementation of awareness raising implement resilient recovery projects. campaigns on hazards, impacts, and risks target- > DRM and recovery communication and aware- ing tourism sector stakeholders, to strengthen their ness raising skills are additional skills needed. capacity to effectively manage disaster risks. » Request donors to provide technical experts to Identified opportunities to build the necessary knowl- cover knowledge gaps and workforce constraints, edge and skills include the following: through secondments, and to offer both technical and financial assistance for capacity building pro- » Integration of basic DRM, gender, and disability grams. inclusion concepts in existing training programs for tourism operators and youth. This includes the Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 30 4.4 Findings for Resources and Tools quate consideration of building codes and regulations (RCI of 25) in the design of tourism projects. Gender The resources and tools available for resilient recovery and disability considerations were fully integrated in in Dominca’s tourism sector are assessed as moder- the Hurricane Maria PDNA, following all best practices ate, with an RCI of 52 (figure 12). At the national and and international standards (RCI of 100). However, the sectoral levels progress has been made in the integra- sector has only an incipient capacity to mainstream tion of PDNA results and recommendations into re- gender and disability inclusion into its daily operations covery planning. Yet, the systematic consideration of and in the design of its projects (RCI of 44). This situ- risks in sectoral processes faces limitations in terms ation reflects the international expertise that was in- of the availability, generation, access to, and use of volved in the elaboration of the PDNA which contrasts natural hazard and risk information (RCI of 32). This with the capacity gaps that remain at the sectoral lev- specifically concerns functional, up-to-date, and useful el. The analysis at the sub element level also identified information to plan, design, and implement risk-based as important constraints to plan and implement inclu- projects and resilient investments, including recovery sive and resilient recovery projects (i) the low level of interventions. This encompasses data and informa- consideration of building codes and design guidelines tion that are of high quality and systematically collect- in the tourism industry (RCI of 46) and (ii) the absence ed or generated, at a frequency and scale that can be of an allocation for DRM and recovery in the annual used for investments and projects in tourism, includ- budget of the ministry (RCI of 25). ing gender and disability disaggregated data. Detailed findings of the assessment include the fol- The analysis of RCI values at the sub element level lowing: support these results (figure 13) as well as highlight major weaknesses in the use of risk information in de- » Natural hazard data and risk information exists cision making in the tourism sector (RCI of 25) and but project officers and other tourism stakeholders therefore in recovery action (RCI of 25) and the inade- consulted do not use or know how to access this FIGURE 12 Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 3: Natural hazard data and risk information, PDNA and Project portfolio planning, Resilient recovery project design, Financing, and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 3. 3.1. Natural Hazard Data Resources and Tools RCI: 52 and Risk Information Low or absent 100 (0–24) 80 Basic or Recovery Capacity Index incipient 60 (25–49) 40 32 3.5. Project 3.2. PDNA and Project Moderate Implementation 78 Portfolio Planning (50–74) 51 20 0 Advanced (75–89) 35 54 Full (90-100) 3.4. Financing 3.3. Resilient recovery Project Design SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results Overview FIGURE 13 31 Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of the key elements of Component 3: Data collection and man- agement, Use of risk information in the sector, PDNA mechanisms, Planning of recovery priorities, Gender and disability inclusion in PDNA, Availability of BBB tools, Use of risk information for recovery, Building codes and regulations in project design, Gender and disability inclusion in project design, Availability of sources of funding, Accessibility to recovery funds, Budget for recovery, Resources, Project management, Building code implementation resources and M&E at project level. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Key element 3.5 Key element 3.1 Natural Hazard Data and Risk Information Key element 3.2 Project implementation PDNA and Project Portfolio 3.1.1. Data collection and Planning management 3.5.4. M&E at project level 100 3.1.2. Use of risk information in the sector Low or 80 absent 3.5.3. Building code 3.2.1. PDNA mechanisms (0–24) implementation resources 60 42 75 Basic or 3.2.2. Planning of recovery Recovery Capacity Index 3.5.2. Project management 40 incipient 46 25 priorities (25–49) 75 56 20 25 3.2.3. Gender and disability Moderate 3.5.1. Resources 71 0 100 inclusion in PDNA (50–74) 25 25 50 25 Advanced 3.4.3. Budget for recovery 3.3.1. Availability of BBB tools (75–89) 72 50 44 3.4.2. Accessibility to recovery 3.3.2. Use of risk information funds for recovery Full (90-100) 3.4.1. Availability of sources 3.3.3. Building codes and regulations of funding in project design 3.3.4. Gender and disability inclusion in project design Key element 3.4 Key element 3.3 Financing Resilient Recovery Project Design information. This occurs partly because the infor- cluding main hazard, and multihazard maps are mation is fragmented among government offices accessible in simple formats to inform sectoral and because procedures for information access actors about the risks associated with their invest- and sharing have not yet been developed. ments. This platform would require data quality » DomiNode is Dominica’s public geographic infor- and consistency control systems. mation system (GIS) repository. It includes infor- » Demographic data that are disaggregated accord- mation on flood and slope failure events but needs ing to gender, age, type and degree of disability, to continue being updated with data and informa- education, employment or economic status, and tion on other hazards. geographic location are needed yet unavailable » Plans exist to create a GIS unit at the Central Sta- in interoperable databases but may be collected tistics Office that will be charged with the updat- through the national census and in or to support a ing of hazard maps, which are prepared by the range of specific projects. The country also lacks Physical Planning Division or through independent a national register of people living with disabilities. grant-funded projects. » Due to budgetary and skill constraints, the govern- » An information platform should be created that is ment does not have all necessary tools to ensure of simple access and where risk information in- project designs incorporate the BBB approach— for Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 32 example, software, checklists and cost–benefit on bank loans or insurance proceeds for recon- analysis for resilience measures—nor has training struction and restoration of activities and even on these tools been conducted. more for microenterprises that cannot access » Building codes, guidelines for construction in the insurance, as beyond physical damages, tour- tourism sector, and land use planning have little ism enterprise owners also lose revenue from de- influence in the design of tourism projects. This creased sales. In Dominica, a survey of firms in- occurs partly due to budgeting and staffing con- volved in tourism showed that a third of the firms straints at the Physical Planning Division, which interviewed had not yet returned to pre-Hurricane regulates compliance and partly because they are Irma income levels, three years after the disaster. outdated and raising awareness on their impor- The simultaneous public and private nature of the tance for reducing losses as well as training on tourism industry and of recovery efforts represents their application have been insufficient. a challenge for the monitoring and evaluation of » Investments needed to climate proof critical infra- recovery, its efficiency, and effectiveness. Strength- structure, which is essential for the tourism sector, ened coordination and recording of DRM and re- including investments in retrofitting and upgrading covery related data by all actors in the sector are transport, energy, and water infrastructure. have needed to understand progress and build capacity been reviewed in the NRDS. While reconstruction at all levels, as no single entity oversees the entire after Hurricane Maria has advanced, particularly in cycle of recovery project portfolio management. major infrastructure projects, some recurrent risk reduction interventions are needed, such as river The assessment identified the following opportunities dredging and the reinforcement of riverbanks to to strengthen the resources and tools available for re- reduce flood risks. The NRDS also includes, as an covery in Dominica’s tourism sector: annex, a series of interventions in infrastructure planned for reducing risks and promote long term » Use the opportunities presented by the NRDS and economic growth, including through the develop- CRRP to build through technical assistance, nation- ment of the tourism sector. al and sectoral capacity to use, manage, and gener- » It is unclear whether government or financial insti- ate baseline information as well as hazard and risk tutions conduct a risk analysis during the process information relevant to the sector. This includes of approval of loans for tourism construction or opportunities to: renovation projects, as this practice requires up- > Conduct risk assessments at the national and to-date and good quality risk data and information, local levels; which are still mostly unavailable. > Develop vulnerability, hazard, and multihazard » The Ministry of Tourism depends on the Ministry of maps Finance and Investment, the CREAD and other ex- > Record, analyze, and disseminate information ternal actors to access DRM and recovery funding on disaster losses as it does not have an earmarked budget line for > Improve existing data for further assessment, these costs. Sectoral public recovery funding pro- monitoring and early warning cedures are unclear to stakeholders, although they > Build capacity on the use of baseline informa- are aware that international funding sources for tion as well as hazard and risk data on project recovery interventions are available when required. design, implementation, and monitoring and However, they have not yet identified these sources evaluation and it is also unclear to them how to access these > Create simple and understandable information funds directly. on disaster risk to tourism stakeholders. » At the private sector level, recovery is funded by » Use the revision of the National Land Use Policy the enterprises’ own resources. This is a major as an opportunity to generate risk maps and infor- challenge for SMEs and individuals who depend mation on high risk areas for housing and tourism SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results Overview development and to build capacity on their use. » Embed elements of the socially inclusive DRM 33 This process, as stated in the CRRP will offer the approach based on CDEMA’s CDM framework— opportunity to establish clear roles for the genera- hazards, risk assessments, and measures—in all tion and management of risk information and will project management cycle protocols used in the include training and the development of standards sector. and guidelines to prepare hazard, vulnerability, and » Increase the visibility of recovery financing options risk studies. for the sector and build requisite capacity on ac- » Ensure the ongoing review of the building codes cess protocols and criteria. for Dominica include climate and inclusive DRM » Include sectoral DRM allocations in the budget measures, including measures related to reducing construction and planning processes of the coun- sea level rise impacts. Similar operational consid- try and donors and ensure legislation and proce- erations should be included in the revision of the dures enable rapid budget re-allocation to support Design Guidelines in the Tourism Industry. recovery efforts. FIGURE 14 Recovery Capacity Indexes for a. Gender and b. Disability inclusion at the level of the components assessed: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and Skills, and Resources and Tools. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. a. Gender 1. Governance 100 80 60 43 40 20 Low or absent 0 (0-24) 42 Basic or 54 Recovery Capacity Index incipent 2. Competencies (25-49) 3. Resources and (operational capacity) Tools and Skills Moderate (50–74) b. Disability inclusion 1. Governance Advanced 100 (75–89) 80 Full 60 63 (90-100) 40 20 0 25 38 2. Competencies 3. Resources and (operational capacity) Tools and Skills Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 34 4.5 Findings for the Inclusion of Gender The engagement of gender agencies and youth groups and Disability in Recovery Processes in DRM activities led and coordinated by ODM is weak and based on sporadic participation in committees In general, the capacity of government agencies to in- established for making DRM decisions – around pol- tegrate gender and disability considerations into the icy and operations –often late in the process and not design and implementation of recovery projects is well facilitated. People with disabilities were not rep- incipient. The needs of women, girls, men, boys, and resented in the PDNA process after Hurricane Maria. PwD have been included directly and indirectly in the While it would be expected that the engagement of DRM policy and legal framework, as shown by the RCI these organizations and groups in national and sec- of 43 and 63, respectively (figure 14). However, the toral processes strengthens during the implementa- public and private institutions involved in tourism lack tion of the NRDS, evidence of this is already occurring the expertise required on a permanent basis for main- is lacking. streaming gender and disability inclusion into their op- erations, including into strategic planning and project Gender and disability are not consistently included in implementation processes (RCI of 42 and 25 respec- public or private tourism projects. This is largely ex- tively). The level of resources and tools available for plained by the lack of knowledge and expertise in the integrating gender considerations and disability inclu- mainstreaming of these areas at the level of the Min- sion into recovery processes is basic. A more detailed istry of Tourism, as well as by the lack of mechanisms assessment of these results is provided by the analy- to mandate their inclusion or to operationalize existing sis of gender and disability integration at the level of policy and strategic directives. When gender and dis- key elements (figure 15). FIGURE 15 Recovery Capacity Index for Gender and Disability inclusion in recovery processes at the level of the key ele- ments assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (Knowledge and skills); Human resources, profile suitability; Natural hazard data and risk information; PDNA and project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 3: Component 1: Resources and tools 1.1. Policies and Legal Governance Framework 100 Low or 3.5. Project absent implementation 1.2. Strategies and Plans 80 (0–24) 60 50 Basic or 1.3. Institutions and Recovery Capacity Index incipient 3.4. Financing 40 Coordination (25–49) 25 25 20 50 25 Moderate 0 (50–74) 44 25 3.3. Resilient recovery 2.1. Workforce project design 45 Advanced 25 25 (75–89) 75 3.2. PDNA and Project 2.2. Capacity (knowledge Full portfolio planning and skills) (90-100) 3.1. Natural-hazard data 2.3. Human Resources, and risk information Profile suitability Component 2: Competencies SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results Overview ability inclusion take place, it is mainly as a response » Collect robust disaggregated gender and disability 35 to funding opportunities and donor requirements. data and storing it in managed and accessible da- tabases. Recommendations » Enable a more direct engagement of people with disabilities or their representatives with the tourism A series of steps are needed to ensure that recovery sector in planning for recovery projects and BBB. efforts are likely to be gender and disability inclusive. » Support the inclusion of people with disabilities in tourist industry recovery efforts through increasing » Develop explicit operational guidance in policy and access to employment opportunities and support legal frameworks to ensure gender and disability for establishing SMEs. inclusion are systematically considered. » Create a disability policy and an integrated disabili- » Recruit dedicated staff with the requisite skills ty inclusion action plan. on gender and disability inclusion and integrating » Create a national registry for people living with dis- these issues in public HR protocols and processes abilities and using these data in national and sec- to build and retain in-house capacity. toral decisions. » Elaborate guidance for staff, and training in gender and disability inclusion with a focus on DRM and recovery. Results Overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 05 36 Recommendations Photo: vale_t | istock.com The following points summarize the recommenda- » Encourage owners of hotels and other tourism fa- 37 tions of this assessment, which are detailed in Annex cilities to retrofit assets exposed to climate change 1. They are made with the objective of building and by creating a technical assistance plan with a range strengthening the capacity of Dominica’s tourism sec- of risk reduction interventions, including improved tor to prepare for the implementation of resilient and guttering and drainage, and increasing septic tank inclusive recovery projects well before disasters strike. volumes to compensate for flooding. The techni- The recommendations respond to the capacity needs cal assistance plan should be accompanied by a for recovery identified in SRCA, existing opportunities, suit of interventions to encourage owners to invest. and recommendations made by the consulted stake- These could include cost–benefit analysis to show holders, as well as by sectoral experts, and gender- and positive rates of return on investments; reduced disability-inclusion specialists. These recommenda- insurance rates; tax reductions or subsidies to co- tions principally target central government ministries, finance the investments that strengthen resilience the Ministry of Tourism, ODM, CREAD, CDEMA, and do- in the sector. nor agencies involved in DRM and resilience building processes in the country. b) Equipment, systems, and financial resources » Strengthen the generation, management, and use of baseline information as well as risk and recov- Policy and strategic recommendations: ery relevant data and information by completing the update of the DomiNode, and through the con- » Strengthen the enabling national and sectoral poli- struction of a platform that provides simple and cy and regulatory environment for recovery through useful risk information to stakeholders in the tour- the completion and approval of the Comprehensive ism sector. Disaster Legislation and the National Action Plan » Strengthen sectoral budgets for DRM and recovery and Strategy on Disaster Risk Reduction contem- by including a contingent annual recovery alloca- plated in the NRDS, the elaboration of a recovery tion in the Ministry of Tourism’s budget. policy for the tourism sector and a national envi- » Enhance resilience and recovery funding instru- ronmental policy as well as, through the prepara- ments for micro, small, and medium enterprises in tion and implementation of the Resilient Dominica tourism by improving the availability of and access Physical Plan and the updating of building codes to financial mechanisms for resilience and recov- and design guidelines for the tourism industry. All ery—including insurance and micro insurance—and these documents should ensure the integration of creating a database of international recovery fund- operational aspects for DRM, gender and disability ing opportunities for tourism. inclusion. » Create a plan to finance software updating and maintenance at the Ministry of Tourism to facilitate project management operations. Physical investments: a) Infrastructure Capacity strengthening: » Reduce the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to climate change and weather extremes to lower » Raise awareness, at the strategic and opera- the risk of disruptions that affect Dominica and the tional levels, of the added value of acquiring and tourism sector and invest in new climate resilient sustaining DRM, gender, and disability inclusion infrastructure to support national development. mainstreaming capacity for the sector’s develop- This can be achieved by supporting the new invest- ment. This can be achieved through well-designed, ments and policies that CREAD and the govern- awareness raising campaigns and events for pub- ment ministries are identifying and costed. lic officers. Recommendations SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 38 » Build and sustain the required knowledge and skills toral stakeholders, and the improvement of public for the implementation of resilient and inclusive recruitment protocols, among other measures. recovery projects in the sector through the recruit- » Request donors that future PDNA development ment of specialized staff in areas specific to DRM, processes become an opportunity for training and the institutionalization of training in DRM, gender, building capacity of national technical staff. and disability inclusion for public and private sec- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Recommendations 06 39 Conclusion Photo: gydyt0jas | istock.com 40 The analyses conducted in this assessment indicated Competencies that the capacity of Dominica’s tourism sector to im- plement resilient and inclusive projects in a timely, effi- Significant gaps in tourism professionals’ capacity and cient, and effective manner is basic or incipient, with a expertise in Dominica, as well as within government sector-level RCI of 49. The implementation of recovery agencies associated with the Ministry of Tourism. The projects in the sector is enabled, at a moderate level, government faces a shortage of trained professionals by the advances Dominica has made in the transfor- in DRM methods and tools, including hazard and risk mation of its national and sectoral development poli- mapping, GIS, modeling, and scenario planning. The cy, strategies, legal and governance frameworks in the shortage is compounded by a lack of gender and dis- aftermath of Hurricane Maria (RCI of 54); and by the ability inclusion expertise in the tourism sector, with resources and tools available for recovery (RCI of 52). no permanent gender or disability specialists work- However, incipient competencies, operational capacity ing at the Ministry of Tourism. Furthermore, capacity and skills for planning, implementing and monitoring building efforts on DRM and recovery have been spo- recovery projects at the level of the Ministry of Tour- radic and not integrated into the tourism sector devel- ism and private actors involved in the industry limit the opment agenda. Recruitment protocols and terms of implementation of the recovery (RCI of 38). reference (ToRs) for public servants do not prioritize knowledge of DRM, gender, or disability inclusion, which hinders sustained improvement of competen- Governance cies for recovery efforts. While national and sectoral policies and plans highlight the importance of DRM, The Dominica Climate Resilience and Recovery Plan gender, and disability inclusion, their implementation 2020–2030 (CRRP) serves as the roadmap for oper- depends on the creation of relevant capacities within ationalizing the NRDS and includes specific targets the country. Specific areas requiring capacity building to be achieved by 2030. However, it must systemat- interventions include hazard and risk map use, GIS, ically mainstream gender and vulnerability consider- modeling, and scenario planning to address these ations into the CRRP initiatives. The NRDS also calls challenges. Gender mainstreaming and disability in- for the elaboration and implementation of a National clusion training for Ministry of Tourism staff as well as Action Plan and Strategy on Disaster Risk Reduction, government agencies involved in recovery and private but progress in this area is unclear, and the level of contractors and enterprises, is necessary to ensure in- inclusion of gender and disability considerations in clusive recovery and tap into the potential of persons the draft legislation is unknown. Despite the focus with disabilities. Project cycle management (PCM) on recovery and resilience in sectoral development skills, including monitoring and evaluation, should also documents such as the Dominica Tourism Master be improved to enhance the design and implementa- Plan 2020–2030, a formal sectoral recovery policy is tion of resilient recovery projects. Additionally, DRM needed to institutionalize roles, responsibilities, and and recovery communication and awareness raising strategies for postdisaster recovery. The enforcement skills need to be enhanced to effectively communicate of building codes and land use planning also suffers with stakeholders and raise awareness about DRM ini- from human resource shortages and budgetary con- tiatives. To sum up, it is clear that capacity building straints, leading to weak compliance. Overall, better and training in DRM, gender mainstreaming, disability coordination, integration of gender and vulnerability inclusion, PCM, and communication skills within the considerations, and enforcement of policies and plans tourism sector in Dominica are sorely needed. These are essential to strengthen disaster management and efforts should be integrated into the tourism sector build resilience in Dominica. development agenda and recruitment protocols and supported by national and sectoral policies and plans to ensure sustainable and inclusive recovery and de- velopment in the face of disasters. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Conclusion Resources and tools Upgrading critical infrastructure, such as transport, 41 energy, and water infrastructure, to climate proof stan- Several challenges are also present in the resources dards is also needed to reduce risks and promote long- and tools related to natural hazard data and risk infor- term economic growth. Funding for DRM and recovery mation, as well as in the implementation of DRM mea- efforts is an additional challenge, at the government sures in the tourism sector. These challenges include and private sector level. Although funding sources are fragmentation of information among government available for recovery interventions, accessing these offices, lack of awareness and training on accessing funds directly and coordinating recovery efforts are and using hazard data, outdated building codes and unclear to many stakeholders. SMEs, microenterpris- guidelines, limited access to funding for DRM and re- es, and individuals dependent on bank loans or insur- covery efforts, and insufficient coordination and mon- ance proceeds face challenges in funding reconstruc- itoring of recovery projects. One key issue is the lack tion and restoration of their tourism activities, leading of awareness and access to natural hazard data and to prolonged recovery periods and decreased revenue. risk information by project officers and tourism stake- holders. Procedures for information access and shar- Lastly, coordination and monitoring of DRM and re- ing have not been developed. This highlights the need covery related data need to be strengthened by all for a centralized and easily accessible information actors in the tourism sector. No single government platform that provides simple formats of risk informa- entity oversees the entire cycle of recovery project tion, including hazard maps, to inform sectoral actors portfolio management, and this hinders the efficient about the risks associated with their investments. and effective monitoring and evaluation of recovery efforts. In conclusion, the findings highlight the need Data quality and consistency control systems should for improved access to natural hazard data and risk also be in place to ensure the reliability of the informa- information, capacity building for DRM measures, up- tion. Another challenge is the lack of disaggregated de- dated building codes and guidelines, targeted funding mographic data, such as gender, age, disability, educa- for DRM and recovery efforts, and strengthened coor- tion, employment or economic status, and geographic dination and monitoring of recovery projects in Domi- location, which is important for understanding the nica’s tourism sector. Addressing these challenges will vulnerability and resilience of different groups in the be crucial for enhancing the resilience of the tourism tourism sector. These data can be collected through sector to natural hazards and ensuring sustainable national census and other specific projects and can tourism development in the future. help in designing targeted DRM measures and inter- ventions. Capacity building and resources are requi- This assessment calls for investments in resilient site factors to ensure that DRM measures are incorpo- infrastructure to reduce disaster risks in Dominica’s rated in project designs in the tourism sector. Due to tourism sector in the face of increasingly frequent budgetary and skill constraints, the government does extreme events and the impacts of climate change, not have all the necessary tools and training to imple- including rising sea levels. It is expected that the re- ment a BBB approach, which includes using software, sults and recommendations made in this report will be checklists, and cost–benefit analysis for resilience taken into consideration and implemented by national measures. and international agencies supporting Dominica’s ef- forts to build resilience. Conclusion SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR References 42 Bleeker, A. et al. (2021). 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Dominica - How Disaster Re- 2018%20The%20Ministry,the%20Physical%20 silient is Dominica’s Public Financial Manage- Planning%20Division%20and%20Ministry%20 ment (English). Canada Caribbean Resilience of%20Housing Facility (CRF) Fact Sheet. Online resource avail- Sage, J. Dominica. Accessible Caribbean Vacations. able at: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ Online resource available at: https://www.ac- publication/documents-reports/documentde- cessiblecaribbeanvacations.com/dominica-dis- tail/783021611900366319/dominica-how-disas- abled-access#.Yi4Z9ujMIdV ter-resilient-is-dominica-s-public-financial-man- agement SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR References World Bank. (2021c). Gender-Responsive Disaster World Bank. (2013). Community-Based Landslide Risk 45 Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Reduction: Managing Disasters in Small Steps. Desk Review. 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References SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 1. 46 Specific recommendations to strengthen the capacity of Dominica’s Tourism sector for resilient and inclusive recovery GOVERNANCE: Recommendations and potential actions to strengthen the policy and regulatory framework for resilient and inclusive recovery. Recommendations Actions Strengthen the enabling Facilitate the integration of climate resilience and gender- and disability-inclusive recovery national and sectoral considerations into the national and sectoral policy framework. Specifically: policy and regulatory » Finalize and approve the Comprehensive Disaster Legislation that has been drafted, environment for recovery ensuring it contains clear inclusive and resilient-recovery considerations, and formalizes roles and responsibilities at the national and sectoral levels. » Formulate, approve and implement the National Action Plan and Strategy on Disaster Risk Reduction contemplated in the NRDS, inclusive of a results-based management framework for DRM that includes all sectors. » Elaborate a recovery policy for the tourism sector, with clear roles and responsibilities for public and private institutions and mandating the development of contingency plans for private stakeholders involved in the industry. » Elaborate a national environmental policy to help protect infrastructure from climate hazards using natural buffers. The environmental policy is key to the sustainability of ecotourism in Dominica, the nature island. Establish mechanisms that support the operationalization of recovery enabling policies. Specifically: » Prepare the Resilient Dominica Physical Plan that is included in the CRRP. This includes an assessment of infrastructure and infrastructure needs, as well as issuing the standards required for the resilience of infrastructure that is critical to the tourism sector. » Update building codes and the design guidelines for the tourism industry to reduce the vulnerability of new tourism developments, particularly along the coast, to the impacts of flooding and sea level rise. » Operationalize the Disaster Risk Financing Strategy to ensure Dominica has the necessary financial resources to fund preparedness, response, and recovery interventions. » Provide incentives to facilitate the inclusion of persons with disabilities as owner operators of SMEs in the sector. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 1 COMPETENCIES: Recommendations and potential actions to build the required competencies (knowledge 47 and skills) required for resilient and inclusive recovery. Recommendations Actions Raise awareness, at the » Develop awareness-raising campaigns that are gender- and disability-informed, including strategic and operational events and materials to highlight the risks associated with climate change on the levels, of the added tourism sector and provide recommendations for impact reduction. To ensure inclusion, value of acquiring and the campaigns should be developed in consultation or partnership with persons living sustaining DRM and with disabilities (PwD) and facilitated to support their active participation. recovery capacity for the » Organize events for public officers on the importance of gender- and disability-inclusive sector’s development recovery as a mechanism to strengthen resilient development efforts, placing specific focus on the need to integrate risk and recovery considerations in policies, strategies, plans, programs, and projects to reduce losses and damages from disaster events. Actively involve PwDs or their representatives in these events. Build and sustain the » Institutionalize and implement training of sectoral staff in DRM, disaster cycle required knowledge management and recovery and gender analysis and integration, to ensure requisite and skills for the knowledge and skills are developed and sustained. An opportunity for this can be implementation of its inclusion in the DRM plan for the Ministry of Education and Human Resource resilient and inclusive Development, that is yet to be developed. recovery projects in the » Recruit skilled staff specialized in areas specific to DRM, specifically, disaster cycle sector management and recovery and gender and discapacity analysis and integration, to cover urgent gaps. » Include in public recruitment protocols specific requirements to ensure new staff can systematically and sustainably cover the limitations in knowledge and skills that affect the planning and execution of recovery projects. These should include basic experience on the use of DRM tools and methodologies and gender and disability analysis. » Create alliances with donor agencies and programs, to cover urgent capacity gaps through direct technical assistance to the Ministry of Tourism, as well as to fund training programs for sectoral staff in the areas required and to support the institutionalization of DRM capacity building in the public sector. Donor funding could largely contribute to strengthening the capacity of the Ministry of Tourism to effectively facilitate the building of DRM capacity across private sector enterprises in the industry. » Request donors that future PDNA development processes become an opportunity for training and building capacity of national technical staff. » Integrate basic DRM, gender and disability inclusion, and low-impact tourism concepts in existing training programs for tourism operators and youth. This includes the short term tourism training delivered by the Discover Dominica Authority, and the training on tourism delivered by the Dominica State College. » Implement the DRM-related training activities included in the Dominica Tourism Master Plan 2020-2030. This includes training that can be provided in collaboration with the Tourism and Hospitality Training Institute. Explore with this Institute a collaboration with the ODM and the Ministry of Tourism, for the establishment of regular training programs to educate tourism operators on disaster preparedness, immediate response and recovery. » Develop of key training materials on gender and disability inclusion, to be offered on a regular basis, or made available online to project officers and operators working in the tourism industry. Annex 1 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 48 Recommendations Actions Build and sustain the » Create, with support from national contractors’ associations, training on resilient required knowledge infrastructure and BBB trainings for local contractors working in the tourism industry. and skills for the This would include raising awareness on all necessary accessibility compliance implementation of considerations for persons with disabilities and further promote compliance with resilient and inclusive building codes. recovery projects in the » Train public and private staff working in the tourism industry in requisite tasks for the sector (cont.) implementation of resilient recovery projects. This includes training in: > GIS and remote sensing. > Hazard and risk maps use and hazard mapping > Disaster prevention, preparedness, and response > BBB approaches, building codes, and other resilience norms > Disability inclusion > Gender analysis and integration > Project cycle management (including M&E) > DRM and recovery communication and awareness raising skills. RESOURCES AND TOOLS: Recommendations and potential actions to ensure the sector has the resources and tools required to undertake resilient and inclusive recovery projects. Recommendations Actions Strengthen the » Continue updating DomiNode with data and information on multiple hazards, to generate generation, management multi-hazard maps for the country. and use of risk and » Support the creation of the GIS unit at the Central Statistics Office. recovery-relevant data » Create an information platform or portal that is of simple access and where risk information including main hazard, and multi-hazard maps are accessible in simple formats to inform sectoral actors about the risks associated with their investments. This platform would require data quality and consistency control systems. » Request technical assistance to generate and manage baseline data as well as DRM relevant data and risk information. This includes technical assistance to: > Conduct risk assessments at the national and local levels > Develop vulnerability; hazard and multi-hazard maps > Record, analyze and disseminate information on disaster losses > Improve existing data for further assessment, monitoring and early warnings > Build capacity on the use of baseline information as well as hazard and risk data on project design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation > Create simple and understandable information on disaster risk to tourism stakeholders. » Establish clear roles for the generation and management of risk information, and develop standards, guidelines, and training for the preparation of hazard, vulnerability, and risk studies. The revision of the National Land Use Policy is an opportunity to achieve this. » Ensure the next national census includes disaggregated according to gender, age, type and degree of disability, education, employment or economic status, and geographic location. » Create a national registry for people living with disabilities. » Collaborate with financial institutions to ensure risk analysis are conducted in the process of approval of loans for tourism construction or renovation projects. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 1 49 Recommendations Actions Invest in protecting » Support the CREAD in the identification and funding of priority infrastructure projects for infrastructure from risk reduction and economic growth of the tourism sector. shocks » Encourage hotel and other tourism facility owners to retrofit assets exposed to climate variability and change by creating a technical assistance plan on a range of risk reduction interventions, including improved guttering or drainage and increasing septic tank volumes to compensate for flooding. The technical assistance plan should be accompanied by a suit of interventions to encourage owners to invest. These could include cost-benefit analysis to show positive rates of return on investments; reduced insurance rates; tax reductions or subsidies to co-finance the investments that strengthen resilience in the sector. Ensure the necessary » Create and finance a plan for software updating and maintenance at the Ministry of equipment and tools are Tourism. available for recovery project management Strengthen sectoral » Increase the visibility of recovery financing options for the sector and build requisite budgets for DRM and capacity on access protocols and criteria. recovery » Include sectoral DRM allocations in the budget construction and planning processes of the country and donors. » Review legislation and procedures to ensure they enable rapid annual public budget re- allocation to support recovery efforts. Enhance resilience » Improve access to existing financing mechanisms for resilience building and recovery. and recovery funding This includes extending insurance coverage to micro and small enterprises involved in instruments for SMEs in the tourism sector. tourism » Create a database of international recovery funding opportunities for the tourism sector. Annex 1 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 50 Annex 2. Inundation scenario maps for Dominica a. Coastal flooding scenarios for a 100-year return period and for a high-level climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) by 2100 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 2 51 b. Inland flooding for a 100-year return period Annex 2 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3. 52 Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Questionnaire COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.1 Policies and 1.1.1 Policies 1 Is there a National Disaster Risk Management (DRM) policy? Legal Framework 2 Are institutional mandates clearly defined in the existing DRM policy? 3 Does the main sectoral development policy integrate recovery considerations when addressing DRM and CCA? 4 Is there an effective process to update recovery considerations into national/sectoral policies? 1.1.2 Legal 5 Is there a national disaster risk management (DRM) legal framework? framework 6 Is there an effective institutionalized process to deliver timely updated legal frameworks? 7 Are institutional mandates clearly defined in the existing DRM legal framework? 8 Are recovery considerations integrated in the main sectoral laws and regulations that address DRM and CCA? 1.1.3 Foundations 9 Do the national DRM policies and legal framework include for recovery preparedness (risk management ex ante) and Recovery (disaster management ex post) considerations? 10 Does the government have a clear vision for recovery? (for example, national/centralized; sectoral/decentralized, focused on a specific sector, focused on building back better)? 11 Does any policy, law, regulation, program or project at the national or sectoral level addresses the possibility of dealing with the impacts of more than one hazard at a time (e.g., COVID-19 and hurricane season) 1.1.4 12 Is climate resilience considered in the National disaster risk Mainstreaming management policies and legal framework? DRM&CCA 13 Does the sector participate in the elaboration of DRM or recovery policies and legal framework? 14 Do all, the private sector, academia, NGOs, local communities, and parastatal organizations, participate in the elaboration of DRM policies or legal frameworks? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3 53 COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.1 Policies and 1.1.4 15 Do the DRM policies and legal frameworks require sectoral ministries Legal Framework Mainstreaming to formulate and implement sectoral resilient recovery plans? (cont.) DRM&CCA (cont.) 16 Have DRM protocols been adapted to integrate pandemic-related (e.g., COVID-19) considerations in recovery operations? 1.1.5 Gender 17 Do the recovery policies take into account gender (men and women, and disability and boys and girls) capacities and their different recovery needs? inclusion 18 Do the recovery laws and regulations take into account gender (men and women, and boys and girls) capacities and their different recovery needs? 19 Do the recovery laws and regulations take into account the needs of persons with disabilities? 20 Are there laws mandating that recovery efforts benefit men and women, and boys and girls equitably? 1.1.6 Building 21 Do most of the sector’s constructions conform with building codes codes and regulations? regulations 22 Does the government have a review and evaluation process for its building codes regulations which includes climate change considerations? 23 Are mechanisms for regulating compliance with building codes in place? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve the integration of recovery factors into sectoral policies and legal frameworks. 1.2 Strategies and 1.2.1 Strategies 24 Does the sector have a recovery strategy? Plans and plans 25 Has the sector developed recovery plans? 26 Are the sectoral recovery strategies and plans aligned with national development objectives? 27 Is there an effective institutionalized process to deliver timely updated recovery strategies and/or plans at the sector level? 28 Are there financing mechanisms for recovery in place (e.g., recovery funds)? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 54 COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.2 Strategies and 1.2.2 Building 29 Do the recovery strategies and plans include provisions for integrating Plans (cont.) back better (BBB) measures that build resilience? 1.2.3 Gender 30 Are the outputs of the recovery strategies and plans affordable and and disability inclusive for the sector beneficiaries? inclusion 31 Do the recovery plans take into account gender (men and women, and boys and girls) capacities and gender-differentiated recovery needs? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve issues related to recovery strategies and plans? 1.3 Institutions 1.3.1 Institutions 32 Is the development of recovery plans at the sector level led by one or and Coordination more institutions with authority and autonomy? 33 Are the roles and responsibilities to implement the recovery plans clearly defined within the sector? 1.3.2 34 Is there a coordination mechanism (formal or informal) between Coordination sectors to implement the national recovery plan? 35 Does the sector coordinate recovery activities with the National Disaster Management Office? 36 Are concrete activities being coordinated between the sector and the National Disaster Management agency? 37 Is there any coordination between the sector and CDEMA during the recovery process? 1.3.3 Building 38 Are there, within the legal framework of the country, stakeholders who codes and are responsible, accountable, and liable for assuring compliance with regulations building-related legislation? 39 Is there a sufficient budget approved for enforcing building codes? 1.3.4 Gender 40 Are there mechanisms in place for the coordination of recovery and disability between the DRM agencies, gender agencies and women’s networks? inclusion Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve institutional coordination issues? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3 55 COMPONENT 2: COMPETENCIES Key elements Sub elements Questions 2.1 Workforce 2.1.1 41 Are there sufficient technical persons working in the sector? Workforce 42 Are there sufficient DRM specialists for the needs of the sector? 43 Are all projects being implemented in the sector overseen by at least one DRM specialist? 44 Is there sufficient staff to implement the sector’s current portfolio? 45 Do technical teams have the necessary working conditions to fulfil their tasks (e.g., connectivity, equipment, software)? 2.1.2 Gender 46 Is there a sufficient number of gender specialists to fill the needs of the sector? 2.1.3 Private 47 Does the sector have an adequate number of qualified implementing sector contractors based in the country? 48 Are international contractors in charge of implementing only a minimum proportion of the recovery projects in the sector each year? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve institutions and coordination issues? 2.2 Capacity 2.2.1 Skills 49 Are there sufficient national professionals to fill all the sector’s (knowledge and demands? skills) 50 Are there sufficient professionals in the sector with expertise to implement resilient recovery projects? 51 Are there sufficient national experts in the sector with knowledge of DRM methods and tools such as integrating hazard risks, geo- referenced information management systems (GIS, remote sensing)? 2.2.2 Training 52 Are there frequent opportunities to enhance the technical skills that activities ensure resilient reconstruction of infrastructure/buildings? 53 Do all genders have the same opportunities for DRM training? 54 Are technical persons trained on gender responsiveness and disability inclusion? 55 Is there a mentoring and advising program/process for building back better? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 56 COMPONENT 2: COMPETENCIES Key elements Sub elements Questions 2.2 Capacity 2.2.2 Training 56 Are there sufficient people with the technical capacity to implement (knowledge and activities PCM activities, with a climate resilience focus, in the sector? skills) (cont.) (cont.) NOTE: PCM includes, at least the following activities: management of sector portfolio; execution of PFM procedures; project management; M&E; mainstreaming climate and disaster resilience into projects; coordinating recovery activities with other relevant sectors; performing quality control projects and inspections of building codes compliance during and after design and construction of buildings and infrastructure. 2.2.3 Proven 57 Do technical persons in the sector have the capacity to translate capacity PDNA results into actionable projects? 58 Do technical persons in the sector understand the basics of DRM and are able to use hazard maps? 59 Can technical persons in the sector produce recovery plans that are aligned with the existing legislation, policies, and strategies? 60 Do the technical persons have the knowledge and necessary training to formulate quality ToRs for projects implementation? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve capacity (skills, training opportunities)? 2.3 Human 2.3.1 Human 61 Is there an HR recruitment plan that includes recovery activities? Resources (HR), resources Profile Suitability (HR), profile 62 Does the sectoral hiring process follow the recruitment plan? suitability 63 Are there ToRs for recovery-related positions? 64 Is there an employee induction process? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve human resources, profile suitability? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3 57 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.1 Natural hazard 3.1.1 Data 65 Are there mechanisms in place for the collection and management Data and Risk collection and of natural hazard data and risk information? Information management 66 Is there a national and sectoral online repository for risk data and information? 67 Is the existing risk data and information accessible to technical people in the sector? 3.1.2 Use of risk 68 Does the sector use multihazard risk maps?  information 69 Are hazard maps regularly updated? 70 Does the sector share multihazard risk maps? 71 Is a participatory approach used in the development and preparation of hazard maps? 3.2 PDNA and 3.2.1 PDNA 72 Is there a PDNA including specific methodologies and plans for Project Portfolio mechanisms recovery in the sector? Planning 73 Is there an efficient and effective PDNA coordination mechanism? 74 Are there focal points with clear roles and responsibilities assigned within the sector to carry out a PDNA? 75 Have “lessons learned” from postdisaster assessments and DANAs been integrated into PDNA planning or used to adjust the methodology after previous disasters? 3.2.2 Planning 76 Have the results of the PDNA been used for recovery purposes and of recovery development across institutions and sectors? priorities 77 Does the government have criteria to define the priority sectors for recovery support? 78 Has the government used the results of PDNA to prioritize recovery projects? 3.2.3 Gender 79 Does the PDNA methodology require the collection of gender, age, and disability and disability disaggregated data? inclusion Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve PDNA and Project portfolio planning? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR 58 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.3 Resilient 3.3.1 Availability 80 Does the sector have the necessary tools (e.g., best practice, Recovery Project of BBB tools software, check lists, cost benefit analysis for resilience measures Design available to ensure project designs incorporate the Build Back Better approach? 3.3.2 Use of risk 81 Do the sectors use risk information to design resilient recovery information projects? 82 Is risk information available and accessible, at the required resolution and geographic coverage for sectoral project planning and implementation? 3.3.3 Building 83 Are building codes and land use planning guidelines integrated into codes and project design? regulations 3.3.4 Gender 84 Do project designs take into account gender-based needs? and disability inclusion 85 Do project designs take into account the basic needs for the conditions of persons with disabilities? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve Resilient design of project? 3.4 Financing 3.4.1 Availability 86 Are there identified and accessible funding sources for recovery of funding interventions in the sector (e.g., National MDB, bilateral, others)? sources 87 Are the mechanisms for accessing funding for recovery actions clear and widely known to people working in the sector? 88 Has the government used international funding for recovery in the past? 3.4.2 Access to 89 Is it easy to access to recovery funding? recovery funding 90 Do the eligibility criteria for recovery funding reflect the PDNA results for the most affected sectors? 91 Is the disbursement of international funding for recovery rapid? 92 Is the recovery funding process fast (from application by the government to disbursement)? 3.4.3 Budget for 93 Does the sector’s budget have a line item earmarked for recovery? recovery 94 Does the sector have a sufficient actual or estimated annual budget for recovery? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve access to financial mechanisms for recovery? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3 59 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.5 Project 3.5.1 Resources 95 Does the sector have an inventory of qualified implementing Implementation contractors relevant for the sector’s operations? 96 Is there sufficient material for construction available to implement recovery projects? 97 Does the sector or the government have the necessary equipment to implement large recovery projects? 3.5.2 Project 98 Does the sector (or reconstruction projects) have access to and management use project management tools? 99 In general, does the expenditures of project activities in the sector follow the original planning? 3.5.3 Building 100 Do the construction materials used in recovery projects meet codes accreditation standards (e.g., strength, testing, quality)? 101 Does the sector have the resources and tools to comply with building codes? 102 Does the regulatory body have the resources and tools to enforce compliance with building codes? 3.5.4 M&E at 103 Does the sector have in place and actively use a monitoring and project level evaluation (M&E) system for projects? 104 Have the most common M&E recommendations been used to improve project planning and implementation across the sector? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve project implementation? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR DOMINICA’S TOURISM SECTOR